List of diplomatic partnerships of China
Countries with which China has established diplomatic partnerships
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This is a list of countries with which the People's Republic of China has established diplomatic partnerships. Partnership refers to an international cooperative relationship in which countries (regions, organizations) cooperate in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields because of trust. As of the end of May 2024, China maintains diplomatic relations with 185 countries, of which 180 it has signed cooperation or partnership agreements with; if international organizations are included, the number rises to 190. The diplomatic levels of China can be roughly divided into five types: general partnership, comprehensive or all-round partnership, general strategic partnership, comprehensive, global or all-round strategic partnership, and all-weather or permanent strategic partnership. A community of shared destiny relationship has also emerged in recent years.
Framework
China establishes bilateral partnerships with other countries that range from broad strategic partnerships to those with more discrete areas of cooperation.[1]: 25 The diplomatic levels of China can be roughly divided into five types: general partnership, "comprehensive" or "all-round" partnership, general strategic partnership, "comprehensive", "global" or "all-round" strategic partnership, and "all-weather" or "permanent" strategic partnership.[2] "Comprehensive strategic partnerships" are the broadest, with "strategic partnerships" and "comprehensive cooperative partnerships" used to describe relations with less broad cooperation.[1]: 25 Partnership refers to an international cooperative relationship in which countries (regions, organizations) cooperate in the political, economic, scientific, cultural and other fields because of trust.[3] China generally avoids signing formal alliances and bilateral treaties.[4]: 107 It describes this position as "relationship based on partnership rather than alliance" (jieban bujiemeng).[5]: 1
As of the end of May 2024, China has diplomatic relations with 185 countries, of which 180 it has signed cooperation or partnership agreements; if international organizations is added, the number reaches 190.[6]
Community of shared future
"Community of shared future” refers to countries or international organizations that have established a high-level strategic partnership with China and have carried out broader and deeper cooperation, while expressing their recognition of China's values of promoting "building a community of shared future for mankind”, participating in China's Belt and Road initiative and supporting China's global initiatives, and are willing to support and cooperate in China's vision of global governance.
Bilateral community of shared future
| Name | Chinese name | Countries | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| All-weather community of shared future in the new era | 新时代全天候命运共同体 | Cambodia | [7] |
| High-quality, high-level and high-standard community of shared future in the new era | 高质量、高水平、高标准的新时代命运共同体 | Laos | [8] |
| Closer community of shared future in the new era | 新时代更加紧密的命运共同体 | Pakistan | [9] |
| Community with a shared future for mankind in the new era | 新时代命运共同体 | Egypt, Kenya, Serbia, Solomon Islands | [14] |
| High-level community of shared future | 高水平命运共同体 | Nigeria, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, South Africa, Zimbabwe | [20] |
| Community of shared future | 命运共同体 | Cuba, Malaysia, Myanmar, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan | [26] |
| Community with a shared future of everlasting friendship, high mutual trust and shared future | 世代友好、高度互信、休戚与共的命运共同体 | Kazakhstan | [27] |
| Community of shared future with everlasting friendship, shared weal and woe, mutual benefit and win-win | 世代友好、休戚与共、互利共赢的命运共同体 | Tajikistan | [28] |
| Community of shared destiny with good neighborliness, friendship and shared prosperity | 睦邻友好、共享繁荣的命运共同体 | Kyrgyzstan | [29] |
| Community of shared future for mankind: peaceful coexistence, mutual assistance and win-win cooperation | 和平共处、守望相助、合作共赢的命运共同体 | Mongolia | [30] |
| Community with a shared future for a more just world and a more sustainable planet | 更公正世界和更可持续星球的命运共同体 | Brazil | [31] |
| More stable, more prosperous and more sustainable community with a shared future | 更为稳定、更加繁荣、更可持续的命运共同体 | Thailand | [32] |
| Strategically significant community of shared destiny | 具有战略意义的命运共同体 | Vietnam[a] | [35] |
| Community with a shared future with regional and global influence | 具有地区和全球影响力的命运共同体 | Indonesia | [36] |
Multilateral community with a shared future
| Name | Chinese name | Organization/region | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| All-weather community of shared future in the new era | 新时代全天候命运共同体 | African Union | [37] |
| Community of shared future in the new era | 新时代命运共同体 | Arab League | [38] |
| Closer community of shared future | 更为紧密的命运共同体 | ASEAN, Central Asia, Pacific island nations | [39][40][41] |
| Community of shared destiny | 命运共同体 | Community of Latin American and Caribbean States | [42] |
Partners
Strategic partnership requires that the cooperation between the two sides is based on national security interests and has consistency in terms of overall, global and core interests. Comprehensive strategic partnership means that the two sides have a wider range of cooperation areas. It is a higher level of strategic relationship and covers a more comprehensive range. There is no specific explanation for the modifiers such as "new era", "all-weather" and "all-round". In short, they all represent that the bilateral cooperation is closer than the general comprehensive strategic partnership, and the areas of bilateral cooperation are deeper and broader.
Comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination
All-weather strategic partnership
| Name | Chinese name | Countries | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership for a new era | 新时代全天候全面战略伙伴关系 | Hungary, Uzbekistan | [44] |
| All-weather comprehensive strategic partnership | 全天候全面战略伙伴关系 | Belarus | [45] |
| All-weather strategic cooperative partnership | 全天候战略合作伙伴关系 | Pakistan | [45] |
| All-weather strategic partnership | 全天候战略伙伴关系 | Ethiopia, Venezuela | [45] |
| Permanent comprehensive strategic partnership | 永久全面战略伙伴关系 | Kazakhstan | [45] |
Comprehensive strategic partnership
| Name | Chinese name | Countries | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era | 新时代全方位战略合作伙伴关系 | South Africa | [45] |
| Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new era | 新时代全面战略合作伙伴关系 | Tajikistan | [45] |
| Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development in the new era | 新时代相互尊重、共同发展的全面战略伙伴关系 | Solomon Islands | [45] |
| Comprehensive strategic partnership in the new Era | 新时代全面战略伙伴关系 | Kyrgyzstan | [45] |
| Comprehensive strategic cooperative partnership | 全面战略合作伙伴关系 | Angola, Bangladesh, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Republic of the Congo, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Thailand, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe | [45] |
| All-round strategic partnership | 全方位战略伙伴关系 | Germany | [44] |
| Long-term, consistent comprehensive strategic partnership | 长期稳定的全面战略伙伴关系 | United Kingdom | [46] |
| Comprehensive strategic partnership of mutual respect and common development | 相互尊重、共同发展的全面战略伙伴关系 | Cook Islands, Fiji, Micronesia, Niue, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Tonga, Vanuatu | [45] |
| Comprehensive strategic partnership | 全面战略伙伴关系 | Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brazil, Chile, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, France, Georgia, Greece, Indonesia, Iran, Italy, Laos. Malaysia, Mexico, Mongolia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Serbia, Spain, Timor-Leste, Togo, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates, Uruguay | [45] |
Strategic partnership
| Name | Chinese name | Countries | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strategic partnership for development and prosperity | 面向发展与繁荣的世代友好的战略合作伙伴关系 | Nepal | [45] |
| Strategic partnership of sincere mutual assistance and everlasting friendship | 真诚互助、世代友好的战略合作伙伴关系 | Sri Lanka | [45] |
| Strategic cooperative partnership | 战略合作伙伴关系 | Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, South Korea, Suriname | [45] |
| Mutually beneficial strategic partnership | 互惠战略伙伴关系 | Ireland | [45] |
| Strategic partnership for innovation | 创新战略伙伴关系 | Switzerland | [45] |
| Strategic partnership | 战略伙伴关系 | Armenia, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Central African Republic ,Chad, Colombia, Comoros, Costa Rica, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, São Tomé and Príncipe, Seychelles, Slovakia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine | [45] |
| New strategic partnership | 新型战略伙伴关系 | Canada | [47] |
| Closer development partnership | 更加紧密的发展伙伴关系 | India | [48] |
| Strategic partnership | 战略合作关系 | Turkey | [45] |
| Friendly strategic partnership | 友好战略伙伴关系 | Austria | [45] |
Partnership
| Name | Chinese name | Countries | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| All-round friendly and cooperative partnership | 全方位友好合作伙伴关系 | Belgium | [45] |
| Comprehensive, friendly and cooperative partnership | 全面友好合作伙伴关系 | Romania | [44] |
| Open and pragmatic comprehensive cooperative partnership | 开放务实的全面合作伙伴关系 | Netherlands | [45] |
| Comprehensive partnership | 全面合作伙伴关系 | Croatia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda | [45] |
| New-type cooperative partnership | 面向未来的新型合作伙伴关系 | Finland | [44] |
| Comprehensive strategic partnership | 全面战略合作关系 | Philippines | [45] |
| Innovative comprehensive partnership | 创新全面伙伴关系 | Israel | [49] |
| All round high quality future oriented partnership | 全方位高质量的前瞻性伙伴关系 | Singapore | [50] |
Special partnership
Non-partner
| Name | Chinese name | Countries | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Friendly cooperative relations | 友好合作关系 | Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas Barbados, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, Cameroon, Dominica, Estonia, Guyana, Iceland, Ivory Coast, Latvia, Lebanon, Libya, North Macedonia, Norway, San Marino, Slovenia, Sweden, Yemen | [44] |
| Traditional friendly relations | 传统友好关系 | Albania | [45] |
| Friendly relations | 友好关系 | Cape Verde, Ghana, Malta | [45] |
| Constructive Strategic and Stable Relationship | 建设性战略稳定关系 | United States | [51] |
| Mutually beneficial relationship based on common strategic interests | 战略互惠关系 | Japan | [52] |
| Regular diplomatic relations | Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Honduras, Kiribati, Lithuania, Montenegro, Panama | [44] | |
Other
| Name | Chinese name | Countries | Note | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional friendly and cooperative relations | 传统友好合作关系 | North Korea | Due to the Treaty on Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between China and the DPRK, which is currently the only defense treaty China has with any nation, North Korea is outside China's diplomatic partnership system. | [45] |
Multilateral partnerships
| Name | Chinese name | Organization | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Comprehensive strategic partnership | 全面战略伙伴关系 | Association of Southeast Asian Nations, European Union, Pacific Islands Forum | [45] |
| New strategic partnership | 新型战略伙伴关系 | African Union | [45] |
| Strategic partnership | 战略伙伴关系 | Arab League, Gulf Cooperation Council | [45] |
| Comprehensive partnership | 全面合作伙伴关系 | Community of Latin American and Caribbean States | [45] |
Notes
- Translated as "community of shared future” by the Vietnamese side.