List of North American species extinct in the Holocene

This is a list of North American animals extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)^[A] and continues to the present day.^[1]

Recently extinct animals in the West Indies and Hawaii are in their own respective lists. The Florida Keys and Cozumel are included in this list due to their geographic and geological proximity to the continent.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

[A]

[1]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Jefferson's ground sloth	Megalonyx jeffersonii	Alaska to northern Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 9540-9420 BCE.^[4]
Greater cenotes sloth	Xibalbaonyx oviceps	Puerto Morelos, Mexico	Most recent remains at El Zapote cenote dated to 8697-8355 BCE.^[3]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Columbian mammoth	Mammuthus columbi	Southern and Western United States, and northern Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 8080-7700 BCE.^[4]
Pygmy mammoth	Mammuthus exilis	Santa Rosae island, California	Most recent remains dated to 9130-9030 BCE.^[4]
Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains at St. Paul, Alaska dated to 3635-3580 BCE.^[6]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Gull Island vole	Microtus pennsylvanicus nesophilus	Great Gull Island, New York	Last collected in 1897.^[10] Disappeared when the Harbor Defenses of Long Island Sound were built.^[11]
Anthony's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti anthonyi	Isla Todos Santos, Mexico	Last recorded in 1926. Extinct due to predation by introduced feral cats.^[12]
Bunker's woodrat	Neotoma bryanti bunkeri	Coronados Islands, Mexico	Last recorded in 1931. Likely extinct due to depletion of food sources and predation by introduced cats.^[13]
San Martín Island woodrat	Neotoma bryanti martinensis	Isla San Martín, Mexico	Last recorded in the 1950s. Extinct due to predation by introduced cats.^[14]
Nelson's rice rat	Oryzomys nelsoni	María Madre Island, Mexico	Last recorded in 1897. Possibly extinct due to introduced black rats.^[15]
Giant island deer mouse	Peromyscus nesodytes	Channel Islands of California	Most recent remains at Cave of the Chimneys, San Miguel Island, dated to around 950 CE. If the species survived into colonial times it might have become extinct due to overgrazing, increased wind and water erosion destroying its natural habitat.^[16]
Pemberton's deer mouse	Peromyscus pembertoni	San Pedro Nolasco Island, Mexico	Last collected in 1931.^[8]
Pallid beach mouse	Peromyscus polionotus decoloratus	Coastal Florida	Last recorded in 1946. Extinct due to extensive habitat loss.^[17]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Angel Island mouse	Peromyscus guardia	Isla Ángel de la Guarda, Mexico and nearby islets	Last collected on Ángel de la Guarda in 1993. Declined due to competition with introduced rodents, and predation by cats.^[18]
Puebla deer mouse	Peromyscus mekisturus	Southeast Puebla, Mexico	Last recorded in 1957. Possibly extinct due to habitat degradation caused by agriculture or climate change.^[19]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Goff's pocket gopher	Geomys pinetis goffi	Pineda Ridge, Florida	Last recorded in 1955.^[20]
Tacoma pocket gopher	Thomomys mazama tacomensis	Tacoma-Steilacoom, Washington area	Last collected in 1962. Extinct due to habitat alteration through residential development and gravel mining.^[17]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
American lion	Panthera atrox	British Columbia to Central America	Most recent remains at Edmonton, Alberta dated to 9405 BCE.^[21]
North American sabertooth cat	Smilodon fatalis	Southern Alberta to northwestern South America	Most recent remains dated to 7615-7305 BCE.^[4]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Dire wolf	Aenocyon dirus	North America and western South America	Most recent remains at Rancho La Brea, California dated to 10208-8718 BCE.^[24] Also dated in Cutler Hammock, Florida to the Greenlandian stage of the Holocene.^[25]
Kenai Peninsula wolf	Canis lupus alces	Kenai Peninsula, Alaska	Exterminated through hunting, trapping, and poisoning by 1915. Wolves recolonized the Peninsula in 1962, a decade after predator eradication efforts were reduced.^[26]
Newfoundland wolf	Canis lupus beothucus	Newfoundland	Last known individual killed in 1896.^[27]
Banks Island wolf	Canis lupus bernardi	Banks Island, Northwest Territories	Last recorded between 1918 and 1952.^[28] Considered a synonym of the arctic wolf (C. l. arctos) by some authors on morphological grounds.^[29]
