Milgrom was born in Rohatyn, Poland in 1919. Initially a student at the University of Lwow, he earned a medical degree from the Wrocław Medical University in 1946, becoming a docent in 1951.
He taught at the Wrocław Medical University and led the microbiology department at the Medical University of Silesia. He joined the Department of Microbiology at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences in 1958.
He was the chairman of the Department of Microbiology at the University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences from 1967 to 1985. Milgrom was named a SUNY Distinguished Professor in 1981. Together with Ernest Witebsky and others, Milgram established what is now known as the Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology.
Milgrom authored 400 articles and other publications, including several books. The president of Collegium Internationale Allergologicum from 1978 to 1982, Milgrom was a member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, American Society for Microbiology, and Sigma Xi.
He received honorary degrees from the University of Vienna, the University of Lund, the University of Heidelberg, the University of Bergen, and the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. He has been awarded the Cross of Merit, a Polish state decoration. Milgrom is a recipient of the Alfred Jurzykowski Foundation Prize (1986) and the Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (1987).
