List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene

This is a list of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)^[a] and continues to the present day.^[1]

The thylacine (*Thylacinus cynocephalus*) is a large, carnivorous marsupial last seen in 1936.

The Australian continent is also called Australia-New Guinea or Sahul to avoid confusion with the country of Australia. The continent includes mainland Australia, Tasmania, the island of New Guinea, the Aru Islands, and other nearby islands. Australia-New Guinea is divided between three countries: Australia (mainland Australia and Tasmania), Papua New Guinea (eastern New Guinea), and Indonesia (Western New Guinea and the Aru Islands). Extinct species from the rest of Indonesia are covered in List of Asian animals extinct in the Holocene. Species from the outlying islands of the country of Australia and the Bismarck Archipelago of Papua New Guinea are included below. The Solomon Islands archipelago, split between Papua New Guinea (Autonomous Region of Bougainville) and the country of Solomon Islands, is covered in List of Oceanian species extinct in the Holocene.

The fauna of Australia-New Guinea is unique. Marsupials and monotremes also existed on other continents, but only in Australia-New Guinea did they come to dominate. Aside from marine mammals, only two orders of placental mammals are native to Australia-New Guinea: rodents and bats. Dingoes and New Guinea singing dogs are considered feral dogs (Canis familiaris) introduced by humans.^[2] The Christmas Island shrew is related to Asian shrews; no members of the order Eulipotyphla are native to Australia-New Guinea proper.

New Zealand species extinct in the Holocene are listed separately. The fauna of New Zealand is distinct from Australia-New Guinea. Birds, including numerous flightless birds, are the most important part of New Zealand's vertebrate fauna. Bats are New Zealand's only native land mammals.^[3]

Numerous species have disappeared from Australia-New Guinea as part of the ongoing Holocene extinction, driven by human activity. Most Australian megafauna disappeared in the Late Pleistocene, considerably earlier than in other continental landmasses.^[4] As a result, Australian Holocene extinctions generally are of modest size. Most Holocene extinctions occurred after the European settlement of Australia, which began with the First Fleet in 1788 CE.^[5]^[6] However, the thylacine, Tasmanian devil, and Tasmanian nativehen were extirpated from mainland Australia thousands of years before European settlement, although they survived in Tasmania.^[7]^[8]^[9] The Norfolk swamphen^[10] and several New Guinea mammals also disappeared before European colonisation.

In Australia, plants and animals are listed as extinct at the federal level under the auspices of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.^[11]

[a]

