Demographics of London
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The demography of London is analysed by the Office for National Statistics and data is produced for each of the Greater London wards, the City of London and the 32 London boroughs, the Inner London and Outer London statistical sub-regions, each of the Parliamentary constituencies in London, and for all of Greater London as a whole. Additionally, data is produced for the Greater London Urban Area. Statistical information is produced about the size and geographical breakdown of the population, the number of people entering and leaving country and the number of people in each demographic subgroup. The 2021 population of London was 8,799,800.[6]
Population
8,799,800 (2021)
8,799,800 (2021)Density 5,854/km2 (15,160/sq mi) (2020 estimates)[1]
5,854/km2 (15,160/sq mi) (2020 estimates)[1]Growth rate 7.7% (2011 - 2021)[2]
7.7% (2011 - 2021)[2]male
80.3 (2018-2020)[3]
80.3 (2018-2020)[3]| Demographics of London | |
|---|---|
| |
| Population | 8,799,800 (2021) |
| Density | 5,854/km2 (15,160/sq mi) (2020 estimates)[1] |
| Growth rate | 7.7% (2011 - 2021)[2] |
| Life expectancy | |
| • male | 80.3 (2018-2020)[3] |
| • female |  84.3 (2018-2020) |
| Fertility rate | 1.52 (2021)[4] |
| Infant mortality rate |  3.4 live deaths/1,000 live births (2018-2020)[5] |
| Nationality | |
| Nationality | British |
| Major ethnic | White: 53.8% (2021)
|
| Minor ethnic |
|
| Language | |
| Spoken | British English (main language: 78.4%) |
History
Creation of Greater London: 1965
Through the London Government Act of 1963, the Greater London region was established officially in 1965.[7]
Migration boom: 1991 to today
From 1997 onwards, London has experienced a drastic change in the composition of the city's population, which has off-set the decline of the population which had been occurring.[citation needed] In 1991, 21.7% of the city was foreign born but by 2011 this had risen to 36.7%.
In 2011, a historic tipping point occurred with the release of the 2011 census, indicating that the White British population, which had before been the majority, was now no longer a majority of London's population, although it remained by far the largest single ethnic group.[8]
Population
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
|---|---|---|
| 1801 | 1,011,157 | — |
| 1811 | 1,197,673 | +18.4% |
| 1821 | 1,450,122 | +21.1% |
| 1831 | 1,729,949 | +19.3% |
| 1841 | 1,917,013 | +10.8% |
| 1851 | 2,286,609 | +19.3% |
| 1861 | 3,094,391 | +35.3% |
| 1871 | 3,902,178 | +26.1% |
| 1881 | 4,709,960 | +20.7% |
| 1891 | 5,565,856 | +18.2% |
| 1901 | 6,226,494 | +11.9% |
| 1911 | 7,157,875 | +15.0% |
| 1921 | 7,553,526 | +5.5% |
| 1931 | 8,098,942 | +7.2% |
| 1941 | 7,987,936 | −1.4% |
| 1951 | 8,164,416 | +2.2% |
| 1961 | 7,781,342 | −4.7% |
| 1971 | 7,449,184 | −4.3% |
| 1981 | 6,608,513 | −11.3% |
| 1991 | 6,887,280 | +4.2% |
| 2001 | 7,172,036 | +4.1% |
| 2011 | 8,173,941 | +14.0% |
| 2021 | 8,799,800 | +7.7% |
| Source: [citation needed] | ||
The historical population for the current area of Greater London, divided into the statistical areas of Inner and Outer London is as follows:
| London population over time[9][10][11] | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Year | Inner London | Outer London | Greater London |
| 1801 | 879,491 | 131,666 | 1,011,157 |
| 1811 |  1,040,033 |
157,640 |
1,197,673 |
| 1821 | 1,263,975 |
186,147 |
1,450,122 |
| 1831 | 1,515,557 |
214,392 |
1,729,949 |
| 1841 | 1,661,346 |
255,667 |
1,917,013 |
| 1851 | 1,995,846 |
290,763 |
2,286,609 |
| 1861 | 2,634,143 |
460,248 |
3,094,391 |
| 1871 | 3,272,441 |
629,737 |
3,902,178 |
| 1881 | 3,910,735 |
799,225 |
4,709,960 |
| 1891 | 4,422,340 |
1,143,516 |
5,565,856 |
| 1901 | 4,670,177 |
1,556,317 |
6,226,494 |
| 1911 | 4,997,741 |
2,160,134 |
7,157,875 |
| 1921 |  4,936,803 |
2,616,723 |
7,553,526 |
| 1931 | 4,887,932 |
3,211,010 |
8,098,942 |
| 1941 | 4,224,135 |
3,763,801 |
7,987,936 |
| 1951 | 3,680,821 |
4,483,595 |
8,164,416 |
| 1961 | 3,336,557 |
4,444,785 |
7,781,342 |
| 1971 | 3,030,490 |
4,418,694 |
7,449,184 |
| 1981 | 2,425,534 |
4,182,979 |
6,608,513 |
| 1991 | 2,625,245 |
4,262,035 |
6,887,280 |
| 2001 | 2,765,975 |
4,406,061 |
7,172,036 |
| 2011[12] | 3,231,900 |
4,942,100 |
8,173,900 |
| 2021 | 3,404,300 |
5,395,500 |
8,799,800 |
Age
- Population pyramid of each borough in London
Barking and Dagenham
Barnet
Bexley
Brent
Bromley
Camden
City of London
Croydon
Ealing
Enfield
Hackney
Greenwich
Harrow
Hammersmith and Fulham
Haringey
Hillingdon
Havering
Hounslow
Islington
Kensington and Chelsea
Kingston upon Thames
Lambeth
Lewisham
Merton
Newham
Redbridge
Richmond upon Thames
Southwark
Sutton
Waltham Forest
Tower Hamlets
Wandsworth
Westminster
- Percentage of the population in age groups
Under 15s in London
15 to 64 year olds
Over 64 years old
_in_London.svg)
Fertility
In 2023, 104,252 live births occurred within London. The fertility rate of London in 2023 was 1.35, which is below replacement.[13]
| London borough | TFR |
|---|---|
| Barking | 2.00 |
| Redbridge | 1.77 |
| Hillingdon | 1.72 |
| Havering | 1.65 |
| Croydon | 1.63 |
| Waltham Forest | 1.63 |
| Enfield | 1.61 |
| Harrow | 1.61 |
| Newham | 1.60 |
| Hounslow | 1.58 |
| Barnet | 1.57 |
| Brent | 1.53 |
| Bexley | 1.51 |
| Bromley | 1.50 |
| Sutton | 1.49 |
| Ealing | 1.48 |
| Merton | 1.39 |
| Greenwich | 1.38 |
| Haringey | 1.33 |
| Richmond upon Thames | 1.30 |
| Hackney | 1.31 |
| Lewisham | 1.26 |
| Kingston upon Thames | 1.24 |
| Wandsworth | 1.14 |
| Tower Hamlets | 1.11 |
| Kensington and Chelsea | 1.10 |
| Lambeth | 1.09 |
| Hammersmith | 1.06 |
| Southwark | 1.06 |
| Islington | 1.01 |
| Westminster | 1.00 |
| Camden | 1.00 |
- Birth statistics in London
The teenage conception rate in London, 1998 to 2017
Population density
The population density of London was 5,727 per km2 in 2011.[15]
Urban and metropolitan area
At the 2001 census, the population of the Greater London Urban Area was 8,278,251.[16] This area does not include some outliers within Greater London, but extends into the adjacent South East England and East of England regions. In 2004, the London Plan of the Mayor of London defined a metropolitan region with a population of 18 million.[17]
Eurostat has developed a harmonising standard for comparing metropolitan areas in the European Union. The population of the London Larger Urban Zone is 11,917,000. It occupies an area of 8,920 square kilometres (3,440 mi2). Another definition gives the 2007 population of the metropolitan area as 13,709,000.[18]
Ethnicity
For the overwhelming majority of London's history, the population of the city was ethnically homogenous with the population being of White British ethnic origin,[19] with small clusters of minority groups such as Jewish people, most notably in areas of the East End. From 1948 onwards and especially since the 1990s, the population has diversified in international terms at an increased rate.[19]
In 2011, it was reported for the first time that White British people had become a minority within London, establishing that London was a majority-minority city within the UK.[8] In 2005, a survey of London's ethnic and religious diversity claimed that there were more than 300 languages spoken, and 50 non-indigenous communities with a population of more than 10,000 in London.[20]
Ethnicity overall
The following table shows the ethnic group of respondents from estimates in 1971 and in the 1991–2021 censuses in Greater London.
| Ethnic Group | Year | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 estimations[21][22] | 1966 estimations[23] | 1971 estimations[19][24] | 1981 estimations[25] | 1991 census[26][27] | 2001 census[28] | 2011 census[29] | 2021 census[30] | |||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | 7,602,233 | 97.7% | – | 95.9% | 6,901,596 | 92.6% | 5,893,973 | 86.6% | 5,333,580 | 79.80% | 5,103,203 | 71.15% | 4,887,435 | 59.79% | 4,731,172 | 53.8% |
| White: British[Note 1] | – | – | – | – | 6,500,000 | 87% | – | – | – | – | 4,287,861 | 59.79% | 3,669,284 | 44.89% | 3,239,281 | 36.8% |
| White: Irish | – | – | – | 3.6% | 401,596 | 5.4% | – | – | 256,470 | 3.83% | 220,488 | 3.07% | 175,974 | 2.15% | 156,333 | 1.8% |
| White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller[Note 2] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,196 | 0.10% | 7,031 | 0.1% | ||
| White: Gypsy | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 37,689 | 0.4% | ||
| White: Other[Note 1] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 594,854 | 8.29% | 1,033,981 | 12.65% | 1,290,838 | 14.7% | ||
| Asian or Asian British: Total | – | – | – | 1.5% | – | – | 425,426 | 6.3% | 690,031 | 10.33% | 946,894 | 13.20% | 1,511,546 | 18.49% | 1,817,640 | 20.8% |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | – | – | – | – | – | – | 232,881 | 3.4% | 347,091 | 5.19% | 436,993 | 6.09% | 542,857 | 6.64% | 656,272 | 7.5% |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | – | – | – | – | 59,440 | 0.9% | 87,816 | 1.31% | 142,749 | 1.99% | 223,797 | 2.74% | 290,549 | 3.3% |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | – | – | 41,792 | 0.6% | 85,738 | 1.28% | 153,893 | 2.15% | 222,127 | 2.72% | 322,054 | 3.7% |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese[Note 3] | – | – | – | – | – | – | 35,938 | 0.5% | 56,579 | 0.84% | 80,201 | 1.12% | 124,250 | 1.52% | 147,520 | 1.7% |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | 55,375 | 0.8% | 112,807 | 1.68% | 133,058 | 1.86% | 398,515 | 4.88% | 401,245 | 4.6% |
| Black or Black British: Total | – | – | – | 2.6% | – | – | 405,394 | 6% | 535,216 | 8.01% | 782,849 | 10.92% | 1,088,640 | 13.32% | 1,188,370 | 13.5% |
| Black or Black British: African | – | – | – | 0.6% | – | – | 102,230 | 1.5% | 163,635 | 2.44% | 378,933 | 5.28% | 573,931 | 7.02% | 697,054 | 7.9% |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | – | – | – | 2% | – | – | 239,956 | 3.5% | 290,968 | 4.35% | 343,567 | 4.79% | 344,597 | 4.22% | 345,405 | 3.9% |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | – | – | – | – | – | – | 63,208 | 0.9% | 80,613 | 1.20% | 60,349 | 0.84% | 170,112 | 2.08% | 145,911 | 1.7% |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total[Note 1] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 226,111 | 3.15% | 405,279 | 4.96% | 505,775 | 5.7% |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 70,928 | 0.99% | 119,425 | 1.46% | 132,555 | 1.5% |
| Mixed: White and Black African | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 34,182 | 0.48% | 65,479 | 0.80% | 77,341 | 0.9% |
| Mixed: White and Asian | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 59,944 | 0.84% | 101,500 | 1.24% | 125,188 | 1.4% |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 61,057 | 0.85% | 118,875 | 1.45% | 170,691 | 1.9% |
| Other: Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | 80,793 | 1.2% | 120,872 | 1.81% | 113,034 | 1.58% | 281,041 | 3.44% | 556,768 | 6.3% |
| Other: Arab[Note 2] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 106,020 | 1.30% | 139,791 | 1.6% |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 113,034 | 1.58% | 175,021 | 2.14% | 416,977 | 4.7% |
| Non-White: Total | 179,109 | 2.3% | – | 4.1% | 547,588 | 7.4% | 911,626 | 13.4% | 1,346,119 | 20.2% | 2,068,888 | 28.85% | 3,286,506 | 40.2% | 4,068,553 | 46.2% |
| Total | 7,781,342 | 100% | – | 100% | 7,449,184 | 100% | 6,805,599 | 100% | 6,679,699 | 100.00% | 7,172,091 | 100.00% | 8,173,941 | 100.00% | 8,799,725 | 100% |
- New category created for the 2001 census
- New category created for the 2011 census
- In 2001, listed under the 'Other ethnic group' heading.