Cascade Mountains wolf	Canis lupus fuscus	Pacific Northwest	Last recorded in 1940.^[30] Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) by some authors.^[29]
Mogollon mountain wolf	Canis lupus mogollonensis	Arizona	Last recorded in 1935.^[30] Considered a synonym of the Great Plains wolf (C. l. nubilus) or the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by different authors.^[29]
Texas gray wolf	Canis lupus monstrabilis	Texas	Last recorded in 1942.^[30] Considered a synonym of the Mexican wolf (C. l. baileyi) by some authors.^[29]
Southern Rocky Mountain wolf	Canis lupus youngi	Southern Rocky Mountains	Last recorded in 1935.^[30]
Florida black wolf	Canis rufus floridanus	Southeastern United States	Extinct by 1920 as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and loss of prey.^[31]
Gregory's wolf	Canis rufus gregoryi	Lower Mississippi Valley^[32]	The last individuals may have hybridized with coyotes, whose post-1930 expansion eastward was facilitated by deforestation.^[31]
Southern California kit fox	Vulpes macrotis macrotis	Southern California coast	Last collected in 1903.^[33]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Mexican wolf	Canis lupus baileyi	Southwestern United States and northern Mexico	Extirpated from the wild in the early 1970s and reintroduced in 1998.^[34]
Texas red wolf	Canis rufus rufus	Central Texas to southern Louisiana	Extinct in the wild by 1980 and introduced (in lieu of the extinct subspecies) to eastern North Carolina in 1987. The species is threatened by human persecution and hybridization with coyotes.^[35] Declined as a result of deliberate eradication efforts, habitat destruction, and hybridization with the coyote.^[31]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
California grizzly bear	Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)	California	Last recorded at Sequoia National Park in 1924.^[36] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. californicus, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.^[37]
Mexican grizzly bear	Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)	Aridoamerica	Last known individual killed in northern Sonora in 1976.^[38] Though once named as the subspecies U. a. nelsoni, DNA evidence shows that it is not different enough to warrant separate status.^[37]
Ungava brown bear	Population of the grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis)	Ungava Peninsula, Quebec	Known from subfossil remains, indigenous folklore and sporadic hunting records of the 18th and 19th centuries. Possible last sighting in 1942, but it could also have been a brown morph of the American black bear.^[39]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Mexican horse	Equus conversidens	Western North America	A small non-caballine species that coexisted in North America with the caballine horse.^[44] The most recent remains were dated to 8965-8875 BCE.^[4]
Fraternal Horse	Equus fraternus	Eastern North America	Most recent remains at Cutler Hammock, Florida dated to the Greenlandian stage of the Holocene.^[25]
Yukon horse	Equus lambei	Northwestern North America	Environmental DNA last detected in permafrost of central Yukon dated to 3979-2640 BCE.^[45] Identified at times as a wild ass (both Equus hemionus and Equus africanus) on morphological grounds, but ancient mtDNA studies confirm caballine affiliation and possible synonymity with Equus ferus.^[44] Domestic horses were introduced to the Americas by the Spanish in 1493 and a feral population was established in Querétaro, Mexico by 1553.^[46]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Western camel	Camelops hesternus	Western North America	Most recent remains dated to 8170-7840 BCE.^[4]
Large-headed llama	Hemiauchenia macrocephala	North and Central America	Most recent remains at Cutler Hammock, Florida dated to the Greenlandian stage of the Holocene, with signs of human hunting.^[25]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Long-nosed peccary	Mylohyus fossilis^[47]	Southern and eastern United States^[48]	Most recent remains at Cutler Hammock, Florida dated to the Greenlandian stage of the Holocene.^[25]
Flat-headed peccary	Platygonus compressus	Northwestern Mexico to northern Yukon^[49]	Most recent remains dated to 8990-8690 BCE.^[4]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Stag-moose	Cervalces scotti	Great Lakes Region	Most recent remains dated to 9230-8930 BCE.^[4]