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Southern mulgara	Dasycercus archeri	Nullarbor Plain, Great Victoria Desert, and Swan Coastal Plain	Only known from subfossil remains.^[21]^[22]
	Dasycercus cristicauda	Southern Australia?^[23]	Formerly considered a subspecies of the crest-tailed mulgara (D. hillieri).^[21]^[22]
Little mulgara	Dasycercus marlowi	Northern Territory^[24]	Only known from subfossil remains.^[21]^[22]
Northern mulgara	Dasycercus woolleyae	Tanami, Simpson, Gibson, and Great Sandy Deserts.	Only known from subfossil remains.^[21]^[22]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Desert bandicoot	Perameles eremiana	Central Australia	Last known individual was collected in 1943, with unconfirmed sightings continuing until the 1960s. The extinction was caused by predation by introduced feral cats, red foxes, competition with European rabbits, and changes to the fire regime after the British colonization of Australia.^[26]
New South Wales barred bandicoot	Perameles fasciata	New South Wales^[27]	Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.^[28] The last individual was collected in 1846.^[27]
Southwestern barred bandicoot	Perameles myosuros	Western Australia^[29]	Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.^[28] The last individual was collected in 1906.^[29]
Southern barred bandicoot	Perameles notina	South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales^[30]	Reclassified as a distinct species in a 2018 study.^[28] The last individual was collected in 1857.^[30]
Nullarbor barred bandicoot	Perameles papillon	Nullarbor Plain, southern Australia	Described in a 2018 study.^[28] The last individual was collected in 1928.^[31]
	Peroryctes aruensis	New Guinea	Most recent remains dated to 28000-9000 years ago.^[20]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Southern pig-footed bandicoot	Chaeropus ecaudatus	Southern and western Australia^[33]	The last reliably dated individual was collected in 1901, though Pintupi people recalled it surviving in the Gibson desert until the 1950s. The cause of extinction was predation by feral cats and foxes.^[34] The two species were considered one until 2019.^[33]
Northern pig-footed bandicoot	Chaeropus yirratji	Central Australia^[33]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Mainland banded hare-wallaby	Lagostrophus fasciatus albipilis^[37]	Western Australia	Not considered to be a valid subspecies by some sources.^[38]
Lake Mackay hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes asomatus	Between Mount Farewell and Lake Mackay, Northern Territory; possibly Great Sandy, Gibson, and Tanami Deserts	Also known as kuluwarri. The only known specimen was collected in 1932. Western Aboriginal Australians stated that it disappeared between 1940 and 1960. It was possibly driven to extinction by predation by feral cats and foxes, and changes to the fire regime.^[39]
South-western rufous hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes hirsutus hirsutus	South-west of Western Australia^[40]	The south-western subspecies (L. h. hirsutus) is extinct. Two other subspecies survive: L. h. bernieri and L. h. 'central Australian subspecies'.^[40]
Eastern hare-wallaby	Lagorchestes leporides	Interior southeastern Australia	Last specimen was collected in 1889.^[41] The species was possibly driven to extinction by habitat loss caused by livestock grazing and increased summer wildfires after the end of native controlled fires in the winter.^[42]
Toolache wallaby	Notamacropus greyi	Southeastern Australia	The last confirmed records in the wild happened in 1924. Unconfirmed sightings happened in 1943 and 1950s-1970s, but extensive searching in the 1970s failed to locate any.^[43] The last captive animal died in 1939.^[44]
Crescent nailtail wallaby	Onychogalea lunata	Western and central Australia	Last recorded individual was killed in 1956.^[45] Extinction caused by predation by feral cats and foxes, and human-induced habitat degradation.^[46]
Christensen's pademelon	Thylogale christenseni	New Guinea	Most recent remains dated to 1738-1385 BCE.^[47]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Desert bettong	Bettongia anhydra	Tanami Desert and Nullarbor Plain	Only known from one specimen collected in the Tanami in 1933 and subfossil material from the Nullarbor. The causes of extinction are presumed to be predation by feral cats and foxes, and changes to the fire regime.^[48]
	Bettongia haoucharae	Nullarbor Plain	Only known from subfossil remains.^[49]
	Bettongia ogilbyi francisca
	Bettongia ogilbyi odontoplaica
South-eastern woylie	Bettongia penicillata^[49]	South-eastern Australia^[50]	Declined due to extensive land clearing and the introduction of feral cats and red foxes.^[50]
Nullarbor dwarf bettong	Bettongia pusilla	Nullarbor Plain, Hampton and Mallee bioregions	Known only from subfossil remains but considered to have survived until European settlement.^[51]
Desert rat-kangaroo	Caloprymnus campestris	Channel Country and possibly southeastern Queensland	Last confirmed record in 1935 near Ooroowilanie, east of Lake Eyre, though several unconfirmed sightings were recorded in South Australia and Queensland between 1957 and 2011. It is considered to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats and foxes, though habitat degradation by herbivores could have contributed.^[52]
Broad-faced potoroo	Potorous platyops	From the Swan Coastal Plain to the Eyre and Yorke Peninsulas, and Kangaroo Island	Last recorded in 1875. Presumed to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats, exotic diseases, inappropriate fire regimes, habitat loss and degradation due to grazing livestock.^[53]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
White-footed rabbit rat	Conilurus albipes	South-eastern South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and eastern Queensland	Last recorded 1860-1862 in Victoria, where it was at one time common and even regarded as a pest, though a possible observational record was made near Deniliquin, New South Wales, in the early 1940s. It probably disappeared due to predation by cats, though human-induced habitat degradation could have contributed.^[54]