Distribution of ethnic groups in Greater London in the 2021 census
White (2001-2021)
White-British (2021)
White-Irish (2021)
White-Other White (2021)
Asian (2001-2021)
Asian-Bangladeshi (2021)
Asian-Chinese (2021)
Asian-Indian (2021)
Asian-Pakistani (2021)
Black (2001-2021)
Black-African (2021)
Black-Caribbean (2021)
Other-Arab (2021)
Other-Any Other Ethnic Group (2021)
- Population pyramids of each ethnic group in London
White: Total
White British
White Irish
White Other
Asian: Total
Asian Bangladeshi
Asian Indian
Asian Pakistani
Asian Chinese
Other Asian
Black: Total
Black: Caribbean
Black: African
Other Black
Mixed: Total
Other: Total
Other: Any other ethnic group
Other: Arabs
Ethnicity of school pupils
| Ethnic group | School year[31][32] | |||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1998 | 2001 | 2004 | 2008 | 2012 | 2015/16 | 2017/18 | 2019/20 | 2021/2022 | ||||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | 521,826 | 59.8% | 467,230 | 51.4% | 431,040 | 46.7% | 416,490 | 42.8% | 443,621 | 41.1% | 522,187 | 40.4% | 520,767 | 39.8% | 506,271 | 38.7% | ||
| White: British | – | – | – | – | 389,350 | 42.9% | 339,610 | 36.8% | 305,805 | 31.4% | 295,572 | 27.4% | 333,497 | 25.8% | 324,358 | 24.8% | 312,522 | 23.9% |
| White: Irish | – | – | – | – | 10,610 | 1.2% | 8,610 | 0.9% | 7,610 | 0.8% | 6,939 | 0.6% | 7,322 | 0.6% | 6,759 | 0.5% | 6,268 | 0.5% |
| White: Traveller of Irish heritage | – | – | – | – | 1,090 | 0.1% | 920 | 0.1! | 1,000 | 0.1% | 1,031 | 0.1% | 1,183 | 0.1% | 1,205 | 0.1% | 1,182 | 0.1% |
| White: Gypsy/Roma | – | – | – | – | 780 | 0.09% | 950 | 0.1% | 1,505 | 0.2% | 1,643 | 0.2% | 2,074 | 0.2% | 2,359 | 0.2% | 2,358 | 0.2% |
| White: Other | – | – | – | – | 65,410 | 7.2% | 80,950 | 8.8% | 100,570 | 10.3% | 138,436 | 12.8% | 178,111 | 13.8% | 186,086 | 14.2% | 183,941 | 14.0% |
| Asian / Asian British: Total | 135,057 | 15.5% | 159,370 | 17.5% | 174,380 | 18.9% | 198,280 | 20.4% | 228,767 | 21.2% | 283,443 | 22% | 296,324 | 22.6% | 305,069 | 23.2% | ||
| Asian / Asian British: Indian | 65,823 | 7.5% | 57,990 | 6.4% | 54,570 | 5.9% | 54,490 | 5.6% | 62,065 | 5.7% | 78,700 | 6.1% | 85,521 | 6.5% | 89,639 | 6.8% | ||
| Asian / Asian British: Pakistani | 27,366 | 3.1% | 31,220 | 3.4% | 34,680 | 3.8% | 41,235 | 4.2% | 47,931 | 4.4% | 59,047 | 4.6% | 60,415 | 4.6% | 60,707 | 4.6% | ||
| Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi | 34,053 | 3.9% | 38,880 | 4.2% | 44,100 | 4.8% | 51,300 | 5.3% | 59,691 | 5.5% | 73,994 | 5.7% | 77,408 | 5.9% | 79,954 | 6.1% | ||
| Asian / Asian British: Chinese | 7,815 | 0.9% | 7,220 | 0.8% | 6,970 | 0.8% | 6,920 | 0.7% | 7,883 | 0.7% | 10,116 | 0.8% | 10,475 | 0.8% | 12,267 | 0.9% | ||
| Asian / Asian British: Other Asians | – | – | – | – | 24,060 | 2.6% | 34,060 | 3.7% | 44,335 | 4.6% | 51,197 | 4.7% | 61,586 | 4.8% | 62,505 | 4.8% | 62,502 | 4.8% |
| Black / Black British: Total | 140,661 | 16.1% | 170,780 | 18.8% | 188,750 | 20.5% | 208,375 | 21.4% | 226,215 | 20.9% | 254,081 | 19.7% | 244,988 | 18.7% | 234,822 | 17.9% | ||
| Black: Caribbean | 57,253 | 6.6% | 63,020 | 6.9% | 59,750 | 6.5% | 57,980 | 5.9% | 55,414 | 5.1% | 57,862 | 4.5% | 53,733 | 4.1% | 50,178 | 3.8% | ||
| Black: African | 56,223 | 6.4% | 91,020 | 10% | 110,090 | 11.92% | 128,295 | 13.1% | 145,447 | 13.5% | 167,058 | 12.9% | 162,680 | 12.4% | 156,883 | 12.0% | ||
| Black: Other Blacks | 27,185 | 3.1% | 16,740 | 1.8% | 18,930 | 2.1% | 22,100 | 2.3% | 25,354 | 2.3% | 29,161 | 2.3% | 28,575 | 2.2% | 27,761 | 2.1% | ||
| Mixed / British Mixed | – | – | – | – | 57,720 | 6.4% | 70,330 | 7.6% | 84,615 | 8.7% | 104,470 | 9.7% | 134,226 | 10.4% | 142,135 | 10.8% | 150,285 | 11.3% |
| Other: Total | 60,734 | 7% | 34,750 | 3.8% | 44,290 | 4.8% | 52,640 | 5.4% | 60,865 | 5.6% | 74,589 | 5.7% | 77,413 | 5.9% | 82,516 | 6.3% | ||
| Unclassified | 14,857 | 1.7% | 18,760 | 2.1% | 6,750 | 0.7% | 13,470 | 1.4% | 16,194 | 1.5% | 22,232 | 1.7% | 27,935 | 2.1% | 30,359 | 2.3% | ||
| Total: | 873,145 | 100% | 908,600 | 100% | 922,890 | 100% | 973,875 | 100% | 1,080,132 | 100% | 1,290,758 | 100% | 1,309,562 | 100% | 1,309,322 | 100% | ||
- School pupils as a percentage of the school population in each borough in 2021/2022 school year
White: Total
White: British
Ethnicity of births
| Ethnic Group | Year[33] | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 estimates[34] | 2007 | 2010 | 2015 | 2019 | 2021[35] | |||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| White: Total | – | 80% | 58,024 | 46.4% | 65,117 | 49.5% | 61,716 | 47.8% | 57,405 | 48.7% | 53,141 | 48% |
| White: British | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 25,827 | 23.3% |
| White: Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 27,314 | 24.7% |
| Asian / Asian British: Total | – | – | 21,701 | 17.3% | 24,445 | 18.5% | 26,957 | 20.9% | 24,616 | 20.9% | 24,426 | 22.1% |
| Asian / Asian British: Indian | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,259 | 7.5% |
| Asian / Asian British: Pakistani | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,341 | 3.9% |
| Asian / Asian British: Bangladeshi | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,458 | 4.9% |
| Asian / Asian British: Other Asians | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6,368 | 5.8% |
| Black / Black British: Total | – | – | 22,036 | 17.6% | 22,293 | 16.9% | 18,526 | 14.3% | 15,319 | 13% | 13,476 | 12.2% |
| Black: Caribbean | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 2,893 | 2.6% |
| Black: African | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 8,697 | 7.9% |
| Black: Other Blacks | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,886 | 1.7% |
| Mixed / British Mixed | – | – | 7,967 | 6.3% | 9,424 | 7.1% | 11,979 | 9.3% | 12,041 | 10.2% | 12,502 | 11.3% |
| Other: Total | – | – | 6,337 | 5% | 5,831 | 4.4% | 6,770 | 5.2% | 6,494 | 5.5% | 5,367 | 4.8% |
| Not Stated | – | – | 9,055 | 7.2% | 4,391 | 3.3% | 3,170 | 2.4% | 1,880 | 1.5% | 1,787 | 1.6% |
| Non-White: Total (not including Not stated) | – | 20% | 58,041 | 46.2% | 61,993 | 46.9% | 64,232 | 49.7% | 58,470 | 49.6% | 55,771 | 50.4% |
| Total: | – | 100% | 125,120 | 100% | 131,501 | 100% | 129,118 | 100% | 117,755 | 100% | 110,699 | 100% |
- Ethnicity of births as a percentage of total births in 2021
White (49.6% including Not stated)
White: British (24.9% including Not stated)
Asian (22.1%)
Black (12.2%)
Mixed (11.3%)
Ethnicity in boroughs
This table shows the proportion of different multi-ethnic groups by London borough, as found in the 2021 census.
| Broad multi-ethnic group make-up of London boroughs (2021) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Local authority | White | Mixed | Asian | Black | Other |
| Barnet | 57.7 | 5.4 | 19.3 | 7.9 | 9.8 |
| Barking and Dagenham | 44.9 | 4.3 | 25.9 | 21.4 | 3.6 |
| Bexley | 71.9 | 3.5 | 9.9 | 12.2 | 2.5 |
| Brent | 34.6 | 5.1 | 32.8 | 17.5 | 10 |
| Bromley | 76.5 | 5.4 | 8.3 | 7.6 | 2.3 |
| Camden | 59.5 | 6.6 | 18.1 | 9.0 | 6.8 |
| City of London | 69.4 | 5.5 | 16.8 | 2.7 | 5.6 |
| Croydon | 48.4 | 7.6 | 17.5 | 22.6 | 3.9 |
| Ealing | 43.2 | 5.2 | 30.3 | 10.8 | 10.6 |
| Enfield | 52.1 | 5.9 | 11.5 | 18.3 | 12.1 |
| Greenwich | 55.7 | 6.0 | 13.2 | 21 | 4.2 |
| Hackney | 53.1 | 6.7 | 10.4 | 21.1 | 8.7 |
| Haringey | 57 | 7 | 8.7 | 17.6 | 9.7 |
| Harrow | 36.5 | 3.8 | 45.2 | 7.3 | 7.2 |
| Havering | 75.3 | 3.7 | 10.7 | 8.2 | 2 |
| Hammersmith and Fulham | 63.2 | 6.7 | 10.5 | 12.3 | 7.3 |
| Hillingdon | 48.2 | 4.4 | 33.3 | 7.8 | 6.3 |
| Hounslow | 44.1 | 4.7 | 36.7 | 7.2 | 7.3 |
| Islington | 62.2 | 7.5 | 9.9 | 13.3 | 7.1 |
| Kensington and Chelsea | 63.7 | 6.6 | 11.9 | 7.9 | 9.9 |
| Kingston upon Thames | 68.3 | 5.4 | 17.8 | 2.8 | 5.7 |
| Lambeth | 55 | 8.1 | 7.3 | 24 | 5.7 |
| Lewisham | 51.5 | 8.1 | 9 | 26.8 | 4.7 |
| Merton | 60.2 | 5.9 | 18.6 | 10.6 | 4.6 |
| Newham | 30.8 | 4.7 | 42.2 | 17.5 | 4.9 |
| Redbridge | 34.8 | 4.1 | 47.3 | 8.4 | 5.4 |
| Richmond upon Thames | 80.5 | 5.5 | 8.9 | 1.9 | 3.3 |
| Southwark | 51.4 | 7.2 | 9.9 | 25.1 | 6.3 |
| Sutton | 68.3 | 4.8 | 17.5 | 5.9 | 3.4 |
| Tower Hamlets | 39.4 | 5 | 44.4 | 7.3 | 3.9 |
| Waltham Forest | 52.8 | 6.5 | 19.9 | 15 | 5.8 |
| Wandsworth | 67.8 | 6.3 | 11.7 | 10.1 | 4.1 |
| Westminster | 55.2 | 6.5 | 16.8 | 8.1 | 13.5 |
Detailed Race and Ethnicity by borough (2021 Census)
| Borough | White | British | Irish | Gypsy or Irish Traveller | Roma | White Other | Asian | Indian | Pakistani | Bangladeshi | Chinese | Other Asian | Black | African | Caribbean | Other Black | Mixed | White and Black Caribbean | White and Black African | White and Asian | Other Mixed | Other | Arab | Any other ethnic group | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barking and Dagenham | 98,275 | 67,550 | 1,185 | 184 | 858 | 28,498 | 56,583 | 11,503 | 15,799 | 22,393 | 1,385 | 5,503 | 46,807 | 35,101 | 5,824 | 5,882 | 9,320 | 2,974 | 2,376 | 1,550 | 2,420 | 7,886 | 1,489 | 6,397 | 218,871 |
| Barnet | 224,762 | 140,777 | 7,644 | 179 | 1,554 | 74,608 | 74,972 | 30,389 | 6,687 | 2,873 | 9,434 | 25,589 | 30,651 | 22,670 | 4,951 | 3,030 | 20,889 | 3,505 | 3,747 | 6,032 | 7,605 | 38,070 | 7,383 | 30,687 | 389,344 |
| Bexley | 177,164 | 158,842 | 2,528 | 620 | 302 | 14,872 | 24,434 | 10,925 | 1,383 | 1,790 | 3,990 | 6,346 | 30,075 | 23,262 | 3,230 | 3,583 | 8,740 | 2,489 | 1,726 | 2,179 | 2,346 | 6,062 | 527 | 5,535 | 246,475 |
| Brent | 117,701 | 51,611 | 9,314 | 237 | 2,520 | 54,019 | 111,515 | 66,157 | 15,217 | 2,186 | 3,393 | 24,562 | 59,495 | 31,070 | 21,258 | 7,167 | 17,249 | 3,775 | 3,184 | 3,607 | 6,683 | 33,861 | 17,924 | 15,937 | 339,821 |
| Bromley | 252,295 | 219,493 | 4,954 | 578 | 551 | 26,719 | 27,307 | 12,326 | 1,784 | 1,748 | 5,075 | 6,374 | 25,149 | 13,193 | 8,169 | 3,787 | 17,740 | 5,489 | 2,431 | 4,747 | 5,073 | 7,500 | 1,203 | 6,297 | 329,991 |
| Camden | 125,064 | 74,348 | 5,325 | 128 | 978 | 44,285 | 38,042 | 6,952 | 1,610 | 14,356 | 6,728 | 8,396 | 18,892 | 14,191 | 2,703 | 1,998 | 13,938 | 2,558 | 2,059 | 4,243 | 5,078 | 14,200 | 4,417 | 9,783 | 210,136 |
| Croydon | 188,985 | 146,268 | 4,935 | 212 | 1,120 | 36,450 | 68,487 | 29,563 | 15,345 | 3,549 | 3,950 | 16,080 | 88,441 | 40,219 | 36,108 | 12,114 | 29,745 | 10,380 | 4,453 | 5,740 | 9,172 | 15,066 | 2,259 | 12,807 | 390,724 |
| Ealing | 158,463 | 89,265 | 8,511 | 248 | 1,430 | 59,009 | 111,241 | 54,806 | 16,714 | 3,685 | 4,526 | 31,510 | 39,491 | 22,578 | 12,898 | 4,015 | 19,161 | 4,597 | 2,446 | 5,445 | 6,673 | 38,760 | 16,105 | 22,655 | 367,116 |
| Enfield | 171,884 | 103,140 | 5,969 | 374 | 1,121 | 61,280 | 40,058 | 11,870 | 3,674 | 8,123 | 2,691 | 11,615 | 60,512 | 36,463 | 16,990 | 7,059 | 19,558 | 5,165 | 2,994 | 3,818 | 7,581 | 40,058 | 2,535 | 37,523 | 329,985 |