Eastern elk	Population of the North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis canadensis)	Eastern North America	Traditionally considered the nominate subspecies, but genetic research indicates that there are not enough differences to consider separate subspecies of C. canadensis in North America, and the taxon C. c. canadensis is not extinct as a result.^[53]^[54] The last confirmed individual was killed near the Clarion River of central Pennsylvania in 1867, though there were unconfirmed sightings in 1869-1870, and ten claimed killings in northern Pennsylvania in 1878. Western elk were reintroduced for hunting purposes in the same state in 1912.^[55]
Merriam's elk	Population of the North American wapiti (Cervus canadensis canadensis)	New Mexico, Arizona, and West Texas	Named as the species Cervus merriami in 1902 on the basis of a single skull; in 1978, an anatomical review of a dozen individuals found just enough of a case to consider it a subspecies of Cervus elaphus (later C. canadensis). Further anatomical and genetic research suggest that all American wapiti likely belong to the same subspecies and that the taxon C. c. merriami is a synonym of C. c. canadensis. Wapiti from other regions have been reintroduced to the purported distribution area of Merriam's elk.^[54]
Queen Charlotte Islands caribou	Population of the caribou (Rangifer tarandus)	Graham Island, British Columbia	Described as the subspecies R. t. dawsoni in 1900 due to its isolated location and anatomical differences, but mtDNA studies in 2002 showed not enough differences to warrant separate status.^[56] The last known herd was found in 1908, comprising two adult males, one female, and one calf; all but the calf were killed.^[57]
Toronto subway deer	Torontoceros hypogaeus	Toronto, Ontario	Known from a single individual dated to 9350 BCE.^[58]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Ancient bison	Bison antiquus	North America	A transitional form between steppe bison and modern American bison whose more recent remains date to the early Holocene of Valsequillo basin in Puebla, Mexico. However the direct dating to 5271-5131 BCE is not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[59] Other remains in North America have been dated to 8640-8500 BCE.^[4]
Western bison	Bison occidentalis	Eastern Beringia	Another transitional form to American bison that originated in a second dispersal of steppe bison across Beringia, and persisted in Alaska until around 220 CE.^[60]
Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains at Whitehorse, Yukon dated to 3628-3377 BCE.^[61]
Woodland muskox	Bootherium bombifrons	North America	Most recent remains dated to 9110-8950 BCE.^[4]
Shrub-ox	Euceratherium collinum	Western United States and Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 9830-9530 BCE.^[4]
Harrington's mountain goat	Oreamnos harringtoni	Southern Rocky Mountains	Most recent remains at Rampart Cave, Arizona dated to 10490-9136 BCE.^[24]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Californian turkey	Meleagris californica	California	Most recent remains dated to 9100-8380 BCE. However this date was not calibrated and the remains could be older.^[63]
Southwestern turkey	Meleagris crassipes	New Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 11510-8770 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Heath hen	Tympanuchus cupido cupido	East coast of the United States	Last individual, a male, died in Martha's Vineyard in 1932.^[64]
New Mexico sharp-tailed grouse	Tympanuchus phasianellus hueyi	New Mexico and possibly Colorado	Last individual killed in Colfax County, New Mexico in 1952.^[64]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Newfoundland duck	Anas fuscescens	Newfoundland	Only known from historical descriptions, the most recent from 1824.^[64]
Schneider's teal	Anas schneideri	Little Box Elder Cave, Wyoming	Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Labrador duck	Camptorhynchus labradorius	Atlantic coast of Canada and New England	Last confirmed individual killed in 1875; unconfirmed in 1878.^[64]
Law's diving-goose	Chendytes lawi	Coastal California and Oregon	Most recent remains at Ventura County, California dated to 770-400 BCE.^[65]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Slender teratorn	Cathartornis gracilis	Southern California	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Merriam's teratorn	Teratornis merriami	Southern California to northern Arizona	Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Daggett's eagle	Buteogallus daggetti	Southwestern United States and Nuevo León, Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Woodward's eagle	Buteogallus woodwardi	California to Florida and the Caribbean	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
