Declaration of independence

Assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A declaration of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.

List of declarations of independence

This incomplete list is not intended to be exhaustive.
More information State, Date ...
State Declaration Date Association SignatoriesFirst recognizing state(s)
AlgeriaDeclaration of 1 November 1954 November 1, 1954 AlgeriaAlgerian War French Algeria
AlbaniaAlbanian Declaration of Independence November 28, 1912 Ottoman EmpireAssembly of Vlorë Austria-Hungary
Ambazonia AmbazoniaAmbazonian Declaration of Independence October 1, 2017 CameroonSouthern Cameroons Ambazonia Consortium United Front
 ArmeniaDeclaration of Independence of Armenia May 28, 1918 TDFRArmenian National Congress (1917), Armenian Revolutionary Federation Ottoman Empire
 Armenia Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia August 23, 1990 Soviet Union Levon Ter-Petrosyan and Supreme Council of Armenia secretary Ara Sahakian  Lithuania
 Artsakh Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic September 2, 1991 Soviet Union Nagorno-Karabakh Regional and Shahumyan District Councils of People's Deputies of the Azerbaijan SSR
Azawad Azawadi Declaration of Independence April 6, 2012 Mali National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
Azerbaijan Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan May 28, 1918  TDFR Azerbaijani National Council Ottoman Empire
Azerbaijan Act on Restoration of State Independence of Azerbaijan October 18, 1991 Soviet Union Supreme Council of Azerbaijan Turkey
BangladeshProclamation of Bangladeshi Independence 1947 August 15, 1947 United Kingdom Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh United Kingdom
BangladeshProclamation of Bangladeshi Independence March 26, 1971 { United Kingdom Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh India
Belarus Third Constituent Charter March 25, 1918  Russian SFSR Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 Belarus Announcement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia July 31, 1920 Poland Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions  Russian SFSR
Belarus Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic July 27, 1990 Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the BSSR Turkey
BelgiumBelgian Declaration of Independence October 4, 1830 NetherlandsProvisional Government of Belgium
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian Declaration of Independence March 1, 1992 Yugoslavia Bulgaria
BougainvilleBougainville Declaration of Independence May 1990 Papua New GuineaBougainville Interim Government
 BrazilDeclaration of the Independence of Brazil September 7, 1822 PortugalPedro I of Brazil United States
BulgariaBulgarian Declaration of Independence September 22, 1908 Ottoman EmpireFerdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria Russia
BurmaBurmese Declaration of Independence January 4, 1948 United Kingdom
CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian Federation April 14, 1931 SpainFrancesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of Spain October 6, 1934 SpainLluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
CataloniaDeclaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan Republic October 27, 2017 Spain
 Central America
(present-day:
Costa Rica
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Nicaragua)		 Act of Independence of Central America September 15, 1821 Spain
ChileChilean Declaration of Independence February 12, 1818 SpainNational Congress Portugal
ColombiaColombian Declaration of Independence July 20, 1810 Spain
ComorosComorian Declaration of Independence July 6, 1975 France Guinea
 CrimeaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea March 11, 2014 UkraineSupreme Council of Crimea Russia
CroatiaDeclaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia June 25, 1991 Yugoslavia Iceland
CyberspaceA Declaration of the Independence of CyberspaceFebruary 8, 1996GovernmentsJohn Perry Barlow
CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Declaration of Independence October 18, 1918 Austria-HungaryCzechoslovak National Council United States
CzechoslovakiaMartin Declaration October 30, 1918 Austria-HungarySlovak National Council France
Dominican RepublicDominican Act of Independence (1844) February 27, 1844 Haiti United Kingdom
Dominican RepublicDominican Act of Independence (1863) August 16, 1863 Spain Spain
East TimorEast Timorese declaration of independence November 28, 1975 Portugal Morocco
EgyptUnilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence February 28, 1922 United KingdomUnilateral grant of independence by the British government United Kingdom
EstoniaEstonian Declaration of Independence February 24, 1918 Germany
 Russia		Estonian Salvation Committee Finland
EstoniaEstonian Reconfirmation of Independence August 20, 1991 Soviet UnionCongress of Estonia Iceland (reconfirmed earlier recognition)
FinlandFinnish Declaration of Independence December 6, 1917 RussiaParliament of Finland Russian SFSR
First Mexican Empire
(present-day Mexico)		Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