| Greenwich | 161,006 | 119,665 | 4,230 | 385 | 882 | 35,844 | 38,028 | 10,128 | 3,538 | 2,395 | 7,125 | 14,842 | 60,602 | 44,185 | 8,724 | 7,693 | 17,297 | 5,142 | 3,302 | 3,491 | 5,362 | 12,132 | 1,462 | 10,670 | 289,065 |
| Hackney | 137,709 | 87,927 | 5,582 | 248 | 865 | 43,087 | 26,885 | 8,832 | 2,461 | 6,554 | 3,459 | 5,579 | 54,645 | 29,478 | 17,903 | 7,264 | 17,487 | 4,749 | 2,735 | 3,691 | 6,312 | 22,421 | 2,342 | 20,079 | 259,147 |
| Hammersmith and Fulham | 115,679 | 70,105 | 4,812 | 93 | 1,485 | 39,184 | 19,306 | 4,100 | 2,010 | 1,277 | 4,253 | 7,666 | 22,453 | 13,243 | 6,626 | 2,584 | 12,318 | 3,157 | 1,777 | 3,142 | 4,242 | 13,400 | 5,534 | 7,866 | 183,156 |
| Haringey | 150,581 | 84,298 | 5,701 | 235 | 2,004 | 58,343 | 23,080 | 5,838 | 2,162 | 4,819 | 3,848 | 6,413 | 46,466 | 24,855 | 16,339 | 5,272 | 18,556 | 5,325 | 2,574 | 3,915 | 6,742 | 25,555 | 2,525 | 23,030 | 264,238 |
| Harrow | 95,233 | 53,567 | 5,608 | 179 | 1,421 | 34,458 | 118,152 | 74,744 | 10,264 | 1,820 | 2,784 | 28,540 | 19,151 | 10,584 | 6,514 | 2,053 | 9,833 | 2,187 | 1,104 | 3,140 | 3,402 | 18,836 | 6,239 | 12,597 | 261,205 |
| Havering | 197,314 | 174,232 | 2,894 | 259 | 433 | 19,496 | 28,150 | 11,292 | 5,683 | 4,774 | 2,011 | 4,390 | 21,567 | 14,138 | 4,832 | 2,597 | 9,747 | 3,224 | 1,535 | 2,344 | 2,644 | 5,274 | 809 | 4,465 | 262,052 |
| Hillingdon | 147,387 | 113,377 | 5,585 | 479 | 691 | 27,255 | 101,938 | 57,341 | 14,243 | 4,050 | 3,184 | 23,120 | 23,955 | 15,844 | 5,752 | 2,359 | 13,359 | 3,151 | 1,897 | 4,201 | 4,110 | 19,268 | 4,462 | 14,806 | 305,907 |
| Hounslow | 127,083 | 81,933 | 3,894 | 1,276 | 980 | 39,980 | 105,846 | 60,827 | 17,454 | 2,699 | 2,664 | 22,202 | 20,810 | 14,895 | 3,573 | 2,342 | 13,514 | 2,726 | 2,142 | 4,128 | 4,518 | 20,928 | 5,461 | 15,467 | 289,161 |
| Islington | 134,754 | 86,092 | 7,062 | 108 | 958 | 40,534 | 21,532 | 4,051 | 995 | 5,972 | 5,125 | 5,389 | 28,743 | 18,091 | 7,368 | 3,284 | 16,231 | 4,171 | 2,257 | 3,750 | 6,053 | 15,330 | 2,991 | 12,339 | 216,590 |
| Kensington and Chelsea | 91,394 | 46,883 | 2,825 | 84 | 1,049 | 40,553 | 17,025 | 3,209 | 1,282 | 1,488 | 3,839 | 7,207 | 11,279 | 6,944 | 3,237 | 1,098 | 9,525 | 1,725 | 1,288 | 3,047 | 3,465 | 14,150 | 6,384 | 7,766 | 143,373 |
| Kingston upon Thames | 114,831 | 90,288 | 2,633 | 61 | 445 | 21,404 | 29,938 | 7,731 | 4,380 | 932 | 4,127 | 12,768 | 4,741 | 3,105 | 1,081 | 555 | 8,996 | 1,564 | 1,090 | 3,540 | 2,802 | 9,559 | 3,580 | 5,979 | 168,065 |
| Lambeth | 174,778 | 119,395 | 6,828 | 146 | 1,537 | 46,872 | 23,051 | 6,054 | 3,868 | 2,502 | 4,986 | 5,641 | 76,145 | 37,359 | 28,991 | 9,795 | 25,630 | 8,348 | 4,006 | 4,541 | 8,735 | 18,046 | 2,649 | 15,397 | 317,650 |
| Lewisham | 154,749 | 111,726 | 5,055 | 116 | 1,033 | 36,819 | 26,927 | 5,046 | 2,361 | 1,826 | 6,296 | 11,398 | 80,473 | 37,834 | 31,883 | 10,756 | 24,253 | 8,726 | 3,774 | 4,359 | 7,394 | 14,151 | 1,671 | 12,480 | 300,553 |
| Merton | 129,617 | 88,673 | 4,337 | 194 | 813 | 35,600 | 40,019 | 9,607 | 9,667 | 2,470 | 3,615 | 14,660 | 22,887 | 12,218 | 7,632 | 3,037 | 12,765 | 3,009 | 1,722 | 3,756 | 4,278 | 9,899 | 1,923 | 7,976 | 215,187 |
| Newham | 107,947 | 51,819 | 2,039 | 353 | 2,342 | 51,394 | 148,187 | 38,642 | 31,216 | 55,677 | 6,213 | 16,439 | 61,302 | 40,874 | 13,586 | 6,842 | 16,419 | 4,253 | 3,317 | 3,324 | 5,525 | 17,175 | 3,534 | 13,641 | 351,030 |
| Redbridge | 107,974 | 71,844 | 3,092 | 185 | 1,104 | 31,749 | 146,833 | 51,183 | 44,000 | 31,895 | 2,918 | 16,837 | 26,096 | 14,573 | 8,452 | 3,071 | 12,736 | 3,154 | 1,717 | 3,577 | 4,288 | 16,622 | 2,263 | 14,359 | 310,261 |
| Richmond upon Thames | 157,111 | 123,093 | 4,866 | 85 | 400 | 28,667 | 3,687 | 2,260 | 936 | 491 | 17,467 | 7,236 | 1749 | 916 | 2,777 | 4789 | 10,662 | 1,654 | 1,205 | 4,238 | 3,565 | 6,350 | 1,721 | 4,629 | 210,995 |
| Southwark | 158,220 | 109,253 | 6,024 | 156 | 1,579 | 41,208 | 30,540 | 6,145 | 2,006 | 5,547 | 8,405 | 8,437 | 77,299 | 48,320 | 18,156 | 10,823 | 22,151 | 6,401 | 3,569 | 4,653 | 7,528 | 19,430 | 3,123 | 16,307 | 307,640 |
| Sutton | 143,145 | 120,014 | 3,118 | 130 | 321 | 19,562 | 12,465 | 7,441 | 3,450 | 1,574 | 36,787 | 12,618 | 6,177 | 1,778 | 3,989 | 12,225 | 10,162 | 2,777 | 1,268 | 3,068 | 3,049 | 7,077 | 1,392 | 5,685 | 240,246 |
| Tower Hamlets | 122,266 | 71,177 | 3,567 | 110 | 2,225 | 45,187 | 137,856 | 10,135 | 3,341 | 107,333 | 10,279 | 6,768 | 22,693 | 15,373 | 4,930 | 2,390 | 15,409 | 3,593 | 2,236 | 4,374 | 5,206 | 12,082 | 3,588 | 8,494 | 310,306 |
| Waltham Forest | 147,024 | 94,766 | 4,230 | 198 | 1,397 | 46,433 | 55,545 | 9,134 | 28,740 | 5,166 | 2,626 | 9,879 | 41,647 | 18,759 | 17,587 | 5,301 | 17,983 | 5,135 | 2,777 | 3,875 | 6,196 | 16,229 | 2,884 | 13,345 | 278,428 |
| Wandsworth | 222,090 | 157,048 | 8,061 | 120 | 1,730 | 55,131 | 38,314 | 9,599 | 12,249 | 1,639 | 4,658 | 10,169 | 33,062 | 17,330 | 11,356 | 4,376 | 20,598 | 5,340 | 2,494 | 5,776 | 6,988 | 13,442 | 3,860 | 9,582 | 327,506 |
| Westminster | 112,732 | 57,162 | 3,742 | 49 | 1,503 | 50,276 | 34,242 | 7,965 | 2,461 | 7,533 | 6,625 | 9,658 | 16,456 | 10,451 | 4,307 | 1,698 | 13,335 | 2,061 | 2,089 | 3,718 | 5,467 | 27,471 | 15,439 | 12,032 | 204,236 |
| City of London | 5,955 | 3,649 | 185 | 0 | 59 | 2,062 | 1,445 | 321 | 33 | 287 | 545 | 259 | 232 | 153 | 54 | 25 | 470 | 53 | 49 | 179 | 189 | 482 | 114 | 368 | 8,584 |
- White multi-ethnic group over time
1991 (79.8%)
2001 (71.2%)
2011 (59.8%)
2021 (53.8%)
- Asian multi-ethnic group over time
1991 (10.3%)
2001 (13.2%)
2011 (18.5%)
2021 (20.8%)
- Black multi-ethnic group over time
1991 (8%)
2001 (10.9%)
2011 (13.3%)
2021 (13.5%)
Country of birth
The 2021 census recorded that 3,575,740 people or 40.7% of London's population are foreign-born, including 27.9% born in a non-European country.[36]
| Country of Birth | Year | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 (County of London)[37] | 1971 census[38][39] | 1981 census[40][41] | 1991 census[42] | 2001 census[43] | 2011 census[44] | 2021 census[36] | ||||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Europe | 3,239,240 | 96.8% | 6,568,348 | 90.76% | 5,787,624 | 87.57% | 5,639,192 | 84.4% | 5,741,636 | 80% | 6,174,371 | 75.5% | 6,346,649 | 72.1% |
 United Kingdom |
3,018,418 | 90.2% | 6,133,105 | 84.74% | 5,405,576 | 81.79% | 5,228,658 | 78.3% | 5,231,701 | 72.9% | 5,175,677 | 63.3% | 5,223,986 | 59.3% |
 England |
2,871,072 | 85.8% | 5,175,884 | 78.3% | 5,001,658 | 74.9% | 5,010,969 | 69.9% | 4,997,072 | 61.1% | 5,075,165 | 57.7% | ||
 Scotland |
62,980 | 109,935 | 1.7% | 113,117 | 1.7% | 108,682 | 1.5% | 89,527 | 1.1% | 75,004 | 0.9% | |||
 Wales |
59,416 | 79,000 | 1.2% | 70,532 | 1.1% | 71,962 | 1.0% | 53,828 | 0.7% | 44,806 | 0.5% | |||
 Northern Ireland |
42,243 | 0.6% | 37,574 | 0.5% | 32,774 | 0.4% | 28,248 | 0.3% | ||||||
 Ireland |
89,895 | 236,396 | 3.26% | 199,460 | 3.01% | 214,033 | 3.2% | 157,556 | 2.2% | 129,807 | 1.6% | 96,566 | 1.1% | |
| European Community or Other Europe | 130,927 | 3.9% | 198,847 | 2.74% | 182,588 | 2.76% | 196,501 | 352,379 | 865,681 | 1,122,663 | 12.8% | |||
 Germany |
18,024 | 32,027 | 0.5% | 39,818 | 0.6% | 55,476 | 0.7% | 50,364 | 0.6% | |||||
 France |
8,081 | 20,923 | 0.3% | 38,130 | 0.5% | 66,654 | 0.8% | 77,715 | 0.9% | |||||
 Italy |
9,603 | 30,052 | 0.4% | 38,694 | 0.5% | 62,050 | 0.8% | 126,059 | 1.4% | |||||
 Spain |
19,047 | 0.3% | 22,480 | 0.3% | 35,880 | 0.4% | 68,114 | 0.8% | ||||||
 Poland |
32,787 | 21,823 | 0.3% | 22,224 | 0.3% | 158,300 | 1.9% | 149,397 | 1.7% | |||||
 Romania |
1,737 | 1,774 | 0.0% | 3,049 | 0.0% | 44,848 | 0.5% | 175,991 | 2.0% | |||||
 Cyprus |
6,799 | 50,684 | 0.8% | 45,888 | 0.6% | 35,300 | 0.4% | |||||||
 Russia |
16,046 | 5,234 | 0.1% | 10,361 | 0.1% | 16,757 | 0.2% | 25,770 | 0.3% | |||||
 Turkey |
1,080 | 20,426 | 0.3% | 39,128 | 0.5% | 59,596 | 0.7% | 72,867 | 0.8% | |||||
| Asia | 20,999 | 0.6% | 161,777 | 2.23% | 234,599 | 3.54% | 435,819 | 6.5% | 634,917 | 8.9% | 966,990 | 11.8% | 1,146,247 | 13% |
 India |
16,370 | 104,001 | 1.43% | 139,123 | 2.10% | 151,619 | 2.3% | 172,661 | 2.4% | 262,247 | 3.2% | 322,644 | 3.7% | |
 Pakistan |
1,578 | 29,395 | 0.40% | 35,625 | 0.53% | 44,741 | 0.7% | 66,658 | 0.9% | 112,457 | 1.4% | 129,774 | 1.5% | |
 Bangladesh |
22,108 | 0.33% | 56,657 | 0.8% | 84,565 | 1.2% | 109,948 | 1.3% | 138,895 | 1.6% | ||||
 Sri Lanka |
25,818 | 0.4% | 49,932 | 0.7% | 84,542 | 1.0% | 80,379 | 0.9% | ||||||
 China |
1,350 | 6,996 | 0.1% | 13,776 | 0.2% | 39,452 | 0.5% | 56,116 | 0.6% | |||||
 Hong Kong |
586 | 18,398 | 0.3% | 23,328 | 0.3% | 26,435 | 0.3% | 33,760 | 0.4% | |||||
| Other Asia | – | – | 28,381 | 0.39% | 37,741 | 0.57% | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Old Commonwealth | 14,233 | 0.4% | 38,738 | 0.53% | 37,064 | 0.56% | 53,320 | 0.8% | 84,264 | – | – | 84,248 | ||
 Australia |
6,536 | 23,315 | 0.3% | 41,488 | 0.6% | 53,959 | 0.7% | 43,418 | 0.5% | |||||
 Canada |
5,339 | 11,626 | 0.2% | 15,282 | 0.2% | 21,288 | 0.3% | 21,772 | 0.2% | |||||
 New Zealand |
2,358 | 18,379 | 0.3% | 27,494 | 0.4% | 28,547 | 0.3% | 19,058 | 0.2% | |||||
| Africa | 10,783 | 0.3% | 74,660 | 1.03% | 144,072 | 2.18% | 246,025 | 454,536 | 621,613 | 625,071 | 7.1% | |||
 South Africa |
4,668 | 6,471 | 0.1% | 45,507 | 0.6% | 57,765 | 0.7% | 47,964 | 0.5% | |||||
 Nigeria |
1,261 | 36,047 | 0.5% | 68,907 | 1.0% | 114,718 | 1.4% | 117,145 | 1.3% | |||||
 Kenya |
314 | 56,993 | 0.9% | 66,311 | 0.9% | 64,212 | 0.8% | 58,020 | 0.7% | |||||
 Ghana |
26,925 | 0.4% | 62,896 | 0.8% | 65,905 | 0.7% | ||||||||
 Somalia |
50 | 33,831 | 0.5% | 65,333 | 0.8% | 66,288 | 0.8% | |||||||
| America/Caribbean (NCWP for 1971) | 12,241 | 0.4% | 165,369 | 2.28% | 167,399 | 2.53% | 249,191 | 326,280 | 367,664 | 4.2% | ||||
 Jamaica |
2,139 | 76,445 | 1.1% | 80,319 | 1.1% | 87,467 | 1.1% | 52,613 | 0.6% | |||||
 United States |
5,942 | 32,667 | 0.5% | 44,622 | 0.6% | 63,920 | 0.8% | 71,127 | 0.8% | |||||
 Brazil |
357 | – | 31,357 | 0.4% | 55,787 | 0.6% | ||||||||
| Antarctica and Oceania (including Australasia) and Other | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 70,632 | 84,661 | 64,228 | 0.7% | ||
| British Overseas | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 5,994 | – |
| Other: Total | – | – | 227,829 | 3.14% | 237,840 | 3.59% | 1,118 | 21,179 | 26 | – | – | |||
| Foreign born: Total | 224,801 | 9.8% | 1,103,616 | 1,451,041 | 21.7% | 1,940,390 | 27.1% | 2,998,264 | 36.7% | 3,575,740 | 40.7% | |||
| Total | 3,347,982 | 100% | 7,236,721 | 100.00% | 6,608,598 | 100.00% | 6,679,699 | 100% | 7,172,091 | 100% | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,726 | 100% |
NOTE: The sub-categories included for each continent may not add up to their respective total amount because the sub categories are only supposed to show the most numerous country of birth from said area.