American Neophron	Neophrontops americanus	Rancho La Brea, California	Most recent remains dated to 10230-7630 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Grinnell's hawk-eagle	Spizaetus grinnelli	Rancho La Brea, California	Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Socorro elf owl	Micrathene whitneyi graysoni	Socorro Island, Mexico	Last recorded around 1970. Likely extinct due to predation by introduced cats.^[64]
La Brea owl	Oraristrix brea	Southern California	Most recent remains dated to 10250-9180 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Imperial woodpecker	Campephilus imperialis	North-central Mexico	Last confirmed record in Durango in 1956, but unconfirmed sightings continued until 2005 in the Copper Canyon of Chihuahua. Declined due to habitat destruction and poisoning by loggers, along with hunting for sport, food, and traditional medicine.^[77]
American ivory-billed woodpecker	Campephilus principalis principalis	Southern United States	Last confirmed record in north-eastern Louisiana in 1944. Several unconfirmed sightings, video and sound records were made in eastern Arkansas in 2004, the Choctawhatchee River in Florida in 2005-2007, and 2006-2007 in Louisiana. Declined due to hunting, logging and forest clearance for agriculture.^[78]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Large-billed black bird	Euphagus magnirostris	California to Venezuela and Peru	Most recent remains dated to 8800-8300 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Convex-billed cowbird	Pandanaris convexa	California and Florida to Peru	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Thick-billed cowbird	Pyelorhamphus molothroides	Shelter Cave, New Mexico	Most recent remains dated to 29300-9380 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Slender-billed grackle	Quiscalus palustris	Lerma River and Xochimilco, Mexico	Last collected in 1910.^[64] Extinct due to the draining of its marsh habitat.^[81]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Todos Santos rufous-crowned sparrow	Aimophila ruficeps sanctorum	Todos Santos Island, Mexico	Last recorded in the 1970s. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced rabbits and predation by introduced cats.^[64]
Dusky seaside sparrow	Ammospiza maritima nigrescens	Merritt Island and Titusville, Florida	Declined due to DDT use in marshes and habitat loss caused by dam construction. In 1981 the last five individuals, all male, were captured and taken into captivity.^[64] However, a proposed plan to hybridize them with Scott's seaside sparrow and select the offspring with most dusky ancestry wasn't allowed because of legal restrictions against hybridizing endangered taxa.^[82] The last individual died in Walt Disney World's Discovery Island Zoological Park in Orlando, Florida in 1987.^[64]
Los Angeles towhee	Pipilo angelensis	Rancho La Brea, California	Most recent remains dated to 38050-8050 BCE (uncalibrated date).^[63]
Guadalupe towhee	Pipilo maculatus consobrinus	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to destruction of nesting habitat by introduced goats, and predation by cats.^[64]
Zacatecas Worthen's sparrow	Spizella wortheni browni	Northwest Zacatecas, Mexico	Last recorded in 1961. Extinct due to habitat loss to agriculture, overgrazing and erosion by cattle herding, and decline of native herbivores which maintained the bird's habitat.^[64]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
San Benedicto rock wren	Salpinctes obsoletus exsul	San Benedicto Island, Mexico	Wiped out by the eruption of El Boquerón volcano in 1952.^[64]
Guadalupe wren	Thryomanes bewickii brevicauda	Guadalupe Island, Mexico	Last recorded in 1897. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats.^[64]
San Clemente wren	Thryomanes bewickii leucophrys	San Clemente Island, California	Last recorded in 1968. Extinct due to habitat destruction by introduced goats and sheep.^[64]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Picture
Southeastern giant tortoise	Hesperotestudo crassiscutata	Southern United States	Most recent remains dated to around 9515 BCE.^[84]
Wilson's tortoise	Hesperotestudo wilsoni	Southwestern United States	Most recent remains dated to around 9050 BCE.^[84]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Chiriqui harlequin frog	Atelopus chiriquiensis	Talamanca-Chiriqui Mountains, Costa Rica	Last recorded in 1996. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis caused by the fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.^[85]
Pass stubfoot toad	Atelopus senex	Central Costa Rica	Last recorded in 1986. Extinct due to chytridiomycosis.^[86]
Golden toad	Incilius periglenes	Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Costa Rica	Last recorded in 1989. Probably extinct due to climate change, chytridiomycosis, and airborne pollution.^[87]