Capricorn rabbit rat	Conilurus capricornensis	Queensland	Known only from subfossil remains but considered to have survived until European settlement. Since there has not been a targeted survey for the Capricorn rabbit rat, there is a thin hope of its survival, although this is unlikely.^[55]
Lesser stick-nest rat	Leporillus apicalis	Arid and semiarid central Australia	The last two specimens were collected south of the Musgrave Ranges in 1933, and the last unconfirmed sighting happened in 1970 in a cave along Canning Stock Route. Considered to have become extinct due to predation by feral cats, possibly helped by habitat degradation caused by introduced grazers.^[56]
Bramble Cay melomys	Melomys rubicola	Bramble Cay, Queensland	Last recorded in 2009. Disappeared due to increasing storms that depleted the island of vegetation.^[57] Its extinction was described as the first extinction of a mammal species due to anthropogenic climate change.^[58]
Short-tailed hopping mouse	Notomys amplus	From north-eastern South Australia and south-eastern Northern Territory to North West Cape	The only known specimens came from Charlotte Waters, Northern Territory in 1896. Subfossils indicate that it had a wide distribution in the central and western arid zone. Reasons for extinction are unknown, but could have been predation by feral cats and foxes.^[59]
Long-tailed hopping-mouse	Notomys longicaudatus	From north-western New South Wales to North West Cape	Last collected in Barrow Creek, Northern Territory in 1901-1902. Extinction attributed to predation by feral cats.^[60]
Big-eared hopping-mouse	Notomys macrotis	Western central wheatbelt of Western Australia	Last collected in 1843 near New Norcia. Considered to have been driven to extinction primarily by epizootic disease or predation by feral cats, with habitat degradation by sheep grazing as secondary factor.^[61]
Darling Downs hopping mouse	Notomys mordax	Darling Downs, Queensland	Known from a single skull purchased in 1846. Considered extinct because of predation by feral cats, with habitat destruction by agriculture and livestock farming as possible contributors.^[62]
Great hopping mouse	Notomys robustus	Davenport and Flinders Ranges, South Australia	Known only from skulls taken in old owl roosts.^[63]
Blue-gray mouse	Pseudomys glaucus	South-eastern Queensland and north-eastern New South Wales	Last collected with certainty before 1892. Extinction considered to have been due to habitat clearance, predation by feral cats and possibly red foxes.^[64]
Maclear's rat	Rattus macleari	Christmas Island	Last collected in 1901-1902. Became extinct after being infected by trypanosome carried by fleas hosted by black rats, which were accidentally introduced by the SS Hindustan in 1900.^[65]^[66]
Bulldog rat	Rattus nativitatis	Christmas Island	Last recorded in 1897-1898. Became extinct after being infected by trypanosome carried by fleas hosted by black rats introduced in 1900. It was rarer than R. macleari and disappeared first.^[66]
New Ireland forest rat	Rattus sanila	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Most recent remains dated to 347-535 CE.^[47]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Christmas Island pipistrelle	Pipistrellus murrayi	Christmas Island	Last recorded in 2009 following a 90% decline in three generations (10–15 years). The reasons are unclear, though predation and competition by introduced species, and exotic diseases have been suggested.^[72]
Lord Howe long-eared bat	Nyctophilus howensis	Lord Howe Island, New South Wales	Known from a single skull found in 1972 and believed to be between 50 and 100 years old. The reasons of extinction are unclear but could have been predated on by introduced rats and owls.^[73]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Kangaroo Island emu	Dromaius novaehollandiae baudinianus	Kangaroo Island	Last recorded in 1819. One egg found in 1830 could have been laid by an Australian emu introduced in 1826, or a hybrid. It was hunted to extinction.^[10]
King Island emu	Dromaius novaehollandiae minor	King Island, Tasmania	Last recorded in the wild in 1805; the last in captivity died in 1822. It was hunted to extinction.^[10]
Tasmanian emu	Dromaius novaehollandiae diemenensis	Tasmania	Last recorded in 1851. Captive animals reported until the 1870s may have been actually imported from Australia. It was hunted to extinction.^[10]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Lord Howe pigeon	Columba vitiensis godmanae	Lord Howe Island	Hunted to extinction in 1853.^[10]
Norfolk pigeon	Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae spadicea	Norfolk Island	Last recorded in 1900. It was hunted to extinction.^[78]
Norfolk ground dove	Pampusana norfolkensis	Norfolk and possibly Nepean Island	Known from a 1788-1790 painting and descriptions. No remains survive, though bones found in the islands may belong to this species.^[79]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
New Ireland rail	Hypotaenidia ernstmayri	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Known from fragmentary subfossil remains.^[10]
Macquarie Island banded rail	Hypotaenidia philippensis macquarensis	South Macquarie Island, Tasmania	Last recorded in 1879. Driven to extinction by hunting and predation by introduced feral cats, mongooses, pigs, and dogs.^[10]
Norfolk Island rail	Hypotaenidia sp.	Norfolk Island	Possibly depicted in a 1788 painting. It was hunted to extinction.^[10]
Western Lewin's rail	Lewinia pectoralis clelandi	Southwestern Australia	Last recorded in 1932. Extinct because of drainage and burning of wetlands for agriculture and settlement.^[10]
White swamphen	Porphyrio albus	Lord Howe Island, New South Wales	Last recorded with certainty in 1790. It was hunted by whalers and sailors, and was extinct by the time the island was colonized in 1834.^[80]
Giant swamphen	Porphyrio sp.	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Prehistoric
New Ireland swamphen	Porphyrio sp.	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Prehistoric
Norfolk swamphen	Porphyrio sp.	Norfolk Island	Known from remains in Polynesian middens. It was extinct by the time of European colonisation in 1788.^[10]