- Foreign born in the County of London (excluding Irish born in images)
1901 (5% overall including Irish born)
1911 (5% overall including Irish born)
1921 (4% overall including Irish born)
1931 (5% overall including Irish born)
1951 (8% overall including Irish born)
- Foreign born in London over time
1961 (9.8%)
1971 (15.3%)
1981 (18.2%)
1991 (21.7%)
2001 (27.1%)
2011 (36.7%)
2021 (40.7%)
| Region of birth of mother[45] | 2001 | 2006 | 2011 | 2016 | 2021 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| United Kingdom | 59,104 | 56.7% | 57,376 | 47.5% | 57,450 | 43.2% | 53,866 | 41.8% | 47,958 | 43.2% |
| Foreign born | 45,058 | 43.3% | 63,522 | 52.5% | 75,383 | 56.7% | 74,923 | 58.2% | 62,986 | 56.8% |
| EU | 6,977 | 6.7% | 11,309 | 9.4% | 18,402 | 13.8% | 22,573 | 17.5% | 18,365 | 16.5% |
| Rest of Europe | 3,380 | 3.2% | 4,090 | 3.4% | 4,160 | 3.1% | 5,382 | 4.2% | 5,933 | 5.3% |
| Middle East and Asia | 13,489 | 13% | 18,206 | 15% | 25,478 | 19.2% | 24,235 | 18.8% | 21,394 | 19.2% |
| Africa | 13,600 | 13.1% | 20,043 | 16.6% | 19,866 | 15% | 15,600 | 12.1% | 10,725 | 9.7% |
| Rest of the world | 7,612 | 7.3% | 9,874 | 8.2% | 7,477 | 5.6% | 7,133 | 5.5% | 6,569 | 5.9% |
| Total | 104,162 | 100% | 120,898 | 100% | 132,843 | 100% | 128,803 | 100% | 110,961 | 100% |
- Born to foreign born mothers
2007
2014
2021
- Population pyramids of country of birth groupings in 2021
UK born
Foreign born: Total
Country of birth by borough
This table shows country of birth by London borough according to 2021 census[46]:
| Barking and Dagenham | Barnet | Bexley | Brent | Bromley | Camden | Croydon | Ealing | Enfield | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Nigeria | 9,434 | 1 | Romania | 13,430 | 1 | Nigeria | 8,831 | 1 | India | 35,203 | 1 | India | 6,842 | 1 | United States | 5,912 | 1 | India | 14,374 | 1 | India | 31,819 | 1 | Turkey | 17,053 |
| 2 | Romania | 9,416 | 2 | India | 11,335 | 2 | India | 5,488 | 2 | Romania | 17,722 | 2 | Nigeria | 3,515 | 2 | Bangladesh | 5,814 | 2 | Jamaica | 9,397 | 2 | Poland | 18,816 | 2 | Cyprus EU | 9,972 |
| 3 | Bangladesh | 9,290 | 3 | Iran | 11,227 | 3 | Romania | 2,415 | 3 | Poland | 7,235 | 3 | Ireland | 2,942 | 3 | France | 5,265 | 3 | Poland | 7,979 | 3 | Pakistan | 7,757 | 3 | Bulgaria | 8,264 |
| 4 | Pakistan | 7,275 | 4 | Poland | 7,551 | 4 | Poland | 2,082 | 4 | Somalia | 6,678 | 4 | Poland | 2,826 | 4 | Italy | 4,442 | 4 | Ghana | 7,244 | 4 | Afghanistan | 7,006 | 4 | Romania | 6,812 |
| 5 | India | 6,677 | 5 | Israel | 4,720 | 5 | Ireland | 1,871 | 5 | Pakistan | 6,585 | 5 | Romania | 2,426 | 5 | India | 3,270 | 5 | Pakistan | 6,960 | 5 | Sri Lanka | 6,020 | 5 | Poland | 5,894 |
| 6 | Lithuania | 5,494 | 6 | Ireland | 4,681 | 6 | Ghana | 1,640 | 6 | Kenya | 6,370 | 6 | South Africa | 1,939 | 6 | China | 3,111 | 6 | Nigeria | 6,185 | 6 | Somalia | 5,848 | 6 | Albania | 4,921 |
| 7 | Ghana | 3,320 | 7 | Italy | 4,533 | 7 | Sri Lanka | 1,309 | 7 | Ireland | 5,850 | 7 | Italy | 1,872 | 7 | Ireland | 3,064 | 7 | Sri Lanka | 5,165 | 7 | Ireland | 5,316 | 7 | Ghana | 4,738 |
| 8 | Bulgaria | 2,749 | 8 | Kenya | 4,384 | 8 | Lithuania | 1,280 | 8 | Sri Lanka | 5,672 | 8 | Jamaica | 1,753 | 8 | Somalia | 2,954 | 8 | Romania | 4,860 | 8 | Italy | 5,243 | 8 | Jamaica | 4,072 |
| 9 | Poland | 2,321 | 9 | Philippines | 3,902 | 9 | Nepal | 1,203 | 9 | Brazil | 5,532 | 9 | China | 1,738 | 9 | Germany | 2,408 | 9 | Italy | 3,268 | 9 | Romania | 4,986 | 9 | Nigeria | 3,861 |
| 10 | Moldova | 2,222 | 10 | Nigeria | 3,846 | 10 | Bulgaria | 1,198 | 10 | Jamaica | 5,423 | 10 | Sri Lanka | 1,514 | 10 | Spain | 2,309 | 10 | Ireland | 3,164 | 10 | Iraq | 4,779 | 10 | Somalia | 3,807 |
| 11 | Italy | 2,073 | 11 | Afghanistan | 3,729 | 11 | China | 1,143 | 11 | Italy | 4,662 | 11 | Brazil | 1,499 | 11 | Australia | 2,069 | 11 | Portugal | 3,104 | 11 | Iran | 3,796 | 11 | India | 3,730 |
| 12 | Albania | 1,394 | 12 | Albania | 3,680 | 12 | Italy | 1,018 | 12 | Philippines | 4,415 | 12 | France | 1,403 | 12 | Philippines | 2,063 | 12 | Kenya | 3,088 | 12 | Kenya | 3,760 | 12 | Bangladesh | 3,537 |
| 13 | Somalia | 1,311 | 13 | South Africa | 3,232 | 13 | Bangladesh | 829 | 13 | Iraq | 3,646 | 13 | Philippines | 1,324 | 13 | Iran | 1,943 | 13 | Uganda | 2,328 | 13 | Japan | 2,974 | 13 | Ireland | 3,283 |
| 14 | Kosovo | 1,261 | 14 | China | 3,074 | 14 | Kenya | 826 | 14 | Portugal | 3,528 | 14 | Germany | 1,285 | 14 | Kosovo | 1,919 | 14 | Bulgaria | 2,214 | 14 | France | 2,780 | 14 | Italy | 3,167 |
| 15 | Portugal | 1,253 | 15 | Pakistan | 3,042 | 15 | Hong Kong | 744 | 15 | Afghanistan | 3,504 | 15 | United States | 1,225 | 15 | Poland | 1,901 | 15 | Brazil | 2,186 | 15 | Syria | 2,747 | 15 | Mauritius | 2,839 |
| 16 | Philippines | 1,122 | 16 | Bulgaria | 3,021 | 16 | Vietnam | 740 | 16 | Syria | 2,898 | 16 | Bulgaria | 1,208 | 16 | South Africa | 1,735 | 16 | Spain | 1,982 | 16 | Nepal | 2,643 | 16 | Greece | 2,438 |
| 17 | Ireland | 1,072 | 17 | Turkey | 2,811 | 17 | Jamaica | 691 | 17 | Spain | 2,670 | 17 | Ghana | 1,128 | 17 | Greece | 1,712 | 17 | Mauritius | 1,857 | 17 | Spain | 2,409 | 17 | Sri Lanka | 2,194 |
| 18 | DR Congo | 1,003 | 18 | Cyprus EU | 2,732 | 18 | Pakistan | 685 | 18 | Nigeria | 2,559 | 18 | Lithuania | 1,116 | 18 | Japan | 1,638 | 18 | France | 1,682 | 18 | Portugal | 2,212 | 18 | Kenya | 1,897 |
| 19 | Jamaica | 970 | 19 | Sri Lanka | 2,564 | 19 | South Africa | 679 | 19 | Uganda | 2,447 | 19 | Turkey | 1,073 | 19 | Russia | 1,584 | 19 | Germany | 1,581 | 19 | Bangladesh | 2,111 | 19 | Iran | 1,710 |
| 20 | Sri Lanka | 952 | 20 | United States | 2,470 | 20 | Turkey | 655 | 20 | Ghana | 2,358 | 20 | Spain | 1,064 | 20 | Brazil | 1,453 | 20 | South Africa | 1,551 | 20 | Philippines | 2,059 | 20 | DR Congo | 1,685 |
| 21 | Kenya | 892 | 21 | Hong Kong | 2,400 | 21 | Germany | 629 | 21 | France | 2,339 | 21 | Australia | 1,026 | 21 | Canada | 1,391 | 21 | Turkey | 1,507 | 21 | Brazil | 2,036 | 21 | Pakistan | 1,489 |
| 22 | Zimbabwe | 765 | 22 | Somalia | 2,276 | 22 | Zimbabwe | 628 | 22 | Iran | 2,192 | 22 | Hong Kong | 1,007 | 22 | Hong Kong | 1,343 | 22 | Guyana | 1,480 | 22 | Bulgaria | 2,019 | 22 | Kosovo | 1,465 |
| 23 | Uganda | 711 | 23 | Portugal | 2,248 | 23 | Cyprus EU | 627 | 23 | Kuwait | 1,839 | 23 | Portugal | 994 | 23 | Portugal | 1,298 | 23 | Bangladesh | 1,468 | 23 | Jamaica | 1,983 | 23 | Uganda | 1,280 |
| 24 | Spain | 635 | 24 | Hungary | 2,206 | 24 | Albania | 577 | 24 | Hungary | 1,831 | 24 | Albania | 959 | 24 | Turkey | 1,224 | 24 | Afghanistan | 1,463 | 24 | United States | 1,900 | 24 | Portugal | 1,207 |
| 25 | Turkey | 612 | 25 | Brazil | 2,193 | 25 | Sierra Leone | 561 | 25 | Morocco | 1,655 | 25 | Cyprus EU | 914 | 25 | Israel | 1,193 | 25 | Philippines | 1,437 | 25 | Lebanon | 1,687 | 25 | Philippines | 1,132 |
| 26 | Ukraine | 588 | 26 | Greece | 2,118 | 26 | France | 533 | 26 | United States | 1,501 | 26 | Kenya | 846 | 26 | Romania | 1,115 | 26 | Somalia | 1,226 | 26 | Germany | 1,630 | 26 | Spain | 1,129 |
| 27 | China | 551 | 27 | France | 2,109 | 27 | United States | 511 | 27 | Nepal | 1,493 | 27 | Zimbabwe | 824 | 27 | Nigeria | 1,063 | 27 | China | 1,203 | 27 | Nigeria | 1,603 | 27 | Brazil | 963 |
| 28 | Afghanistan | 543 | 28 | Ghana | 2,013 | 28 | Portugal | 483 | 28 | Bulgaria | 1,462 | 28 | Pakistan | 822 | 28 | Malaysia | 1,023 | 28 | United States | 1,171 | 28 | China | 1,529 | 28 | Hungary | 943 |
| 29 | Sierra Leone | 534 | 29 | Kosovo | 2,003 | 29 | Spain | 483 | 29 | Tanzania | 1,348 | 29 | Bangladesh | 713 | 29 | Cyprus EU | 801 | 29 | Zimbabwe | 1,144 | 29 | Greece | 1,521 | 29 | Germany | 862 |
| 30 | Germany | 520 | 30 | Spain | 1,987 | 30 | Moldova | 454 | 30 | China | 1,328 | 30 | Russia | 694 | 30 | Colombia | 790 | 30 | Lithuania | 1,088 | 30 | South Africa | 1,437 | 30 | Lithuania | 831 |
| Greenwich | Hackney | Hammersmith and Fulham | Haringey | Harrow | Havering | Hillingdon | Hounslow | Islington | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | Nigeria | 14,357 | 1 | Turkey | 8,674 | 1 | Italy | 5,408 | 1 | Turkey | 9,465 | 1 | India | 26,376 | 1 | Romania | 5,393 | 1 | India | 27,738 | 1 | India | 38,028 | 1 | Italy | 5,079 |
| 2 | Nepal | 5,963 | 2 | Nigeria | 5,239 | 2 | France | 5,094 | 2 | Poland | 7,212 | 2 | Romania | 21,082 | 2 | India | 4,603 | 2 | Pakistan | 6,466 | 2 | Poland | 11,105 | 2 | France | 4,346 |
| 3 | India | 5,746 | 3 | Italy | 4,378 | 3 | United States | 3,422 | 3 | Romania | 6,353 | 3 | Kenya | 10,859 | 3 | Nigeria | 4,137 | 3 | Poland | 6,398 | 3 | Pakistan | 8,255 | 3 | Turkey | 4,220 |
| 4 | Romania | 4,812 | 4 | France | 3,926 | 4 | Spain | 3,258 | 4 | Bulgaria | 5,905 | 4 | Sri Lanka | 10,706 | 4 | Lithuania | 2,841 | 4 | Afghanistan | 6,324 | 4 | Afghanistan | 6,444 | 4 | United States | 4,149 |
| 5 | Poland | 3,449 | 5 | United States | 3,735 | 5 | Ireland | 3,036 | 5 | Italy | 5,279 | 5 | Afghanistan | 4,825 | 5 | Pakistan | 2,505 | 5 | Romania | 5,575 | 5 | Romania | 5,443 | 5 | Ireland | 4,116 |
| 6 | Italy | 3,065 | 6 | Poland | 3,529 | 6 | Philippines | 2,943 | 6 | Jamaica | 3,799 | 6 | Pakistan | 4,485 | 6 | Ireland | 2,082 | 6 | Sri Lanka | 5,106 | 6 | Kenya | 3,755 | 6 | Australia | 3,225 |