Armadillos, pampatheres, and glyptodonts (order Cingulata)

Chlamyphorid armadillos and glyptodonts (family Chlamyphoridae)

Anteaters and sloths (order Pilosa)

Megalonychid ground sloths (family Megalonychidae)

Mylodonts (family Mylodontidae)

Nothrotheriid ground sloths (family Nothrotheriidae)

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Gomphotheres (family Gomphotheriidae)

Mastodons (family Mammutidae)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Sea cows (order Sirenia)

Dugongs (family Dugongidae)

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Pikas (family Ochotonidae)

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Beavers (family Castoridae)

Hamsters, voles, lemmings, muskrats, and New World rats and mice (family Cricetidae)

Possibly extinct

Gophers (family Geomyidae)

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct

Dogs (family Canidae)

Extinct in the wild

Bears (family Ursidae)

Locally extinct

Earless seals (family Phocidae)

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

Extinct in the wild

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses, asses, and zebras (family Equidae)

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)

Peccaries (family Tayassuidae)

Gray whales (family Eschrichtiidae)

Locally extinct

True deer (family Cervidae)

Locally extinct

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Locally extinct

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Grebes (order Podicipediformes)

Grebes (family Podicipedidae)

Swifts, treeswifts, and hummingbirds (order Apodiformes)

Hummingbirds (family Trochillidae)

Possibly extinct

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Extinct in the wild

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Possibly extinct

Cranes (family Gruidae)

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Plovers, dotterels, and lapwings (family Charadriidae)

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Possibly extinct

Auks (family Alcidae)

Albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes)

Northern storm petrels (family Hydrobatidae)

Possibly extinct

Storks and allies (order Ciconiiformes)

Storks (family Ciconiidae)

New World vultures (order Cathartiformes)

New World vultures and condors (family Cathartidae)

Extinct in the wild

Teratorns (family Teratornithidae)

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Falcons (order Falconiformes)

Falcons and caracaras (family Falconidae)

Woodpeckers and allies (order Piciformes)

Woodpeckers (family Picidae)

Possibly extinct

Parrots (order Psittaciformes)