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Accipiter sp. 1	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Prehistoric. One of the two New Ireland species may be the extant Meyer's goshawk.
Accipiter sp. 2	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Prehistoric. One of the two New Ireland species may be the extant Meyer's goshawk.

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Images
Lord Howe boobook	Ninox novaeseelandiae albaria	Lord Howe Island, New South Wales	Probably disappeared in the 1940s or 1950s due to deforestation, predation by introduced black rats, and predation or competition with southern boobooks, barn owls, and masked owls (all introduced in unsuccessful attempts to control the invasive rat population).^[10]
Norfolk boobook	Ninox novaeseelandiae undulata	Norfolk Island	Last individual died in 1996. Declined due to deforestation leading to increased competition for nest-hollows with honeybees and crimson rosellas. Descendants hybridized with the New Zealand subspecies N. n. novaeseelandiae survive in the island.^[10]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Mussau barn owl	Tyto cf. novaehollandiae	Mussau Island, Bismarck Archipelago	Prehistoric
Greater New Ireland barn owl	Tyto cf. novaehollandiae	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Prehistoric
Lesser New Ireland barn owl	Tyto cf. alba / aurantia	New Ireland, Bismarck Archipelago	Prehistoric

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Lord Howe parakeet	Cyanoramphus subflavescens	Lord Howe Island, New South Wales	Last seen in 1869. Exterminated by farmers because it predated on gardens and crops.^[10]
Macquarie parakeet	Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae erythrotis	Macquarie Island, Tasmania	Last seen in 1890. Probably driven to extinction by introduced weka and rabbits.^[10]
Paradise parrot	Psephotellus pulcherrimus	Southeastern Queensland and possibly New South Wales	Last confirmed observation in 1927 or 1928; it was considered extinct after a drought in 1902 but was rediscovered in 1918. Unconfirmed observations were made in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1990. Extinction factors include reduction of food supply due to drought and overgrazing, deforestation, altered fire regimes, spread of invasive prickly pears in Australia, disease, hunting and nest raiding.^[85]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Dirk Hartog thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis carteri	Dirk Hartog Island, Western Australia	Last recorded in 1918. Disappeared due to predation by introduced black rats.^[10]
Namoi Valley thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis inexpectatus	Central New South Wales	Last recorded in 1912. Reasons of extinction unknown.^[10]
Southwestern thick-billed grasswren	Amytornis textilis macrourus	Southwestern Australia	Last recorded in 1910. Extinct due to drought and overgrazing by introduced mammals.^[10]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Norfolk thrush	Turdus poliocephalus poliocephalus	Norfolk Island	The subspecies became extinct around the late 1970s, with the last confirmed record in 1975. The cause of its extinction is attributed to a combination of clearing of native vegetation and predation by rats and feral cats. Additional factors were competition with introduced song thrushes and common blackbirds, as well as interbreeding with the latter species producing sterile offspring.^{[citation needed]}
Lord Howe thrush	Turdus poliocephalus vinitinctus	Lord Howe Island, New South Wales	Not recorded since c. 1924. Believed to be a result of the introduction of black rats following the grounding of the SS Makambo in June 1918.^{[citation needed]}