| 7 | China | 2,818 | 7 | Ireland | 3,311 | 7 | Poland | 2,553 | 7 | Spain | 3,357 | 7 | Uganda | 3,857 | 7 | Bangladesh | 1,910 | 7 | Kenya | 3,670 | 7 | Nepal | 3,429 | 7 | Somalia | 3,070 |
| 8 | Lithuania | 2,744 | 8 | Jamaica | 3,250 | 8 | Somalia | 2,446 | 8 | Ireland | 3,312 | 8 | Poland | 3,602 | 8 | Poland | 1,868 | 8 | Ireland | 3,511 | 8 | Somalia | 3,032 | 8 | Spain | 2,872 |
| 9 | Ghana | 2,730 | 9 | Australia | 3,188 | 9 | Australia | 2,318 | 9 | Ghana | 3,153 | 9 | Ireland | 3,245 | 9 | Moldova | 1,769 | 9 | Somalia | 3,281 | 9 | Ireland | 2,593 | 9 | Bangladesh | 2,381 |
| 10 | Ireland | 2,723 | 10 | India | 3,126 | 10 | China | 2,038 | 10 | Cyprus EU | 3,136 | 10 | Tanzania | 2,560 | 10 | Ghana | 1,246 | 10 | Nepal | 2,152 | 10 | Italy | 2,507 | 10 | China | 2,079 |
| 11 | Bulgaria | 2,225 | 11 | Ghana | 3,088 | 11 | India | 1,994 | 11 | Brazil | 3,045 | 11 | Somalia | 2,455 | 11 | Bulgaria | 1,172 | 11 | Italy | 1,934 | 11 | Sri Lanka | 2,392 | 11 | Germany | 1,958 |
| 12 | Somalia | 2,073 | 12 | Spain | 2,876 | 12 | Germany | 1,675 | 12 | Albania | 2,867 | 12 | Nepal | 1,580 | 12 | Philippines | 1,138 | 12 | Bangladesh | 1,927 | 12 | Philippines | 2,365 | 12 | India | 1,839 |
| 13 | Jamaica | 2,047 | 13 | Bangladesh | 2,511 | 13 | Iran | 1,635 | 13 | Colombia | 2,674 | 13 | Iraq | 1,506 | 13 | Albania | 935 | 13 | Portugal | 1,807 | 13 | Portugal | 2,031 | 13 | Poland | 1,806 |
| 14 | France | 1,959 | 14 | Israel | 2,386 | 14 | Brazil | 1,633 | 14 | Somalia | 2,642 | 14 | Jamaica | 1,505 | 14 | Sri Lanka | 764 | 14 | Philippines | 1,515 | 14 | Bulgaria | 1,960 | 14 | Greece | 1,782 |
| 15 | Vietnam | 1,908 | 15 | Germany | 2,230 | 15 | Portugal | 1,568 | 15 | Nigeria | 2,380 | 15 | Italy | 1,453 | 15 | Italy | 752 | 15 | Nigeria | 1,514 | 15 | Lithuania | 1,556 | 15 | Nigeria | 1,477 |
| 16 | Hong Kong | 1,799 | 16 | Portugal | 1,813 | 16 | South Africa | 1,564 | 16 | United States | 2,238 | 16 | Kuwait | 1,376 | 16 | Zimbabwe | 710 | 16 | Uganda | 1,381 | 16 | Iran | 1,491 | 16 | Brazil | 1,370 |
| 17 | United States | 1,779 | 17 | Brazil | 1,712 | 17 | Greece | 1,289 | 17 | France | 2,157 | 17 | Iran | 1,331 | 17 | South Africa | 681 | 17 | Iraq | 1,228 | 17 | Moldova | 1,405 | 17 | Colombia | 1,316 |
| 18 | Spain | 1,711 | 18 | Colombia | 1,524 | 18 | Romania | 1,186 | 18 | Bangladesh | 2,153 | 18 | Nigeria | 1,199 | 18 | Jamaica | 671 | 18 | Germany | 1,183 | 18 | Spain | 1,400 | 18 | Portugal | 1,292 |
| 19 | Brazil | 1,616 | 19 | Somalia | 1,512 | 19 | Hong Kong | 1,055 | 19 | India | 2,135 | 19 | Philippines | 1,172 | 19 | Kenya | 662 | 19 | Hong Kong | 1,142 | 19 | France | 1,391 | 19 | Romania | 1,244 |
| 20 | Pakistan | 1,601 | 20 | Vietnam | 1,336 | 20 | Russia | 1,026 | 20 | Greece | 2,087 | 20 | Germany | 1,165 | 20 | China | 592 | 20 | Lithuania | 1,138 | 20 | United States | 1,383 | 20 | Canada | 1,224 |
| 21 | Germany | 1,520 | 21 | Canada | 1,294 | 21 | Iraq | 1,008 | 21 | Hungary | 1,820 | 21 | France | 1,043 | 21 | Turkey | 588 | 21 | Iran | 1,126 | 21 | Bangladesh | 1,380 | 21 | Cyprus EU | 1,190 |
| 22 | Portugal | 1,473 | 22 | New Zealand | 1,257 | 22 | Ethiopia | 1,005 | 22 | Portugal | 1,676 | 22 | Ghana | 915 | 22 | Germany | 495 | 22 | China | 1,125 | 22 | Uganda | 1,332 | 22 | Eritrea | 1,164 |
| 23 | South Africa | 1,465 | 23 | DR Congo | 1,244 | 23 | Canada | 965 | 23 | Germany | 1,535 | 23 | Hong Kong | 820 | 23 | Portugal | 488 | 23 | Moldova | 997 | 23 | Brazil | 1,263 | 23 | New Zealand | 1,163 |
| 24 | Sri Lanka | 1,453 | 24 | Cyprus EU | 1,235 | 24 | Nigeria | 934 | 24 | China | 1,451 | 24 | Bangladesh | 812 | 24 | Spain | 485 | 24 | Tanzania | 976 | 24 | Nigeria | 1,205 | 24 | Jamaica | 1,122 |
| 25 | Turkey | 1,330 | 25 | China | 1,218 | 25 | Pakistan | 913 | 25 | Australia | 1,407 | 25 | China | 792 | 25 | Ukraine | 473 | 25 | Bulgaria | 959 | 25 | Ghana | 1,197 | 25 | Hong Kong | 1,102 |
| 26 | Russia | 1,103 | 26 | Romania | 1,211 | 26 | Turkey | 907 | 26 | South Africa | 1,214 | 26 | Brazil | 790 | 26 | Hong Kong | 460 | 26 | South Africa | 940 | 26 | Ukraine | 1,152 | 26 | South Africa | 1,065 |
| 27 | Uganda | 1,093 | 27 | Belgium | 1,135 | 27 | New Zealand | 879 | 27 | Ecuador | 1,165 | 27 | Portugal | 774 | 27 | Uganda | 434 | 27 | United States | 909 | 27 | South Africa | 1,123 | 27 | Ethiopia | 876 |
| 28 | Bangladesh | 1,051 | 28 | Greece | 1,036 | 28 | Jamaica | 850 | 28 | Philippines | 1,073 | 28 | South Africa | 766 | 28 | Kosovo | 433 | 28 | Jamaica | 904 | 28 | Hong Kong | 1,073 | 28 | Philippines | 868 |
| 29 | Moldova | 1,010 | 29 | Pakistan | 1,020 | 29 | Colombia | 817 | 29 | Mauritius | 1,036 | 29 | Bulgaria | 739 | 29 | Cyprus EU | 394 | 29 | Spain | 857 | 29 | Germany | 1,061 | 29 | Iran | 855 |
| 30 | Australia | 1,008 | 30 | South Africa | 964 | 30 | Eritrea | 797 | 30 | DR Congo | 1,031 | 30 | United States | 735 | 30 | Mauritius | 391 | 30 | Brazil | 845 | 30 | Albania | 1,059 | 30 | Ghana | 850 |
| Kensington and Chelsea | Kingston upon Thames | Lambeth | Lewisham | Merton | Newham | Redbridge | Richmond upon Thames | Southwark | ||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | United States | 5,806 | 1 | India | 3,690 | 1 | Jamaica | 7,842 | 1 | Nigeria | 9,278 | 1 | Poland | 6,934 | 1 | Bangladesh | 26,860 | 1 | India | 23,651 | 1 | India | 3,292 | 1 | Nigeria | 11,173 |
| 2 | Italy | 5,518 | 2 | Sri Lanka | 3,365 | 2 | Portugal | 7,012 | 2 | Jamaica | 8,679 | 2 | Sri Lanka | 5,595 | 2 | India | 21,818 | 2 | Pakistan | 18,479 | 2 | United States | 2,841 | 2 | Italy | 5,939 |
| 3 | France | 5,272 | 3 | Poland | 2,568 | 3 | Italy | 5,675 | 3 | Italy | 4,047 | 3 | Pakistan | 4,925 | 3 | Romania | 17,455 | 3 | Bangladesh | 14,099 | 3 | Ireland | 2,832 | 3 | Jamaica | 4,553 |
| 4 | Spain | 2,992 | 4 | Korea (South) | 2,425 | 4 | Nigeria | 5,139 | 4 | Romania | 3,924 | 4 | India | 4,701 | 4 | Pakistan | 13,826 | 4 | Romania | 11,099 | 4 | South Africa | 2,618 | 4 | Spain | 4,520 |
| 5 | Philippines | 2,762 | 5 | South Africa | 2,059 | 5 | Poland | 4,817 | 5 | Poland | 3,841 | 5 | South Africa | 3,636 | 5 | Italy | 7,026 | 5 | Sri Lanka | 6,866 | 5 | Poland | 2,485 | 5 | Ghana | 4,321 |
| 6 | Germany | 1,952 | 6 | Pakistan | 1,979 | 6 | Spain | 4,344 | 6 | Sri Lanka | 3,275 | 6 | Bulgaria | 3,157 | 6 | Lithuania | 6,439 | 6 | Moldova | 4,295 | 6 | Germany | 2,106 | 6 | Sierra Leone | 4,262 |
| 7 | China | 1,890 | 7 | Bulgaria | 1,824 | 7 | Ireland | 4,230 | 7 | Ireland | 2,942 | 7 | Ghana | 3,037 | 7 | Nigeria | 5,813 | 7 | Italy | 3,428 | 7 | Italy | 2,042 | 7 | France | 3,789 |
| 8 | Iran | 1,841 | 8 | Iraq | 1,657 | 8 | Ghana | 4,106 | 8 | Spain | 2,908 | 8 | Romania | 2,932 | 8 | Bulgaria | 4,800 | 8 | Kenya | 3,425 | 8 | Australia | 1,892 | 8 | Ireland | 3,642 |
| 9 | Russia | 1,746 | 9 | Ireland | 1,630 | 9 | France | 3,828 | 9 | Ghana | 2,838 | 9 | Italy | 2,693 | 9 | Poland | 4,288 | 9 | Lithuania | 3,087 | 9 | Turkey | 1,831 | 9 | United States | 3,373 |
| 10 | Ireland | 1,745 | 10 | Italy | 1,609 | 10 | Brazil | 3,521 | 10 | India | 2,554 | 10 | Ireland | 2,628 | 10 | Ghana | 4,085 | 10 | Poland | 2,583 | 10 | France | 1,440 | 10 | Colombia | 3,371 |
| 11 | India | 1,698 | 11 | China | 1,548 | 11 | Colombia | 3,360 | 11 | France | 2,489 | 11 | Brazil | 2,133 | 11 | Philippines | 4,033 | 11 | Bulgaria | 2,430 | 11 | Iran | 1,389 | 11 | China | 3,352 |
| 12 | Australia | 1,684 | 12 | Germany | 1,544 | 12 | United States | 3,061 | 12 | China | 2,222 | 12 | Jamaica | 1,988 | 12 | Moldova | 3,985 | 12 | Nigeria | 2,321 | 12 | Spain | 1,292 | 12 | India | 3,003 |
| 13 | Lebanon | 1,492 | 13 | Philippines | 1,346 | 13 | Australia | 2,966 | 13 | Brazil | 2,190 | 13 | Portugal | 1,711 | 13 | Sri Lanka | 3,837 | 13 | Ireland | 2,043 | 13 | Brazil | 1,180 | 13 | Poland | 2,837 |
| 14 | Portugal | 1,437 | 14 | Iran | 1,298 | 14 | Ecuador | 2,914 | 14 | United States | 2,078 | 14 | Spain | 1,685 | 14 | Somalia | 3,755 | 14 | Somalia | 1,511 | 14 | China | 1,025 | 14 | Brazil | 2,505 |
| 15 | Morocco | 1,348 | 15 | Romania | 1,157 | 15 | Somalia | 2,511 | 15 | Vietnam | 1,884 | 15 | France | 1,571 | 15 | Portugal | 2,774 | 15 | Mauritius | 1,439 | 15 | Hong Kong | 985 | 15 | Ecuador | 2,441 |
| 16 | Greece | 1,325 | 16 | United States | 1,113 | 16 | India | 2,463 | 16 | Germany | 1,785 | 16 | Germany | 1,515 | 16 | China | 2,567 | 16 | Uganda | 1,425 | 16 | Romania | 944 | 16 | Germany | 2,323 |
| 17 | Brazil | 1,294 | 17 | Hong Kong | 1,110 | 17 | Germany | 2,179 | 17 | Portugal | 1,701 | 17 | Philippines | 1,473 | 17 | Brazil | 2,557 | 17 | Jamaica | 1,322 | 17 | Russia | 921 | 17 | Bangladesh | 2,181 |
| 18 | Iraq | 1,278 | 18 | France | 1,027 | 18 | South Africa | 2,102 | 18 | Sierra Leone | 1,559 | 18 | United States | 1,437 | 18 | Spain | 2,512 | 18 | Albania | 1,225 | 18 | Afghanistan | 916 | 18 | Australia | 2,165 |
| 19 | Turkey | 1,215 | 19 | Brazil | 926 | 19 | Eritrea | 1,841 | 19 | Bulgaria | 1,505 | 19 | Nigeria | 1,338 | 19 | Jamaica | 2,273 | 19 | Ghana | 1,199 | 19 | New Zealand | 856 | 19 | Philippines | 2,100 |
| 20 | Poland | 1,168 | 20 | Spain | 904 | 20 | China | 1,797 | 20 | Colombia | 1,409 | 20 | China | 1,211 | 20 | Uganda | 1,732 | 20 | Afghanistan | 1,140 | 20 | Canada | 845 | 20 | Portugal | 1,889 |
