Juan Rafael Mora Porras

War against the filibusters

In early 1856, Costa Rica was forced into the conflict known as the National Campaign of 1856–1857 to expel William Walker from Central American territory. ^[6] In the first phase of the war, during which Mora personally accompanied the troops (delegating executive power to Vice President Francisco María Oreamuno Bonilla), the Costa Rican army was victorious at the Battle of Santa Rosa (Costa Rica), the Battle of Sardinal, and the Battle of Rivas. However, in the days that followed, a cholera epidemic broke out and began devastating the army's ranks. By Mora's decision, the troops abandoned Nicaragua and returned to Costa Rica. The disease subsequently spread throughout much of the country, killing approximately 10,000 people—nearly a tenth of the Costa Rican population at the time.

Once the cholera epidemic ran its course by December, preparations began for the second campaign, whose main objective was to take control of the San Juan River and the steamboats that supplied Walker from the United States. The magnate Cornelius Vanderbilt, as a way to collaborate in the war (and primarily to recover the ships of his Accessory Transit Company that Walker had handed over to competitors), sent the mariner Sylvanus Spencer, who knew the river well, to guide the troops. The war concluded in April 1857, after Major Máximo Blanco with Spencer's help successfully cut off the filibusters' supply lines via the San Juan River campaign. Historians have linked this victory to a longer-term process of state consolidation in Costa Rica: the frequency of elite rebellions and coups declined markedly in the following decades, a trajectory that diverged sharply from that of Nicaragua, where postwar instability persisted.^[7]

The victory brought Mora immense glory, but relations with Nicaragua soon deteriorated. Walker, after surrendering on 1 May 1857 in Rivas, began preparing another expedition. In Nicaragua, he was replaced in the presidency by Tomás Martínez, who demanded that Costa Rica immediately return Punta Castilla, Castillo Viejo, and the San Carlos fort, as well as the ships seized from the filibusters, and ordered Costa Rican troops to leave Nicaraguan soil. Mora, aware of Walker's new plans, ordered his troops to remain on the San Juan to thwart any new filibuster incursions. Martínez accused Costa Rica of imperialist intentions and declared war on 19 October 1857. General Cañas was tasked with negotiating, a process that ended with the signing of the Cañas-Jerez Treaty, which was unfavourable to Costa Rica as it recognized Nicaragua's absolute ownership of the San Juan River, leaving Costa Rica with only limited access for free navigation on the lower course.

In early 1859, Mora was re-elected for a third term, but on 14 August of that year, he was overthrown by the commanders of the San José barracks, Colonel Lorenzo Salazar and Major Blanco. At 3:30 a.m., Sergeant Sotero Rodríguez unexpectedly arrived at Mora's home and escorted him to the barracks under arrest. In the following hours, his brother José Joaquín, General Cañas, Manuel Argüello (the president's nephew and advisor), and other officials were also captured, taken to Puntarenas, and expelled from the country aboard the steamer Guatemala bound for El Salvador. The two coup leaders were promoted to the rank of general by José María Montealegre, the new president, who belonged to the family that had orchestrated the plot against Mora's government.

Attempt to regain power and death

In exile, Don Juanito prepared an invasion to recover power, traveling to the United States in search of aid and weapons. On 17 September 1860, he landed in Puntarenas accompanied by his brother General José Joaquín, his brother-in-law General Cañas, and his nephew Manuel Argüello. The loyalist forces took the city and seized a strip of land reaching the Barranca River. The Montealegre government reacted swiftly, sending a military force that defeated Mora at the Battle of La Angostura. Don Juanito sought asylum with his friend, the British consul Richard Farrer, but Farrer ultimately turned him over to the authorities.

Mora was executed by firing squad in a location called Los Lobos on 30 September 1860, alongside General Ignacio Arancibia. Two days later, General Cañas was also executed.

According to research by journalist and historian Armando Vargas Araya, the Montealegre and Castro Madriz families paid for historical forgeries to justify the assassination of the beloved national hero. Their true motivation was to recover the lucrative family businesses of liquor sales and the private currency-issuing bank, which Mora had previously nationalized to stabilize the country's economy.^[8] Due to the systematic opposition from the descendants of these families. Mora was not officially recognized as a National Hero until 2010.

Burial

A group of friends—including the British and French consuls (Richard Farrer and Juan Bonnefil), Santiago Costantine, Julio Rosat, and Captain Francisco Roger—managed to prevent Mora's body from being thrown into the sea. They buried him on the day of his execution in the old estuary cemetery in a grave they dug themselves. Two days later, they also buried Cañas. Nearly six years later, on 20 May 1866, Bonnefil returned with Constantine and four sailors to exhume the bodies. They were kept secretly in San José for over 20 years until 13 January 1885, when they were finally moved to the General Cemetery of the capital.^[9]