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Norfolk Island starling	Aplonis fusca fusca	Norfolk Island	Last recorded in 1923, although its absence was not noted until 1968. It may have disappeared due to habitat destruction, or predation by black rats if it survived until 1940, when they were introduced to the island. As the last surviving subspecies, its extinction was also that of the species.^[89]
Lord Howe starling	Aplonis fusca hulliana	Lord Howe Island, New South Wales	Last seen in 1918. Probably disappeared due to predation by black rats, which were introduced to the island in that year.^[89]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Southern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus silus	Conondale and Blackall Ranges, Queensland	Last captured from the wild in 1981, the last captive specimen died in 1983. Reasons for extinction unknown, but chytridiomycosis is suspected.^[93]
Northern gastric-brooding frog	Rheobatrachus vitellinus	Eungella National Park, Queensland	Last recorded in 1985. Reasons for extinction unknown, but chytridiomycosis is suspected.^[94]
Sharp snouted day frog	Taudactylus acutirostris	Coastal north Queensland from Mount Graham to the Big Tableland^[95]	Last seen in 1997, apparently exterminated by chytridiomycosis.^[95]
Mount Glorious day frog	Taudactylus diurnus	Blackall, Conondale, and D'Aguilar Ranges in southeast Queensland	Last recorded in 1979. Reasons of extinction unknown, but chytridiomycosis is suspected.^[96]

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Coloceras hemiphagae	Norfolk Island	Parasites of the Norfolk Island pigeon, co-extinct with their host.^[103]
Coloceras restinctus	Norfolk Island

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Toothed clubmoss	Huperzia serrata	South and east Asia^[108]	Listed as extinct in Australia in 2000.^[109]
	Pseudodiphasium volubile	Southeast Asia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, northeastern Queensland, and New Zealand	Collected at Mount Bellenden Ker and an unknown locality in Queensland. Listed as extinct in Australia in 2000.^[110]

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Didymoglossum exiguum	Southern India and Sri Lanka to the Malay Peninsula and northeastern Queensland	Only recorded once in the Bellenden Ker Range.^[112]
Hymenophyllum lobbii	Northeast Borneo and northeastern Queensland	Only recorded once in Mount Bellenden Ker, between 1909 and 1910.^[113]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Glistening salt-bush	Atriplex billardierei	Coastal Victoria, Tasmania, New Zealand, and Chatham Islands	Listed as extinct in Victoria in 2014.^[118]
Papery goosefoot	Chenopodium erosum	Southeastern Australia and South Island of New Zealand	Extirpated from Tasmania.^[119]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
	Myriocephalus nudus	Western Australia	Listed as extinct in 2019.^[123]
	Olearia oliganthema	New South Wales	Listed as extinct in 2000.^[124]
Clubmoss everlasting	Ozothamnus selaginoides	Mount Wellington, Tasmania	Last collected in 1849.^[125]
Grey groundsel	Senecio georgianus	Western, eastern, and southern Australia, including Tasmania	Last collected in Victoria in 1972. Despite its large range, it was never considered common.^[126]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Sticky long-heads	Podotheca angustifolia	Western and southern Australia	Extirpated in Tasmania.^[128]^[129]
Large-fruit groundsel	Senecio macrocarpus	Southeastern Australia	Extirpated in Tasmania.^[128]^[129]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Small-flowered leucopogon	Leucopogon cryptanthus	Western Australia	Listed as extinct in 2000.^[134]^[135]
Hidden coleanthera	Styphelia lanata	Western Australia	Listed as extinct in 2000.^[134]^[135]

Platypus and echidnas (order Monotremata)

Echidnas (family Tachyglossidae)

Locally extinct (disputed)

Carnivorous marsupials (order Dasyuromorphia)

Dog-like marsupials (family Thylacinidae)

Marsupial shrews (family Dasyuridae)

Locally extinct

Bandicoots and bilbies (order Peramelemorphia)

Bandicoots (family Peramelidae)

Bilbies (family Thylacomyidae)

Pig-footed bandicoots (family Chaeropodidae)

Kangaroos, possums, wombats, and allies (order Diprotodontia)

Brushtail possums and cuscuses (family Phalangeridae)