| 21 | Canada | 1,142 | 21 | Portugal | 862 | 21 | Pakistan | 1,617 | 21 | Lithuania | 1,359 | 21 | Australia | 1,162 | 21 | Kenya | 1,725 | 21 | Turkey | 1,110 | 21 | Sweden | 822 | 21 | Bolivia | 1,825 |
| 22 | South Africa | 1,026 | 22 | Turkey | 853 | 22 | Romania | 1,553 | 22 | Cyprus EU | 1,353 | 22 | Bangladesh | 1,092 | 22 | France | 1,679 | 22 | France | 1,090 | 22 | Pakistan | 775 | 22 | Romania | 1,758 |
| 23 | Japan | 906 | 23 | Afghanistan | 848 | 23 | New Zealand | 1,396 | 23 | Turkey | 1,351 | 23 | Korea (South) | 1,081 | 23 | Ireland | 1,486 | 23 | Portugal | 1,059 | 23 | Bulgaria | 765 | 23 | Vietnam | 1,658 |
| 24 | Hong Kong | 890 | 24 | Australia | 735 | 24 | Philippines | 1,313 | 24 | Somalia | 1,342 | 24 | Turkey | 1,048 | 24 | Ukraine | 1,366 | 24 | Germany | 934 | 24 | Kenya | 722 | 24 | Somalia | 1,509 |
| 25 | Colombia | 865 | 25 | Kenya | 706 | 25 | Sierra Leone | 1,149 | 25 | Australia | 1,316 | 25 | Kenya | 907 | 25 | Hungary | 1,328 | 25 | Spain | 930 | 25 | Greece | 683 | 25 | Hong Kong | 1,477 |
| 26 | Switzerland | 849 | 26 | Albania | 653 | 26 | Ethiopia | 1,146 | 26 | Ecuador | 1,266 | 26 | Hong Kong | 843 | 26 | Afghanistan | 1,219 | 26 | Tanzania | 866 | 26 | Portugal | 614 | 26 | Greece | 1,428 |
| 27 | Kosovo | 824 | 27 | Russia | 643 | 27 | Bulgaria | 1,129 | 27 | South Africa | 1,154 | 27 | Uganda | 842 | 27 | Hong Kong | 1,176 | 27 | Ukraine | 817 | 27 | Hungary | 588 | 27 | South Africa | 1,387 |
| 28 | Romania | 809 | 28 | Greece | 621 | 28 | Hong Kong | 1,084 | 28 | Ivory Coast | 1,149 | 28 | Mauritius | 814 | 28 | Latvia | 1,117 | 28 | Cyprus EU | 791 | 28 | Japan | 540 | 28 | Dominican Republic | 1,298 |
| 29 | Sweden | 808 | 29 | Hungary | 609 | 29 | Canada | 1,076 | 29 | Philippines | 1,087 | 29 | Lithuania | 767 | 29 | Greece | 1,010 | 29 | China | 723 | 29 | Netherlands | 528 | 29 | Cyprus EU | 1,272 |
| 30 | Somalia | 807 | 30 | Lithuania | 572 | 30 | Vietnam | 1,027 | 30 | Pakistan | 1,018 | 30 | Zimbabwe | 713 | 30 | Germany | 992 | 30 | Philippines | 719 | 30 | Philippines | 504 | 30 | Canada | 1,266 |
| Sutton | Tower Hamlets | Waltham Forrest | Wandsworth | Westminster | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| 1 | India | 6,891 | 1 | Bangladesh | 43,561 | 1 | Pakistan | 11,035 | 1 | Italy | 6,864 | 1 | United States | 6,421 | ||||||||||||
| 2 | Sri Lanka | 4,622 | 2 | Italy | 10,553 | 2 | Romania | 11,015 | 2 | Pakistan | 6,533 | 2 | Italy | 6,125 | ||||||||||||
| 3 | Poland | 3,407 | 3 | India | 6,317 | 3 | Poland | 5,486 | 3 | Poland | 5,698 | 3 | France | 5,675 | ||||||||||||
| 4 | Pakistan | 3,109 | 4 | China | 4,818 | 4 | Bulgaria | 5,438 | 4 | Ireland | 5,062 | 4 | India | 4,446 | ||||||||||||
| 5 | Bulgaria | 2,231 | 5 | France | 4,562 | 5 | Turkey | 3,516 | 5 | South Africa | 4,860 | 5 | Spain | 3,593 | ||||||||||||
| 6 | Ireland | 1,925 | 6 | Spain | 3,791 | 6 | India | 3,342 | 6 | France | 4,629 | 6 | Iraq | 3,328 | ||||||||||||
| 7 | Romania | 1,890 | 7 | Somalia | 3,107 | 7 | Jamaica | 3,278 | 7 | United States | 4,486 | 7 | Bangladesh | 3,191 | ||||||||||||
| 8 | South Africa | 1,645 | 8 | Poland | 3,077 | 8 | Italy | 2,944 | 8 | India | 4,280 | 8 | China | 3,088 | ||||||||||||
| 9 | China | 1,412 | 9 | Romania | 2,765 | 9 | Lithuania | 2,529 | 9 | Australia | 4,062 | 9 | Greece | 2,631 | ||||||||||||
| 10 | Philippines | 1,385 | 10 | United States | 2,728 | 10 | Ghana | 2,474 | 10 | Spain | 3,858 | 10 | Germany | 2,530 | ||||||||||||
| 11 | Italy | 1,212 | 11 | Germany | 2,401 | 11 | Ireland | 2,471 | 11 | Brazil | 3,156 | 11 | Iran | 2,458 | ||||||||||||
| 12 | Ghana | 1,212 | 12 | Ireland | 2,315 | 12 | Bangladesh | 2,285 | 12 | Germany | 2,976 | 12 | Russia | 2,442 | ||||||||||||
| 13 | Nigeria | 1,144 | 13 | Australia | 2,239 | 13 | Somalia | 2,259 | 13 | Jamaica | 2,944 | 13 | Philippines | 2,415 | ||||||||||||
| 14 | Portugal | 976 | 14 | Brazil | 2,218 | 14 | Moldova | 2,075 | 14 | Philippines | 2,713 | 14 | Ireland | 2,346 | ||||||||||||
| 15 | Germany | 969 | 15 | Greece | 1,945 | 15 | Nigeria | 2,021 | 15 | Somalia | 2,630 | 15 | Brazil | 2,249 | ||||||||||||
| 16 | Turkey | 969 | 16 | Hong Kong | 1,865 | 16 | Sri Lanka | 1,944 | 16 | Portugal | 2,357 | 16 | Portugal | 2,200 | ||||||||||||
| 17 | Hong Kong | 924 | 17 | Portugal | 1,812 | 17 | Spain | 1,786 | 17 | New Zealand | 1,975 | 17 | Australia | 2,097 | ||||||||||||
| 18 | Brazil | 904 | 18 | Russia | 1,700 | 18 | Albania | 1,693 | 18 | Ghana | 1,819 | 18 | Lebanon | 1,997 | ||||||||||||
| 19 | Bangladesh | 833 | 19 | Lithuania | 1,683 | 19 | Algeria | 1,684 | 19 | Romania | 1,731 | 19 | Poland | 1,946 | ||||||||||||
| 20 | Mauritius | 775 | 20 | Pakistan | 1,566 | 20 | Mauritius | 1,402 | 20 | Turkey | 1,647 | 20 | Kuwait | 1,918 | ||||||||||||
| 21 | Kenya | 770 | 21 | Bulgaria | 1,539 | 21 | Philippines | 1,341 | 21 | China | 1,627 | 21 | Morocco | 1,853 | ||||||||||||
| 22 | Uganda | 704 | 22 | Turkey | 1,476 | 22 | France | 1,330 | 22 | Nigeria | 1,594 | 22 | Japan | 1,714 | ||||||||||||
| 23 | Zimbabwe | 702 | 23 | Nigeria | 1,459 | 23 | Cyprus EU | 1,290 | 23 | Bulgaria | 1,540 | 23 | Turkey | 1,599 | ||||||||||||
| 24 | Spain | 670 | 24 | South Africa | 1,356 | 24 | Portugal | 1,263 | 24 | Greece | 1,466 | 24 | Kosovo | 1,471 | ||||||||||||
| 25 | Iran | 667 | 25 | Philippines | 1,155 | 25 | Ukraine | 1,221 | 25 | Hong Kong | 1,459 | 25 | Romania | 1,428 | ||||||||||||
| 26 | Albania | 660 | 26 | Malaysia | 1,128 | 26 | Germany | 1,167 | 26 | Canada | 1,447 | 26 | Canada | 1,398 | ||||||||||||
| 27 | Jamaica | 636 | 27 | Vietnam | 1,113 | 27 | Brazil | 1,149 | 27 | Sri Lanka | 1,297 | 27 | South Africa | 1,365 | ||||||||||||
| 28 | France | 630 | 28 | Hungary | 1,078 | 28 | United States | 1,112 | 28 | Russia | 1,260 | 28 | Hong Kong | 1,363 | ||||||||||||
| 29 | Korea (South) | 604 | 29 | Canada | 1,061 | 29 | Hungary | 1,058 | 29 | Colombia | 1,229 | 29 | Sudan | 1,299 | ||||||||||||
| 30 | Lithuania | 593 | 30 | New Zealand | 922 | 30 | Afghanistan | 1,054 | 30 | Kenya | 1,149 | 30 | Egypt | 1,265 | ||||||||||||
Languages
In the 2011 Census, 6,083,420 or 77.9% of London's population aged 3 and over spoke English as a main language. A further 1,406,912 (19.8%) spoke it as a second language, or well to very well.[47] 271,693 (3.5%) could not speak English well, while 47,917 (0.6%) could not speak English at all.[47]
2,456 (<0.1%) spoke other UK minority languages, with the most common being Welsh and 2,926 (<0.1%) used British Sign Language.[48] This shows great challenges for TfL and other government services. For example most ticket vending machines use only English, French and up to 2 other western Europe hemisphere languages, while as shown below most demand is for Indian languages, Polish, etc.
The most common main languages spoken in Greater London in the 2011 and 2021 censuses are shown below.[49]
Main language
| 2011 | 2021 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Number | Percentage | Number | Percentage | |
| English | 6,083,420 | 77.90% | 6,650,973 | 78.40% | |
| Romanian | 39,653 | 0.50% | 159,338 | 1.90% | |
| Spanish | 71,192 | 0.90% | 117,457 | 1.40% | |
| Polish | 147,816 | 1.90% | 112,068 | 1.30% | |
| Bengali | 114,267 | 1.50% | 101,975 | 1.20% | |
| Portuguese | 71,525 | 0.90% | 94,205 | 1.10% | |
| Gujarati | 101,676 | 1.30% | 82,610 | 1.00% | |
| Italian | 49,484 | 0.60% | 81,293 | 1.00% | |
| Punjabi | 68,525 | 0.90% | 74,205 | 0.90% | |
| Arabic | 70,602 | 0.90% | 72,102 | 0.80% | |
| Tamil | 70,565 | 0.90% | 70,673 | 0.80% | |
| Turkish | 71,242 | 0.90% | 69,641 | 0.80% | |
| French | 84,191 | 1.10% | 67,049 | 0.80% | |
| Urdu | 78,667 | 1.00% | 63,626 | 0.80% | |
| Bulgarian | 47,648 | 0.60% | |||
| Persian | 39,645 | 0.50% | 39,233 | 0.50% | |
| Somali | 54,852 | 0.70% | 37,346 | 0.40% | |
| Malayalam | 26,924 | 0.30% | 36,015 | 0.40% | |
| Russian | 26,603 | 0.30% | 31,906 | 0.40% | |
| Lithuanian | 35,341 | 0.50% | 30,768 | 0.40% | |
| German | 31,306 | 0.40% | 19,074 | 0.20% | |
| Other | 441,968 | 5.66% | |||
Proficiency in English
| Language proficiency | London (aged 3 and over) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011[50] | 2021[51] | |||
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| Main language is English | 6,083,420 | 77.9% | 6,650,973 | 78.4% |
| Main language is not English | 1,726,522 | 22.1% | 1,831,690 | 21.6% |
| Can speak English very well | 763,502 | 9.8% | 840,463 | 9.9% |
| Can speak English well | 643,410 | 8.2% | 636,226 | 7.5% |
| Cannot speak English well | 271,693 | 3.5% | 303,265 | 3.6% |
| Cannot speak English | 47,917 | 0.6% | 51,736 | 0.6% |
| Total | 7,809,942 | 100% | 8,482,663 | 100% |
Religion
In 2001, Christians were the majority of London's population, at 58.23%. In 2021, the Christian percentage was 40.66%. The population identifying with no religion rose from 15.76% in 2001, to 27.05% in 2021. This shift suggests a growing trend of secularization in London.[citation needed]
The Muslim population increased from 8.46% in 2001, to 14.99% in 2021. The number of individuals who chose not to state their religion fell from 8.66% in 2001, to 7.00% in 2021.
