GNC hypothesis

While almost all of the organisms on Earth share the universal genetic code, in the GNC hypothesis it is argued that two primeval genetic codes preceded the present genetic code as follows:

• First, there emerged GNC primeval genetic codes involving 4 codons (GGC, GCC, GAC and GUC), which code 4 GADV-amino acids (glycine, alanine, aspartic acid and valine).
• Second, GNC code evolved to SNS primeval genetic codes involving 16 codons (GGC, GGG, GCC, GCG, GAC, GAG, GUC, GUG, CUC, GUG, CCC, CCG, CAC, CAG, CGC and CGG), which code 10 amino acids (glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, valine, glutamic acid, leucine, proline, histidine, glutamine, arginine).

The GNC hypothesis is based on the following facts:

• Proteins composed of GADV-amino acids coded by GNC primeval genetic code can form four fundamental structures found in proteins in present organisms, namely, hydrophobic and hydrophilic structures, α-helices, β-sheets, and turns (or coils).
• Proteins composed of ten amino acids coded by SNS primeval genetic code can form six fundamental structures, namely, hydrophobic and hydrophilic structures, α-helices, β-sheets, turns, acidic and basic fragments.

Ikehara, Kenji; Omori, Yoko; Arai, Rieko; Hirose, Akiko (2002). "A Novel Theory on the Origin of the Genetic Code: A GNC-SNS Hypothesis". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 54 (4): 530–538. Bibcode:2002JMolE..54..530I. doi:10.1007/s00239-001-0053-6. PMID 11956691.

• GADV protein world