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List of gospels

Written descriptions of the life and teachings of Jesus Christ From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gospels (Greek: εὐαγγέλιον, lit. 'good news'; Latin: evangelia) are the written accounts of Jesus Christ's life and teachings. The term originally referred to the central message of Christianity –the “good news”– before coming to denote the books in which the message was recorded.[1]

A large old Bible, open and displaying two pages of densely-written calligraphy, with some decoration surrounding one section on the left-hand page.
The canonical Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John can be found in Christian Bibles

The term "gospel" refers to a genre of ancient biography found in early Christian literature.[a] The mainstream biblical canon is the New Testament, which includes four canonical gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John). Other gospels exist but are not included in modern mainstream biblical canons.[2] These additional gospels are referred to as New Testament apocrypha or non-canonical gospels.[3][4] Some of these texts have had an impact on Christian traditions, including various forms of iconography, by providing alternative narratives and perspectives on the life and teachings of Jesus.[citation needed] This then influenced artistic representations and theological interpretations.[5]

Canonical gospels

Main article: Canonical gospels

1st Century - 7th Century AD

Main article: Apocrypha

Gnostic Gospels

Main article: Gnostic Gospels

Jewish-Christian Gospels

Main article: Jewish-Christian gospels

Infancy Gospels

Fragmentary preserved gospels

Fragmentary gospels are those preserved from primary sources.

Reconstructed Gospels

Reconstructed gospels are those preserved from secondary sources and commentaries.

  • Secret Gospel of Mark – legitimacy is debated, as the single source mentioning it was lost before it could be independently authenticated
  • Gospel of Matthias – a lost text from the New Testament apocrypha; content has been surmised from descriptions by church fathers[6]
  • Gospel of Marcion – 2nd-century, closely related to the Gospel of Luke

Lost Gospels

Text known only by their mentions in other sources.

Fragments of unknown/lost gospels

These are fragmentary texts whose origins are uncertain or unknown, preserved from primary sources.

  • Papyrus Egerton 2 – late 2nd-century manuscript of a possibly earlier original; contents parallel sections of the canonical gospels but differ textually. This manuscript also contains an incomplete miracle account, which has no equivalent in the canonical gospels[17]
  • Fayyum Fragment – a fragment of about 100 Greek letters in 3rd-century script. The text seems to parallel Mark 14:26–31
  • Oxyrhynchus Papyri – mid-2nd-century fragments; related to and/or paraphrases Mark, Matthew, and Luke, but #840 contains a short vignette about Jesus and a Pharisee not found in any known gospel
  • Gospel of Jesus' Wife – a fragment based on the Gospel of Thomas, suspected as a modern forgery[18][19]
  • Papyrus Berolinensis 1171 – Book of Enoch, 0–6th-century Greek fragment, possibly from an apocryphal gospel or amulet based on John
  • Papyrus Cairensis 10735 – 6th- or 7th-century Greek fragment, possibly from a lost gospel, may be a homily or commentary
  • Papyrus Merton 51 – fragment from an apocryphal gospel or a homily on Luke 6:7
  • Strasbourg Fragment – fragment of a lost gospel, likely related to Acts of John

Hypothesized text sources of canonical gospels

Main articles: Two-source hypothesis and Four-document hypothesis
  • Q source – Q consists of material common to Matthew and Luke, but not found in Mark
  • M source – M consists of material unique to Matthew
  • L source – L consists of material unique to Luke
  • Signs Gospel and Discourses Gospel – the narrative of the Seven Signs and the source of the discourse material, respectively, in John