(real independence)[clarification needed]		 September 28, 1821 SpainSupreme Provisional Governmental Board United Kingdom[2]
FloridaFlorida's Constitution of 1861 January 10, 1861 United StatesFlorida State Legislature
GaliciaDeclaration of the Republic of Galicia June 27, 1931 Spain
Georgia, Democratic Republic ofGeorgian Declaration of Independence, 1918 May 26, 1918 TDFRGeorgian National Council Germany
Georgia, Republic ofAct of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia April 9, 1991[3] Soviet UnionSupreme Council of the Republic of Georgia  Switzerland
Georgia, State ofGeorgia's secession declaration January 29, 1861 United States
 GreeceGreek Declaration of Independence January 15, 1822 Ottoman EmpireFirst National Assembly Haiti
Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence September 24, 1973 Portugal
HaitiHaitian Declaration of Independence January 1, 1804 FranceJean-Jacques Dessalines France[4]
HungaryHungarian Declaration of Independence April 14, 1849 Habsburgs
IcelandIcelandic Declaration of Independence June 17, 1944 Denmark United States
India Indian Rebellion of 1857 May 10, 1857 United Kingdom Mughal Empire
IndiaDeclaration of the Independence of India January 26, 1930 United Kingdom
India Declaration of Independence August 15, 1947 United Kingdom
IndonesiaProclamation of Indonesian Independence August 17, 1945 NetherlandsSukarno & Mohammad Hatta Kingdom of Egypt[5]
 IraqIraq Declaration of Independence October 3, 1932 United Kingdom United Kingdom
 IrelandProclamation of the Irish Republic April 24, 1916 United KingdomProvisional Government of the Irish Republic
Irish RepublicIrish Declaration of Independence January 21, 1919 United KingdomDáil Éireann Russian SFSR
IsraelIsraeli Declaration of Independence May 14, 1948 United KingdomJewish People's Council United States
KatangaKatangan Declaration of Independence[citation needed] July 11, 1960 Congo-Léopoldville
KazakhstanOn the State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan December 16, 1991 Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the Republic of Kazakhstan Turkey
KoreaKorean Declaration of Independence March 1, 1919 JapanProvisional Government of the Republic of Korea Republic of China
 KosovaProclamation of the Republic of Kosova September 22, 1992 FR YugoslaviaAssembly of Kosovo Albania
KosovoKosovo declaration of independence February 17, 2008 Serbia
UN Administration		"Democratically elected leaders of our people"[a] Costa Rica
LatviaLatvian Declaration of Independence November 18, 1918 Germany
 Russian SFSR		 People's Council of Latvia Russian SFSR
LatviaOn the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia May 4, 1990 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR Iceland
LiberiaLiberian Declaration of Independence July 16, 1847 American Colonization SocietyLiberian Constitutional Convention United Kingdom
LithuaniaAct of Independence of Lithuania February 16, 1918 Germany
 Russian SFSR		 Council of Lithuania Germany
LithuaniaAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania March 11, 1990 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Lithuania Iceland
Lower CanadaDeclaration of Independence of Lower Canada February 22, 1838 United KingdomRobert Nelson
MacedoniaIndependence of the Republic of Macedonia September 8, 1991 Yugoslavia Bulgaria
Malaya
(present-day Malaysia)		Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 August 31, 1957 United KingdomTunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia United Kingdom[6]
MississippiA Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union January 9, 1861 United States
MoldovaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova August 27, 1991 Soviet UnionParliament of the Republic of Moldova Romania
MontenegroMontenegro declaration of independence June 3, 2006 Serbia and MontenegroAssembly of the Republic of Montenegro Iceland
MoroccoMoroccan Declaration of Independence January 11, 1944 FranceIstiqlal Party
 NetherlandsAct of Abjuration July 26, 1581 SpainUnion of Utrecht
Northern America
(present-day Mexico)		Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America November 6, 1813 SpainCongress of Anáhuac
 Northern CyprusDeclaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus November 15, 1983 Cyprus Turkey
Northern EpirusNorthern Epirote Declaration of Independence February 28, 1914 AlbaniaProvisional Government of Northern Epirus
North SolomonsDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons September 1, 1975 Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia)Unknown Vatican City
Norway
(Kingdom of Norway)		Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after,[clarification needed] sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of Norway May 17, 1814 Denmark-Norway
(As of Treaty of Kiel)		Norwegian Constituent Assembly
North KoreaNational Liberation Day of Korea September 9, 1948 JapanKim Il Sung Soviet Union
PadaniaPadanian Declaration of Independence September 15, 1996 Italy
PakistanLahore Resolution March 24, 1940 United KingdomMuslim League (Pakistan)
 PalestinePalestinian Declaration of Independence November 15, 1988 Palestinian territories

Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)

 Palestinian National Council Arab League
PeruAct of the Declaration of Independence of Peru July 28, 1821 SpainJosé de San Martín Argentina
Panama PanamaSecession of Panama from Colombia November 3, 1903 Colombia United States
PhilippinesPhilippine Declaration of Independence June 12, 1898 Spain 98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[7] (ratified on September 29, 1898, by the Malolos Congress[8])
Provinces of the Río de la Plata
(present-day:
Argentina
Bolivia
Uruguay)		Argentine Declaration of Independence July 9, 1816 SpainCongress of Tucumán Hawaii
 RhodesiaRhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence November 11, 1965 United KingdomIan Smith and the rest of the Cabinet
RomaniaRomanian Declaration of Independence May 22, 1877 Ottoman EmpireKing Carol I
RussiaBelovezha Accords December 12, 1991 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicBir Lehlou Declaration February 27, 1976 Spanish SaharaPolisario Front Madagascar
 ScotlandDeclaration of Arbroath April 6, 1320 EnglandScottish leaders
SerbiaThe Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније) February 1809 Ottoman EmpireKarađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
SingaporeProclamation of Singapore[9] August 9, 1965 Malaysia[10][11]Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore United Kingdom[12]
SlovakiaSlovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation July 17, 1992 CzechoslovakiaSlovak National Council Czech Republic
SloveniaSlovenian Declaration of Independence June 25, 1991 Yugoslavia Croatia
SomalilandSomaliland Declaration of Independence May 18, 1991 Somalia
South KoreaNational Liberation Day of Korea August 15, 1948 JapanSyngman Rhee United States
South CarolinaDeclaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union December 24, 1860 United StatesSouth Carolinians in Charleston
Sri LankaDeclaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon") February 4, 1948 United Kingdom
Arab Kingdom of Syria SyriaSyrian Declaration of Independence (1920) March 8, 1920 Ottoman EmpireSyrian National Congress
SyriaSyrian Declaration of Independence (1941) September 27, 1941 Free FranceGeorges Catroux United Kingdom
Egypt
 Texas, Republic ofTexas Declaration of Independence March 2, 1836 Mexico France
Texas, State ofA Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union February 1, 1861 United StatesTexas Legislature
 TibetTibet's Declaration of Independence February 13, 1913 China13th Dalai Lama Bogd Khanate of Mongolia
TurkmenistanAbout Independence and Bases of a State System of Turkmenistan October 27, 1991 Soviet Unionnone Turkey
UkraineIV Universal January 22, 1918 Russian SFSRCentral Council of Ukraine
UkraineDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine August 24, 1991 Soviet UnionVerkhovna Rada Canada
Poland[13]
United StatesUnited States Declaration of Independence July 4, 1776[b] Great BritainSecond Continental Congress Morocco[16][17]
United Tribes of New ZealandDeclaration of the Independence of New Zealand October 28, 1835—Māori chiefs United Kingdom[18]
UzbekistanDeclaration of Independence August 31, 1991 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Uzbekistan Turkey
VenezuelaVenezuelan Declaration of Independence July 5, 1811 SpainNational Congress
 VermontVermont Declaration of Independence January 15, 1777 United States

British Quebec
VietnamProclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam September 2, 1945 FranceHồ Chí Minh China
Democratic Republic of the Yorubaland Declaration of Independence April 13, 2024 Nigeria Modupe Onitiri-Abiola and Ominira Yoruba Group
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See also

Explanatory notes

  1. [a]
    No reference in original Albanian text to the declaration being the work of the Assembly of Kosovo. The language used in the declaration differs from that employed in acts of the Assembly of Kosovo in that the first paragraph commences with the phrase "We, the democratically-elected leaders of our people . . .", whereas acts of the Assembly of Kosovo employ the third person singular. Moreover, the procedure employed in relation to the declaration differed from that employed by the Assembly of Kosovo for the adoption of legislation. It was not transmitted to the Special Representative of the Secretary General and was not published in the Official Gazette of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo. As the practice shows, he would have been under a duty to take action with regard to acts of the Assembly of Kosovo which he considered to be ultra vires. Taking all factors together, the authors of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not act as one of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government within the Constitutional Framework, but rather as persons who acted together in their capacity as representatives of the people of Kosovo outside the framework of the interim administration.
  2. [b]
    The Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence on July 2.[14] Versions were not printed until July 4 and later, while the signatories did not sign the Matlack declaration until August.[15]
    Further information: Lee Resolution

References

External links

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