Hindu's were 4.07% of the population in 2001, and were 5.15% in 2021. The Jewish community were 2.09% in 2001, and 1.65% in 2021. Sikhs were 1.45% in 2001, and 1.64% in 2021. Other religions, including Buddhism, collectively accounted for small but fluctuating percentages, with Buddhism specifically ranging from 0.76% in 2001, to 0.88% in 2021.
In 1850, there was an estimated 20,000 Jews in London.[52] By 1883 there was around 46,000 Jews in London.[53]
These changes are influenced by factors including immigration, generational attitudes, and broader social trends.[citation needed]
| Religion | 1950 estimates[54] | 1960 estimates[54] | 1975 estimates[54] | 1984 estimates[54] | 1995 estimates[54] | 2001 census[55] | 2011 census[56] | 2021 census[57] | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Christian | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 4,176,175 | 58.23% | 3,957,984 | 48.42% | 3,577,681 | 40.66% |
| No religion | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1,130,616 | 15.76% | 1,694,372 | 20.73% | 2,380,404 | 27.05% |
| Muslim | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 607,083 | 8.46% | 1,012,823 | 12.39% | 1,318,754 | 14.99% |
| Religion not stated | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 621,366 | 8.66% | 692,739 | 8.47% | 615,662 | 7.00% |
| Hindu | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 291,977 | 4.07% | 411,291 | 5.03% | 453,034 | 5.15% |
| Jewish | 250,000 | – | 280,000 | – | 228,000 | – | 210,000 | – | 196,000 | – | 149,789 | 2.09% | 148,602 | 1.82% | 145,466 | 1.65% |
| Sikh | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 104,230 | 1.45% | 126,134 | 1.54% | 144,543 | 1.64% |
| Other religion | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 36,558 | 0.51% | 47,970 | 0.59% | 86,759 | 0.99% |
| Buddhist | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 54,297 | 0.76% | 82,026 | 1.00% | 77,425 | 0.88% |
| Total | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 7,172,091 | 100% | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,728 | 100% |
Distribution of religions in Greater London according to the 2011 census.
Christianity
Islam
Hinduism
Judaism
Sikhism
Buddhism
Other religion
No religion
- Population pyramids of each religious group in London
Christian
No religion
None stated
Muslim
Hindu
Buddhist
Sikh
Jewish
Other religion
Ethnicity by religion
| Ethnic Group | 2021 census[58] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Christian | Muslim | Hindu | Other | No religion | Undeclared | |
| Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | Number | |
| White: Total | 2,271,066 | 113,038 | 1,450 | 164,195 | 1,837,754 | 343,671 |
| White: British | 1,426,511 | 37,544 | 841 | 112,911 | 1,446,794 | 214,682 |
| White: Irish | 109,149 | 604 | 60 | 1,720 | 35,793 | 9,007 |
| White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller | 4,852 | 141 | 16 | 130 | 1,445 | 447 |
| White: Roma | 25,646 | 890 | 20 | 455 | 7,680 | 2,998 |
| White: Other | 704,908 | 73,859 | 513 | 48,979 | 346,042 | 116,537 |
| Asian or Asian British: Total | 205,801 | 716,586 | 421,063 | 197,465 | 175,004 | 101,716 |
| Asian or Asian British: Indian | 75,625 | 66,763 | 329,329 | 122,742 | 31,289 | 30,524 |
| Asian or Asian British: Pakistani | 3,601 | 264,201 | 548 | 582 | 5,195 | 16,421 |
| Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi | 1,057 | 295,963 | 3,570 | 442 | 4,175 | 16,843 |
| Asian or Asian British: Chinese | 26,018 | 603 | 162 | 16,722 | 89,546 | 14,469 |
| Asian or Asian British: Other Asian | 99,500 | 89,056 | 87,454 | 56,977 | 44,799 | 23,459 |
| Black or Black British: Total | 775,655 | 216,758 | 976 | 9,382 | 103,015 | 82,586 |
| Black or Black British: African | 434,796 | 196,647 | 375 | 2,965 | 25,603 | 36,667 |
| Black or Black British: Caribbean | 241,736 | 3,875 | 399 | 4,851 | 60,825 | 33,719 |
| Black or Black British: Other Black | 99,123 | 16,236 | 202 | 1,566 | 16,587 | 12,200 |
| Mixed or British Mixed: Total | 197,939 | 47,532 | 3,943 | 14,004 | 194,909 | 47,449 |
| Mixed: White and Black Caribbean | 57,671 | 1,964 | 75 | 1,809 | 59,103 | 11,933 |
| Mixed: White and Black African | 39,137 | 9,631 | 98 | 975 | 21,121 | 6,380 |
| Mixed: White and Asian | 36,027 | 12,648 | 2,648 | 5,118 | 56,599 | 12,148 |
| Mixed: Other Mixed | 65,104 | 23,289 | 1,122 | 6,102 | 58,086 | 16,988 |
| Other: Total | 127,219 | 224,840 | 25,602 | 69,143 | 69,722 | 40,241 |
| Other: Arab[Note 1] | 6,420 | 113,809 | 61 | 1,174 | 7,394 | 10,932 |
| Other: Any other ethnic group | 120,799 | 111,031 | 25,541 | 67,969 | 62,328 | 29,309 |
| Total | 3,577,681 | 1,318,754 | 453,034 | 454,193 | 2,380,404 | 615,662 |
- New category created for the 2011 census
Social issues
Marriage and divorce
In 2019, 29,139 marriages occurred within London.[59]
Abortion
In 2020, 27.7% of conceptions were aborted in London.[60]
- Abortion in London
The percentage of conceptions aborted in London by each borough in 2020
Abortion rates by age group in London
Sexual orientation and gender identity
| Sexual orientation | London (aged 16 and over) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2021[61] | ||
| Number | % | |
| Straight or Heterosexual | 6,123,195 | 86.2% |
| Gay or Lesbian | 158,760 | 2.2% |
| Bisexual | 108,140 | 1.5% |
| All other sexual orientations | 37,482 | 0.5% |
| Not answered | 676,408 | 9.5% |
| Total | 7,103,985 | 100% |
| Gender identity | London (aged 16 and over) | |
|---|---|---|
| 2021[62] | ||
| Number | % | |
| Gender identity the same as sex registered at birth | 6,479,664 | 91.2 |
| Gender identity different from sex registered at birth but no specific identity given | 32,753 | 0.5% |
| Trans woman | 11,266 | 0.2% |
| Trans man | 11,480 | 0.2% |
| All other gender identities | 8,862 | 0.1% |
| Not answered | 559,960 | 7.9% |
| Total | 7,103,985 | 100% |
Health
In 2021, the suicide rate in total was 6.6 for every 100,000 people.[63] For males it was 9.9 and for females it was 3.4.[63]
- Variety of health issues in graphs
Suicide rates in London
Drug misuse rate in London
Percentage of Year 6s obese in 2020 in London
Percentage of Reception age children obese in 2020
General health
| General health (self-identified) | 2001[64] | 2011[65] | 2021[66] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Very good health | 5,078,978 | 70.8% | 4,127,788 | 50.5% | 4,712,358 | 53.6% |
| Good health | 2,725,645 | 33.3% | 2,802,395 | 31.8% | ||
| Fair health | 1,499,198 | 20.9% | 915,035 | 11.2% | 908,941 | 10.3% |
| Bad health | 593,915 | 8.3% | 305,343 | 3.7% | 283,864 | 3.2% |
| Very bad health | 100,130 | 1.2% | 92,170 | 1.0% | ||
| Total | 7,172,091 | 100% | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,728 | 100% |
Disability
| Disability status | London | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 (long term illness)[67] | 2001 (limiting long term illness)[68] | 2011[69] | 2021[70] | |||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Disabled (under the Equality Act) | 742,870 | 10.7% | 1,111,284 | 15.5% | 1,157,16 | 14.1% | 1,164,456 | 13.2% |
| Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a little | – | – | – | – | 605,501 | 7.4% | 658,547 | 7.5% |
| Disabled under the Equality Act: Day-to-day activities limited a lot | – | – | – | – | 551,664 | 6.7% | 505,909 | 5.7% |
| Not disabled (under the Equality Act) | – | – | – | – | 7,016,776 | 85.8% | 7,635,272 | 86.8% |
| Not disabled under the Equality Act: No long term physical or mental health conditions | – | – | – | – | 7,016,776 | 85.8% | 7,175,718 | 81.5% |
| Not disabled under the Equality Act: Has long term physical or mental health condition but day-to-day activities are not limited | – | – | – | – | – | – | 459,554 | 5.2% |
| Total | 6,887,280 | 100% | 7,172,091 | 100% | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,728 | 100% |
Income and industry
In 2022, the vast majority of people within London worked in the service sector.[71]
- Income and industry of London in images
Employment rate in London
Unemployment rate in London
Gross Disposable Household Income (GDHI) across London in 2020
Employment in public or private sector in London
Industry
| Industry sector | London (aged 16 and over in employment) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 (10% sample)[72] | 1981 (10% sample)[73] | 1991 (10% sample)[74] | 2001[75] | 2011[76] | 2021[77] | |||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| A: Agriculture, Forestry and fishing | 772 | 0.2% | 445 | – | 613 | – | 11,033 | 0.3% | 2,363 | 0.1% | 2,827 | 0.1% |
| B: Mining and quarrying | 296 | – | – | – | 2,961 | 1% | 4,487 | 0.1% | 5,606 | 0.1% | 4,957 | 0.1% |
| C: Manufacturing | 156,035 (Production) | 41.5% | 58,649 | 19.1% | 29,889 | 10.5% | 253,358 | 7.6% | 128,905 | 3.2% | 131,674 | 3.0% |
| D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply | 5,181 | 1.7% | 3,195 | 1.1% | 11,035 | 0.3% | 10,358 | 0.3% | 15,040 | 0.3% | ||
| E: Water supply; Sewerage, Waste management and Remediation activities | 14,207 | 0.4% | 12,732 | 0.3% | ||||||||
| F: Construction | 20,347 | 6.6% | 18,395 | 6.5% | 174,731 | 5.3% | 262,356 | 6.6% | 340,992 | 7.8% | ||
| G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles | – | – | – | – | – | – | 478,374 | 14.4% | 522,204 | 13.1% | 531,842 | 12.2% |
| H: Transport and storage | – | – | 29,760 | 9.7% | 25,056 | 8.9% | 270,358 | 8.1% | 200,336 | 205,733 | 4.7% | |
| J: Information and communication | – | – | – | – | – | – | 276,355 | 6.9% | 332,394 | 7.6% | ||
| I: Accommodation and food service activities (Distribution or catering; 1981 + 1991) | 213,766 (Services) | 56.9% | 58,778 | 19.2% | 54,123 | 19.1% | 153,357 | 4.6% | 251,574 | 237,887 | 5.5% | |
| K: Financial and insurance activities | – | – | 57,672 | 20.4% | 937,377 | 28.3% | 306,443 | 288,113 | 6.6% | |||
| L: Real estate activities | – | – | 79,520 | 92,403 | 2.1% | |||||||
| M: Professional, scientific and technical activities | – | – | 434,405 | 456,965 | 10.5% | |||||||
| N: Administrative and support service activities | – | – | 234,191 | 262,952 | 6.0% | |||||||
| P: Education | – | – | – | – | 247,767 | 7.5% | 384,156 | 418,765 | 9.6% | |||
| Q: Human health and social work activities | – | – | – | – | 334,783 | 10.1% | 428,586 | 563,238 | 12.9% | |||
| O: Public administration and defence; compulsory social security | 4,795 | 1.3% | – | – | – | – | 178,261 | 5.4% | 201,545 | 209,607 | 4.8% | |
| R, S, T, U: Other and not stated | – | – | 131,194 | 42.6% | 90,740 | 32.1% | 264,213 | 8.0% | 255,787 | 251,958 | 5.8% | |
| Total | 375,664 | 100% | 307,857 | 100% | 282,644 | 100% | 3,319,134 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,079 | 100% |
Method of transportation to work
| Method of transportation | London (aged 16 and over in employment) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 (10% sample)[78] | 1991 (10% sample)[79] | 2001[80] | 2011[81] | 2021[82] | ||||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Work mainly at or from home | 9,593 | 3.1% | 12,433 | 4.4% | 285,935 | 7.5% | 202,679 | 5.1% | 1,836,823 | 42.1% |
| Underground, metro, light rail, tram | 39,035 | 12.7% | – | – | 642,476 | 16.9% | 902,263 | 22.6% | 431,842 | 9.9% |
| Train | 32,638 | 10.6% | 74,262 | 26.3% | 661,166 | 17.4% | 532,720 | 13.3% | 231,074 | 5.3% |
| Bus, minibus or coach | 51,409 | 16.7% | 32,131 | 11.4% | 376,926 | 9.9% | 561,605 | 14.0% | 386,068 | 8.9% |
| Taxi | – | – | – | – | 21,962 | 0.6% | 20,314 | 0.5% | 22,544 | 0.5% |
| Motorcycle, scooter or moped | 6,481 | 2.1% | 3,239 | 1.1% | 55,752 | 1.5% | 45,976 | 1.1% | 30,404 | 0.7% |
| Driving a car or van | 90,522 | 29.4% | 108,546 | 38.4% | 1,294,081 | 34.0% | 1,120,826 | 28.0% | 897,111 | 20.6% |
| Passenger in a car or van | 22,903 | 7.4% | 10,068 | 3.6% | 92,819 | 2.4% | 69,659 | 1.7% | 63,883 | 1.5% |
| Bicycle | 7,308 | 2.4% | 5,783 | 2.0% | 78,804 | 2.1% | 161,705 | 4.0% | 128,833 | 3.0% |
| On foot | 40,563 | 13.2% | 27,523 | 9.7% | 281,338 | 7.4% | 352,612 | 8.8% | 279,453 | 6.4% |
| Other method of travel to work (or Not stated) | 7,405 | 2.4% | 8,659 | 3.1% | 14,396 | 0.4% | 28,538 | 0.7% | 52,040 | 1.2% |
| Total | 307,857 | 100% | 282,644 | 100% | 3,805,655 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,075 | 100% |
Note: The proportion of people working from home in 2021 was distorted by the rules surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.