Possibly extinct

Kangaroos and wallabies (family Macropodidae)

Bettongs, potoroos, and rat-kangaroos (family Potoroidae)

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Possibly extinct

Locally extinct

True insectivores (order Eulipotyphla)

True shrews (family Soricidae)

Possibly extinct

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Megabats (family Pteropodidae)

Possibly extinct, megabats (family Pteropodidae)

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Earless seals (family Phocidae)

Locally extinct

Cassowaries and emus (order Casuariiformes)

Cassowaries and emus (family Casuariidae)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Megapodes (family Megapodidae)

Locally extinct

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Possibly extinct, rails (family Rallidae)

Locally extinct, rails (family Rallidae)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Petrels and shearwaters (family Procellariidae)

Boobies, cormorants, and allies (order Suliformes)

Cormorants and shags (family Phalacrocoracidae)

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Barn-owls (family Tytonidae)

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Kea and kākā (family Nestoridae)

Cockatoos (family Cacatuidae)

Old World parrots (family Psittaculidae)

Perching birds (order Passeriformes)

Australasian wrens (family Maluridae)

Bristlebirds (family Dasyornithidae)

Australian warblers (family Acanthizidae)

Cuckooshrikes and allies (family Campephagidae)

Fantails and silktails (family Rhipiduridae)

Crows and relatives (family Corvidae)

Australasian robins (family Petroicidae)

Possibly extinct

White-eyes (family Zosteropidae)

Possibly extinct, white-eyes (family Zosteropidae)

Grassbirds and allies (family Locustellidae)

Possibly extinct

Thrushes (family Turdidae)

Starlings (family Sturnidae)

Squamates (order Squamata)

Common geckos (family Gekkonidae)

Extinct in the wild

Skinks (family Scincidae)

Extinct in the wild, skinks (family Scincidae)

Toads and frogs (order Anura)

Australian ground frogs (family Myobatrachidae)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
	Acacia kingiana	Wagin, Western Australia	Only known from the type specimen collected in 1923.^[137]
Maiden's bush-pea	Pultenaea maidenii	Victoria	Listed as extinct in 2000.^[138]
Phillip Island glory pea	Streblorrhiza speciosa	Phillip Island	Considered extinct by the 1830s, likely due to grazing by introduced feral pigs, goats and rabbits.^[139]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
	Acianthus ledwardii	Burleigh Heads, Queensland	Last collected in 1938.^[148]
Short Spider-orchid	Caladenia brachyscapa	Warrnambool, Victoria and Clarke Island, Tasmania	Last collected in Clarke Island in 1979.^[149]
Magnificent spider-orchid	Caladenia magnifica	Central Victoria	Last recorded in 1979.^[150]
	Caladenia thysanochila	Mount Eliza, Victoria	Only known from two individuals collected in 1988.^[151]
	Diuris bracteata	near Gladesville, Sydney, New South Wales	Only known from the type specimen collected before 1889. Claimed individuals collected after 1998 actually belong to Diuris platichila.^[152]
Lilac leek-orchid	Prasophyllum colemaniarum	Bayswater, Victoria	Only known from the type series collected in 1922.^[153]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Common elbow orchid	Arthrochilus huntianus	Southeastern Australia	Extirpated from Flinders Island.^[154]
Thick-lipped spider-orchid	Caladenia cardiochila	Southeastern Australia	Extirpated from Flinders Island, where it was recorded in 1947.^[155]

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Amphibromus whitei	near Roma, Queensland	Listed as extinct in 2000.^[157]
Deyeuxia lawrencei	possibly near Launceston, Tasmania	Only known from the holotype collected in 1831.^[158]
Paspalum batianoffii	Port Curtis, Queensland	Listed as extinct since 2000.^[159]

Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Persoonia laxa	Beaches of Sydney, New South Wales	Last collected in Newport in 1908. An intermediate individual collected in Dee Why in 1922 could be a hybrid of P. laxa and P. levis.^[162]
Persoonia prostrata	Queensland	Listed as extinct in 2000.^[163]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Esperance dog weed	Opercularia acolytantha	north of Esperance, Western Australia	Only known from the holotype collected in 1901.^[165]
	Wendlandia psychotrioides	Mount Bellenden Ker, Queensland	Last recorded in 1887.^[166]