List of disputed issues in early Islamic history
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There are a number of uncertainties and disputed issues in the early history of Islam.[a]
Most of these disputes can be traced to Shi'a-Sunni disagreements. Shi'a often argue that history has been distorted to further a Banu Umayyad agenda.[4] In many cases, complications with the historiography of early Islam have also resulted in lack of consensus within denominations of Islam.
List of disputed issues
The uncertainties include:
- Succession to Muhammad
- The date of birth of Muhammad[5]
- The date of Muhammad's death[5]
- The age at which Khadija married Muhammad (25–40 years)[6][7]
- The date of birth of Fatimah (±10 years)[8][9]
- The marriage in which three of Khadija's three daughters were born[10]
- The number of marriages Khadija was in before marrying Muhammad [citation needed]
- The prohibition of Nikah Mut'ah[citation needed]
- Date of birth of Aisha[citation needed]
- Identity of the second wife of Muhammad (Sawda bint Zamʿa or Aisha)[citation needed]
- The existence of Fatimah's third son, Muhsin ibn Ali[citation needed]
- The ultimate faith of Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib.
- Mohammad's inheritance and the dispute on the land of Fadak & Khaybar
- Burial place of Fatimah[citation needed]
- Whether the night ascension (Miʿraj) was a physical journey or a spiritual one.
See also
Further reading
- Qur'an and History — a Disputed Relationship: Some Reflections on Qur'anic History and History in the Qur'an / القرآن والتاريخ: علاقة موضع جدل Angelika Neuwirth and ٲنجليکا نيوورث. Journal of Qur'anic Studies. Vol. 5, No. 1 (2003), pp. 1–18. Edinburgh University Press.
- Tayeb El-Hibri, Parable and Politics in Early Islamic History: The Rashidun Caliphs. Columbia University Press, 2010.
- Jóhann Páll Árnason, Civilizations in Dispute: Historical Questions and Theoretical Traditions. Brill, Jan 1, 2003.
- Régis Blachère, The problem of Muhammad - test critical biography of the founder of Islam, a volume of 135 pages, University Press of France, Paris, 1952.