Hours worked weekly
| Hours worked weekly | London (aged 16 and over in employment) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1991 (10% sample)[83] | 2001[84] | 2011[85] | 2021[86] | |||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Full-time | 224,494 | 79.4% | 2,651,793 | 79.9% | 2,973,844 | 74.4% | 3,137,424 | 72% |
| Full-time: 31 to 48 hours worked | 224,494 | 79.4% | 2,063,598 | 62.2% | 2,338,716 | 58.4% | 2,555,494 | 58.6% |
| Full-time: 49 or more hours worked | 588,195 | 17.7% | 635,128 | 15.9% | 581,930 | 13.3% | ||
| Part-time | 46,319 | 16.4% | 667,341 | 20.1% | 1,025,053 | 25.6% | 1,222,653 | 28% |
| Part-time: 15 hours or less worked | 15,812 | 5.6% | 224,349 | 6.8% | 346,106 | 8.7% | 464,497 | 10.7% |
| Part-time: 16 to 30 hours worked | 30,507 | 10.8% | 442,992 | 13.3% | 678,947 | 17% | 758,156 | 17.3% |
| Not stated | 11,831 | 4.1% | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Total | 282,644 | 100% | 3,319,134 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,077 | 100% |
Distance to travel to work
| Distance to travel to work | 2001[87] | 2011[88] | 2021[89] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| Less than 2 km | 475,102 | 14.3% | 474,585 | 11.9% | 331,191 | 7.6% |
| 2 km to less than 5 km | 659,230 | 19.9% | 715,936 | 17.9% | 484,894 | 11.1% |
| 5 km to less than 10 km | 803,143 | 24.2% | 926,646 | 23.2% | 533,671 | 12.2% |
| 10 km to less than 20 km | 686,960 | 20.7% | 795,833 | 19.9% | 409,530 | 9.4% |
| 20 km to less than 30 km | 128,560 | 3.9% | 154,589 | 3.9% | 79,897 | 1.8% |
| 30 km to less than 40 km | 32,812 | 1.0% | 38,310 | 1.0% | 23,145 | 0.5% |
| 40 km to less than 60 km | 25,001 | 0.8% | 28,294 | 0.7% | 15,808 | 0.4% |
| 60 km and over | 36,282 | 1.1% | 52,083 | 1.3% | 29,917 | 0.7% |
| Works mainly from home | 285,935 | 8.6% | 380,665 | 9.5% | 1,836,823 | 42.1% |
| Works mainly at an offshore installation, in no fixed place, or outside the UK | 186,109 | 5.6% | – | – | 615,201 | 14.1% |
| Other | – | – | 431,956 | 10.8% | – | – |
| Total | 3,319,134 | 100% | 3,998,897 | 100% | 4,360,077 | 100% |
Note: The proportion of people working from home in 2021 was distorted by the rules surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic.
National identity
| National identity | 2011[90] | 2021[91] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| British only | 2,526,808 | 30.9% | 5,011,396 | 56.9% |
| English only | 3,035,090 | 37.1% | 717,894 | 8.2% |
| Welsh only | 31,952 | 0.4% | 19,167 | 0.2% |
| Scottish only | 53,531 | 0.7% | 29,943 | 0.3% |
| Northern Irish only | 19,943 | 0.2% | 13,917 | 0.2% |
| Any combination of UK only identities | – | – | 14,484 | 0.2% |
| English and British only | 444,115 | 5.4% | 594,149 | 6.8% |
| Welsh and British only | 7,081 | 0.1% | 10,161 | 0.1% |
| Scottish and British only | 11,344 | 0.1% | 15,665 | 0.2% |
| Northern Irish and British only | 2,530 | 0.0% | 4,504 | 0.1% |
| Irish only | 125,733 | 1.5% | 99,780 | 1.1% |
| Irish and at least one UK identity | 7,169 | 0.1% | 16,941 | 0.2% |
| Other identity only | 1,830,912 | 22.4% | 1,878,830 | 21.4% |
| Other identity and at least one UK identity | 191,771 | 2.3% | 372,898 | 4.2% |
| Total | 8,173,941 | 100% | 8,799,729 | 100% |
Note: The order of options for the census question on national identity was changed between 2011 and 2021. In 2011 "English only" was the first group listed whereas in 2021 "British only" was first instead.[92]
- Population pyramids of identity groupings in 2021
English only identity
English and British identity
British only identity
UK and non-UK identity
Non-UK only identity
Housing
Tenure in London according to the 2021 census
Owned household: Total (46.8%)
Privately rented (30%)
Socially rented (23.1%)
| Tenure | Year | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1961 census[93] | 1981 census[94] | 1991 census[95] | 2001 census[96] | 2011 census[97] | 2021 census[98] | |||||||
| Households | % | Households | % | Households | % | Households | % | Households | % | Households | % | |
| Owned | 964,934 | 36.3% | 1,217,525 | 48.6% | 1,579,177 | 57.2% | 1,704,719 | 56.5% | 1,618,315 | 49.5% | 1,601,042 | 46.8% |
| Owned: outright | – | – | – | – | 491,232 | 665,061 | 689,898 | 710,052 | ||||
| Owned: with a mortgage or loan | – | – | – | – | 1,087,945 | 1,010,629 | 886,309 | 838,494 | ||||
| Shared ownership | – | – | – | – | – | – | 29,029 | 42,108 | 52,496 | |||
| Privately renting | 1,146,807 | 42.4% | 415,247 | 16.6% | 382,785 | 520,907 | 819,085 | 1,025,533 | 30% | |||
| Held due to employment | 61,433 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Lives rent free | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 42,780 | 6,356 | ||
| Social renting | 484,992 | 18.2% | 872,449 | 34.8% | 799,167 | 28.9% | 790,371 | 26.2% | 785,993 | 24.1% | 790,958 | 23.1% |
| Total | 2,658,166 | 100% | 2,505,221 | 100% | 2,761,129 | 100% | 3,015,997 | 100% | 3,266,173 | 100% | 3,423,889 | 100% |
Tenure by country of birth
| Country of birth | Owned | Privately renting | Social renting | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Households | % | Households | % | Households | % | |
| Europe: United Kingdom: England | 956,436 | 57.1% | 317,375 | 19.0% | 400,222 | 23.9% |
| Europe: United Kingdom: Northern Ireland | 9,249 | 55.5% | 4,482 | 26.9% | 2,927 | 17.6% |
| Europe: United Kingdom: Scotland | 25,465 | 57.4% | 10,838 | 24.4% | 8,081 | 18.2% |
| Europe: United Kingdom: Wales | 16,209 | 64.2% | 6,165 | 24.4% | 2,874 | 11.4% |
| Europe: United Kingdom: Great Britain not otherwise specified | 21 | 33.3% | 15 | 23.8% | 27 | 42.9% |
| Europe: United Kingdom: United Kingdom not otherwise specified | 97 | 37.7% | 85 | 33.1% | 75 | 29.2% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Ireland | 30,748 | 52.1% | 12,380 | 21.0% | 15,879 | 26.9% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: France | 13,083 | 37.2% | 19,451 | 55.3% | 2,621 | 7.5% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Germany | 11,157 | 46.8% | 10,417 | 43.6% | 2,291 | 9.6% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Italy | 19,356 | 36.6% | 29,912 | 56.6% | 3,566 | 6.7% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Portugal (including Madeira and the Azores) | 5,282 | 21.7% | 12,587 | 51.7% | 6,482 | 26.6% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Spain (including Canary Islands) | 7,483 | 29.7% | 15,014 | 59.6% | 2,675 | 10.6% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Member countries in March 2001: Other member countries in March 2001 | 15,637 | 37.2% | 23,300 | 55.5% | 3,071 | 7.3% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Lithuania | 4,516 | 23.5% | 12,316 | 64.0% | 2,416 | 12.6% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Poland | 16,179 | 24.7% | 41,925 | 63.9% | 7,475 | 11.4% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Romania | 7,524 | 13.2% | 47,171 | 82.7% | 2,351 | 4.1% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2001 and March 2011: Other EU countries | 24,334 | 32.9% | 40,668 | 55.0% | 8,873 | 12.0% |
| Europe: Other Europe: EU countries: Countries that joined the EU between April 2011 and March 2021: Croatia | 982 | 37.2% | 1,124 | 42.5% | 536 | 20.3% |
| Europe: Other Europe: Rest of Europe: Turkey | 8,867 | 24.6% | 13,905 | 38.5% | 13,346 | 37.0% |
| Europe: Other Europe: Rest of Europe: Other Europe | 22,162 | 30.0% | 38,609 | 52.2% | 13,142 | 17.8% |
| Africa: North Africa | 8,080 | 22.6% | 12,762 | 35.7% | 14,880 | 41.7% |
| Africa: Central and Western Africa: Ghana | 9,366 | 25.0% | 9,814 | 26.2% | 18,269 | 48.8% |
| Africa: Central and Western Africa: Nigeria | 18,150 | 28.4% | 19,731 | 30.9% | 25,992 | 40.7% |
| Africa: Central and Western Africa: Other Central and Western Africa | 4,846 | 11.2% | 12,535 | 29.1% | 25,696 | 59.7% |
| Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Kenya | 22,667 | 75.4% | 3,564 | 11.9% | 3,833 | 12.7% |
| Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Somalia | 968 | 2.7% | 8,367 | 23.4% | 26,371 | 73.9% |
| Africa: South and Eastern Africa: South Africa | 12,381 | 48.9% | 11,002 | 43.5% | 1,934 | 7.6% |
| Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Zimbabwe | 3,405 | 36.6% | 3,246 | 34.9% | 2,645 | 28.5% |
| Africa: South and Eastern Africa: Other South and Eastern Africa | 27,493 | 42.5% | 11,893 | 18.4% | 25,251 | 39.1% |
| Africa: Africa not otherwise specified | 511 | 48.3% | 166 | 15.7% | 381 | 36.0% |
| Middle East and Asia: Middle East: Iran | 8,742 | 34.7% | 10,823 | 43.0% | 5,626 | 22.3% |
| Middle East and Asia: Middle East: Iraq | 4,575 | 27.8% | 6,617 | 40.2% | 5,261 | 32.0% |
| Middle East and Asia: Middle East: Other Middle East | 9,968 | 30.9% | 16,483 | 51.0% | 5,840 | 18.1% |
| Middle East and Asia: Eastern Asia: China | 12,700 | 50.3% | 10,363 | 41.1% | 2,170 | 8.6% |
| Middle East and Asia: Eastern Asia: Hong Kong (Special Administrative Region of China) | 9,597 | 61.6% | 4,802 | 30.8% | 1,184 | 7.6% |
| Middle East and Asia: Eastern Asia: Other Eastern Asia | 6,051 | 38.7% | 8,634 | 55.3% | 932 | 6.0% |
| Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Afghanistan | 3,321 | 17.4% | 9,042 | 47.4% | 6,726 | 35.2% |
| Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: India | 74,556 | 57.0% | 47,241 | 36.1% | 8,964 | 6.9% |
| Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Pakistan | 23,156 | 43.3% | 20,625 | 38.5% | 9,726 | 18.2% |
| Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Bangladesh | 15,991 | 26.1% | 18,171 | 29.6% | 27,194 | 44.3% |
| Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Sri Lanka | 18,435 | 49.3% | 13,811 | 37.0% | 5,125 | 13.7% |
| Middle East and Asia: Southern Asia: Other Southern Asia | 3,493 | 48.4% | 3,154 | 43.7% | 577 | 8.0% |
| Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Philippines | 7,381 | 31.8% | 10,239 | 44.1% | 5,581 | 24.1% |
| Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Malaysia | 6,654 | 64.8% | 2,768 | 26.9% | 851 | 8.3% |
| Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Singapore | 2,942 | 59.5% | 1,682 | 34.0% | 320 | 6.5% |
| Middle East and Asia: South-East Asia: Other South-East Asia | 6,848 | 38.6% | 4,961 | 28.0% | 5,937 | 33.5% |
| Middle East and Asia: Central Asia | 818 | 31.0% | 1,500 | 56.8% | 321 | 12.2% |
| The Americas and the Caribbean: North America: United States | 12,397 | 41.1% | 16,279 | 54.0% | 1,464 | 4.9% |
| The Americas and the Caribbean: North America: Canada | 5,223 | 47.3% | 5,296 | 48.0% | 522 | 4.7% |
| The Americas and the Caribbean: North America: Other North America | 172 | 32.8% | 309 | 58.9% | 44 | 8.4% |
| The Americas and the Caribbean: Central America: All Central American countries | 1,051 | 30.1% | 2,145 | 61.5% | 294 | 8.4% |
| The Americas and the Caribbean: South America: All South American countries | 15,468 | 23.7% | 37,044 | 56.8% | 12,693 | 19.5% |
| The Americas and the Caribbean: The Caribbean: Jamaica | 18,376 | 36.0% | 7,625 | 14.9% | 25,010 | 49.0% |
| The Americas and the Caribbean: The Caribbean: Other Caribbean | 13,724 | 42.4% | 5,723 | 17.7% | 12,895 | 39.9% |
| Antarctica and Oceania: Australasia: Australia | 10,400 | 46.7% | 11,061 | 49.7% | 798 | 3.6% |
| Antarctica and Oceania: Australasia: New Zealand | 5,641 | 53.6% | 4,364 | 41.4% | 525 | 5.0% |
| Antarctica and Oceania: Australasia: Other Australasia | 5 | 45.5% | 5 | 45.5% | 1 | 9.1% |
| Antarctica and Oceania: Other Oceania and Antarctica | 695 | 58.4% | 305 | 25.6% | 190 | 16.0% |
| Other | 7 | 58.3% | 1 | 8.3% | 4 | 33.3% |
Education
Level of qualification
| Level of qualification | London (aged 16 and over, not in education) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001[100] | 2011[101] | 2021[102] | ||||
| Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
| No qualifications | 1,257,929 | 23.7% | 1,152,517 | 17.6% | 1,151,250 | 16.2% |
| Level 1 and entry level qualifications | 689,228 | 13.0% | 702,687 | 10.7% | 545,269 | 7.7% |
| Level 2 qualifications | 904,205 | 17.1% | 775,928 | 11.8% | 707,518 | 10.0% |
| Apprenticeship | – | – | 107,665 | 1.6% | 227,622 | 3.2% |
| Level 3 qualifications | 518,624 | 9.8% | 685,508 | 10.5% | 937,875 | 13.2% |
| Level 4 qualifications or above | 1,642,467 | 31.0% | 2,470,225 | 37.7% | 3,316,829 | 46.7% |
| Other qualifications | 287,879 | 5.4% | 654,643 | 10.0% | 217,622 | 3.1% |
| Total | 5,300,332 | 100% | 6,549,173 | 100% | 7,103,985 | 100% |
See also
- Demographics of the United Kingdom
- Demographics of England
- Demographics of Birmingham
- Demographics of Greater Manchester
- Religion in London
- Religion in England
- List of English cities by population
- List of English districts by population
- List of English districts and their ethnic composition
- List of English districts by area
- List of English districts by population density