Vaghri language
Indic language of Pakistan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Phonology
| Bilabial | Dental | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Pharyngeal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | Unvoiced | Plain | /p/ (p) | /t/ (t) | /ʈ/ (ṭ) | /c/ (c) | /k/ (k) | |
| Breathy | /pʰ/ (ph) | /tʰ/ (th) | /ʈʰ/ (ṭh) | /cʰ/ (ch) | /kʰ/ (kh) | |||
| Voiced | Plain | /b/ (b) | /d/ (d) | /ɖ/ (ḍ) | /ɟ/ (j) | /ɡ/ (g) | ||
| Breathy | /bʱ/ (bh) | /dʱ/ (dh) | /ɖʱ/ (ḍh) | /ɟʱ/ (jh) | /ɡʱ/ (gh) | |||
| Fricative | /s/ | /h/ | ||||||
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ɳ/ | /ŋ/ | ||||
| Tap | /r/ | /ɽ/ | ||||||
| Lateral | /l/ | |||||||
| Semivowel | /w/ | /j/ | ||||||
/ŋ/, /ɽ/, and /ɳ/ do not occur word-initially.
| Front | Near-front | Central | Back | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unrounded | Rounded | ||||
| Close | /i/ | /ɯ/ | /u/ | ||
| Close-mid | /e/ | /ɪ/ (I) | /ə/ | ||
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | /ʌ/ | /ɔ/ (o) | ||
| Open | /ɑ/ (a) | /ɒ/ | |||
All vowels except /e/ and /ɔ/ can be nasalized. There are four 'true' diphthongs, these being /ɔɑ/, /ɑi/, /ɑu/, and /ɑɯ/.
The majority of monosyllabic words are CVC. Every word has at least one accented syllable.
Morphology
Vaghri distinguishes two noun classes: Masculine and feminine. Neuter Indo-Aryan nouns are mostly classed masculine. Nouns ending in /-ɒ/ generally belong to the masculine class. Nouns ending in /-i/ are generally feminine.
Nouns in Vaghri are inflected for two numbers: singular and plural.
| Masculine | Feminine | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| /-ɒ/ | /-i/ | /-ũ/ |
| /-C/ | /-Cũ/ | |
| /-a/ | /-aũ/ (optional) | |
Masculine nouns can be inflected for additional cases:
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | /-ɒ/ | /-ē/ |
| Direct Object | /-ɒ/ | /-ɛ/ |
| Oblique | /-ɛ/ | /-̃ɛ̃/ |
| Vocative | /-ɒ̄/ | /-ɒ̄/ or /-ɒū/ |
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | /-∅/ | /-ũ/ |
| Direct Object | ||
| Oblique | ||
| Vocative | /-∅/ | /-ɛ̃/ |
Adjectives are inflected for noun class. There is no comparative affix, but the word wadhu can be used to indicate the comparative.
Vaghri pronouns inflect for case and number.
| Person | Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | Nom. | ā̃ũ | asĩ |
| Obj. | mũ | asā̃ | |
| Obl. | mũ | asā̃ | |
| 2nd person | Nom. | tũ | ā̃i |
| Obj. | to | ā̃i | |
| Obl. | to | āi | |
| 3rd person | Nom. | u | u |
| Obj. | un | uni | |
| Obl. | un | uni |
Vaghri verbs, like other Indo-Aryan verbs, consist of three parts: A root, an affix, and a personal suffix. Passive voice is formed by adding -ā to the stem.
Vocabulary
| Number | Gloss | Vaghri | Gujarati |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | one | hekɽɒ | ek |
| 2 | two | bɒ | be |
| 3 | three | trɛ | tran̩ |
| 4 | four | cār | cār |
| 5 | five | penjn | pānc |
| 6 | six | chɒ | cha |
| 7 | seven | satt | sāt |
| 8 | eight | aʈʈh | ˈɑʈʰ |
| 9 | nine | nũ | nav |
| 10 | ten | ɖɒ | das |
| 11 | eleven | agiyārɒ | əɡijɑɾ |
| 20 | twenty | with | vīs |
| 30 | thirty | trih | trīs |
| 40 | forty | chāri | cāḷīs |
| 50 | fifty | panjha | pacās |
| 60 | sixty | satʈh | sāʈha |
| 70 | seventy | santɛr | sittēra |
| 80 | eighty | ɛsi | ɛ̃si |
| 90 | ninety | nevũ | nevu |
| 100 | one hundred | sɒ | sō |
ɒrdinal numerals are as follows:
| Number | Gloss | Vaghri masc. | Gujarati masc. | Vaghri fem. | Gujarati fem. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | first | pɛhrɒ | pahelo | pɛhri | pahli |
| 2nd | second | byo | bijo | bai | baji |
| 3rd | third | tryo | trijo | trai | triji |
| 4th | fourth | cotho | cotho | cothi | cothi |
| 5th | fifth | panjhmũ | pānomũ | panjhmi | pānemi |
| 6th | sixth | chaʈʈho | chaʈʈho | chaʈʈhi | chaʈʈhi |
| 7th | seventh | sattmũ | sātmɒ | sattmi | sātmi |
| 8th | eighth | aʈʈhmũ | āʈʈhmɒ | aʈʈhmi | āʈʈhmi |
| 9th | ninth | numũ | navmɒ | nũmi | navmi |
| 10th | tenth | ɖɒmũ | dasmɒ | dɒmi | dasmi |
