Eli Mwanang'onze

Mwanang'onze obtained an MSc in geology at the University of Manitoba in 1974, before earning a PhD at the same university in 1978.^[3] He later worked as a lecturer at the School of Mines at the University of Zambia,^[4] and was chair of the Journal of African Marxists' editorial committee.^[5] He subsequently became a civil servant and was Permanent Secretary for Mines.^[6]

Mwanang'onze was elected to the National Assembly in the 1988 general elections at a time when Zambia was a one-party state with the United National Independence Party as the sole legal party. When multi-party democracy was introduced in the early 1990s, he did not contest the 1991 general elections and was succeeded by Baldwin Nkumbula.^[7]