Medieval gospels

Modern gospels

19th Century

20th Century

See also

Notes

  1. [a]
    There exists texts use the name "gospel" but do not fit this definition; the only notable example, the Coptic tract known as Gospel of the Lots of Mary, is believed to be a pamphlet for divination or bibliomancy. It is not discussed further in the article below.
  2. [b]
    Mentioned by Tertullian in Adversus Valentinianos, according to Irenaeus, it is the same as the Gospel of Truth
  3. [c]
    Epiphanius ascribed a gospel to the sect of Encratites. It is more probable however, that he referred to the Gospel of Tatian
  4. [d]
    Augustine and Innocent only mentioned it once with no information about it. If it is the same as the Acts of Andrew, then it was written around 150–250 AD and is not lost, and is kind of a Christian retelling of the Odyssey, only with St. Andrew in the lead role.
  5. [e]
    Jerome mentions it also in Catul. Script. Eccles. in Pantæn. [expand acronym]
  6. [f]
    This phrase is found in the Decree of Gelasius wherein certain gospels are condemned by that title. What they were is uncertain. Jerome speaks of "those books which go under the names of Lucian and Hesychius and are esteemed through the perverse humors of some".
  7. [g]
    The Gospel of Merinthus is mentioned only by Epiphanius as one of those spurious gospels which he supposes were written in the apostles' time and referred to by Luke in Luke 1:1 "as not being a true and genuine account". Fabricius supposes that Merinthus and Cerinthus are the same person and that Cerinthus was changed into Merinthus by the way of banter or reproach. Although Epiphanius makes them into two different persons, yet in the heresy of the Cerinthians, he professes himself uncertain. He said "The Cerinthians are also called Merinthians as we see by the accounts we have; but whether this Cerinthus was also called Merinthus, a fellow laborer of his, God knows".[15]
  8. [h]
    The Gnostics had various gospels. Epiphanius speaks of their writing "The Revelation of Adam, and other false gospels".
  9. [i]
    Friedrich Clemens Gerke was a German writer and journalist, most notable for his revision of Morse Code in 1848. In 1867 he published the Ur-Gospel of the Essenes (Urevangelium der Essäer). It was also known as the Fifth Gospel (Das Fünfte Evangelium) and later as Jesus the Nazarene — Life, Teachings and Natural Death of the Wisest of the Wise. Reality Retold and Dedicated to the German People (Jesus der Nazarener — Des Weisesten der Weisen Leben, Lehre und natürliches Ende. Der Wirklichkeit nacherzählt und dem deutschen Volke gewidmet.) The book has not been translated into English and the full text in German is available at the internet text archive under the title Jesus der Nazarener.
  10. [j]
    Catulle Mendès was a French poet who claimed to have found gospel written by the Apostle Peter. He said he found the manuscript at the St. Wolfgang Abbey. Unlike other biblical hoaxes, Mendes presented the manuscript, which was written in Old Latin that the Romans had used. However, the manuscript was quickly proved to be a hoax as it was written by Mendes. The gospel is an infancy Gospel attributed to the Apostle Peter. It was originally written in Latin by Mendes but was eventually translated into French by Mendes. The title of the original book is L'Evangile de l'enfance de Notre Seigneur Jésus Christ selon Saint Pierre, mis en français par Catulle Mendès d'après le manuscrit de l'Abbaye de Saint Wolfgang, or The Gospel of the infancy of our Lord Jesus Christ according to Saint Pierre, translated into French by Catulle Mendès from the manuscript of the Abbey of St. Wolfgang.
  11. [k]
    The Eye-Witness gospel is a gospel written by Elsie Louise Morris and/or Benjamin Fish Austin. The gospel purports to be an old manuscript found in an old Alexandria Library giving a graphic and detailed account of Jesus as a friend of Jesus. The gospel states that Jesus did not die on the cross, but died six months later. The gospel references the Essenes a lot, and is allegedly written by an elder of the Essene order who was a close friend of Jesus'. The document was discovered in a building in Alexandria, but since then, the document has disappeared. It was published in 1907 by John Richardson and again by the Holmes Book Company in 1919. This information was retrieved from 4Enoch.org
  12. [l]
    The Fifth Gospel by Rudolf Steiner is another gospel obtained from Akashic records. The gospel is in the form of 13 lectures. The book contains Zoroastrian themes along with Christian themes. The gospel states that the Lord's Prayer is based on an ancient pagan prayer that Jesus obtained from Ahriman. Steiner states that the Gospel can be read at Akashic Record. The gospel's authenticity is doubted because Levi Dowling and Edgar Cayce both produced stories of Jesus' life from Akashic Record. Most of the text can be read at Google Books with the title The Fifth Gospel: From the Akashic Record.
  13. [m]
    Otoman Zar-Adusht Ha'nish, founder of the Mazdaznan movement published a book called Jehoshua the Nazir. He claimed that he got it from various Eastern mysterious sources. The book was first published in 1917 with the title Yehoshua Nazir; Jesus the Nazarite; life of Christ. The book is accepted as scripture by the Mazdaznan followers. The text is available on the Internet Text Archive.
  14. [n]
    Harvey Lewis was a notable Rosicrucian author and author of the Mystical Life of Jesus. The gospel was allegedly inspired by the Aquarian Gospel. The book is a collection of records about Jesus retrieved from the ancient monastreries of the Essenes and the Rosicrucian Order. Lewis allegedly went with a staff of researchers through Palestine and Egypt visiting holy sites and obtaining information. The book states that Jesus entered priesthood and secret priesthood and talks about the doctrines and secret facts about the resurrection.
  15. [o]
    Hans Naber (or Kurt Berna) was a soldier in World War II who claimed to have been given a message from Jesus Christ about the Shroud of Turin and that he did not die on the cross. He claimed too much blood was on the shroud and that corpses do not bleed, thus the person was probably alive or dying. He published a series of books in an attempt to prove that Jesus did not die on the cross, but survived and went to India. The Fifth Gospel (Das Fünfte Evangelium) was a book in which he attempted to prove that Jesus traveled to India with Mary Magdelene and Thomas the Apostle.
  16. [p]
    Grabriele Wittek, founder of the new religious movement Universal Life published this gospel as a rebuilding of the gospel of the Holy Twelve. The full title of the book is This Is My Word – Alpha and Omega: The Gospel of Jesus. the Christ Revelation, which True Christians the World Over Have Come to Know. The gospel can be read online at Das-Wort Publishing House in Universelles Leben.

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