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Wyoming toad	Anaxyrus baxteri	Laramie Basin, Wyoming	Survives only at the four-times impounded Mortenson Lake National Wildlife Refuge, where it last reproduced naturally in 1991 and is re-stocked annually with captive born toadlets. The species is affected by chytridiomycosis, bacteria, pesticides, irrigation practices, lack of genetic diversity, predation by mustelids, drought, increased salinity, and expansion of the salt cedar which reduces habitat suitability.^[88]
Panamanian golden frog	Atelopus zeteki	El Valle de Antón and Cerro Campana, Panama	Last recorded in the wild in 2009. The species is mainly threatened by chytridiomycosis, but also deforestation, water pollution, collection for the pet trade, and increased sedimentation of streams caused by road construction.^[89]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Ainsworth's salamander	Plethodon ainsworthi	Jasper County, Mississippi	Last recorded in 1964. Possibly extinct due to deforestation.^[95]
Jalpa false brook salamander	Pseudoeurycea exspectata	Cerro Miramundo, Jalapa, Guatemala	Last recorded in 1976. Possibly extinct due to habitat loss to farming and logging.^[96]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Snake River sucker	Chasmistes muriei	Jackson Lake, Wyoming and possibly the Snake River	Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. Likely extinct due to hybridization with the Utah sucker after the Jackson Lake Dam was built and blocked spawning migration.^[97]
Harelip sucker	Lagochila lacera	Southeastern United States	Last collected in 1893. Though originally abundant and widely spread, the species inhabited only deep clearwater pools and fed almost entirely on molluscs. It likely became extinct due to increased siltation and turbidity caused by agriculture practices, which both reduced the number of molluscs and made them more difficult to find.^[97]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Maravillas red shiner	Cyprinella lutrensis blairi	Maravillas Creek, Texas	Last collected in 1954. Exterminated by introduced plains killifish.^[97]
Mexican dace	Evarra bustamantei	Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels in the Valley of Mexico	Last collected in 1970. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.^[98]
Plateau chub	Evarra eigenmanni	Chalco and Xochimilco-Tlahuac channels	Last collected in 1954. Likely extinct due to habitat destruction through pollution and water extraction.^[99]
Endorheic chub	Evarra tlahuacensis	Lake Chalco in the Valley of Mexico	Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to habitat destruction and water pollution.^[100]
Thicktail chub	Gila crassicauda	California Central Valley and San Francisco Bay	Last collected in 1957. Extinct due to the conversion of the Central Valley to intensive agriculture, marsh draining, channelization of rivers and introduction of extotic fish species.^[97]
Pahranagat spinedace	Lepidomeda altivelis	Pahranagat Valley, Nevada	Last collected in 1938. Extinct due to predation by, and competition with the mosquitofish and other introduced species.^[97]
Durango shiner	Notropis aulidion	Tunal River, Durango, Mexico	Last collected in 1961. Possibly extinct due to pollution, competition and predation by the largemouth bass and other introduced species.^[97]
Salado shiner	Notropis saladonis	Salado River, Mexico	Not found in any sampling expeditions launched since 1988. The reasons of extinction are unknown.^[101]
Rio Grande bluntnose shiner	Notropis simus simus	Upper Rio Grande and the Pecos River	Last collected in 1964. Possibly extinct due to changes in the water flow caused by dams, irrigation, and channelization, along with competition from introduced species.^[97]
Phantom shiner	Notropis orca	Rio Grande	The only pure individual known is the holotype taken in 1975, though hybrids with the bluntnose shiner are known as far as 1891. Possibly extinct due to changes to the water flow (which increased hybridization), increased salinity caused by irrigation, and introduced fish species.^[97]
Clear Lake splittail	Pogonichthys ciscoides	Clear Lake and its tributaries, California	Last collected in 1970. Extinct due to extreme eutrophication of the lake caused by agriculture.^[97]
Banff longnose dace	Rhinichthys cataractae smithi	Banff National Park, Alberta	Extinct since 1986.^[102] Declined after the introduction of several exotic species including mosquitofishes, sailfin mollies, guppies, convict cichlids, and green swordtails, followed by the alteration of water flows related to the use of hotsprings as public baths and sewage spillage. As numbers fell the subspecies became more vulnerable to hybridization with R. c. cataractae, which caused its final extinction.^[97]
Las Vegas dace	Rhinichthys deaconi	Las Vegas Valley, Nevada	Last collected in 1940. The springs it inhabited were destroyed during the urban development of Las Vegas.^[97]
Grass Valley speckled dace	Rhinichthys osculus reliquus	Lander County, Nevada	Known only from the type series of 474 specimens collected in 1938. Though abundant in this time, it was completely gone and replaced by introduced rainbow trout and brook trout when a second collection attempt was made in 1969.^[97]
Stumptooth minnow	Stypodon signifer	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	Last collected in 1903. It was a mollusc-eating specialist, and molluscs were greatly affected by habitat modification and pollution caused by agriculture.^[97]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Longjaw cisco	Coregonus alpenae	Lakes Erie, Michigan, and Huron	Last collected in Lake Erie in 1957, in Lake Michigan in 1967, and in Lake Huron in 1975. Extinct due to overfishing, predation by the sea lamprey which colonized the lakes in the 1940s, and hybridization with other ciscoes.^[97]
Deepwater cisco	Coregonus johannae	Lakes Michigan and Huron	Last collected in Lake Michigan in 1951, and in Lake Huron in 1952. Extinct due to overfishing, sea lamprey predation, and hybridization with other ciscoes.^[97]
Lake Ontario kiyi	Coregonus kiyi orientalis	Lake Ontario	Last collected in 1964. Extinct due to overfishing, introduced fishes, and deterioration of water quality caused by eutrophication and chemical pollution.^[97]
Blackfin cisco	Coregonus nigripinnis	Lakes Michigan and Huron	Last collected in 1923 in Lake Huron, and 1969 in Lake Michigan. Extinct due to overfishing, sea lamprey predation, and hybridization with other ciscoes.^[97]
Yellowfin cutthroat trout	Oncorhynchus clarkii macdonaldi	Twin Lakes, Colorado	Extinct around 1910 as a result of competition and hybridization with introduced fishes.^[97]
Alvord cutthroat trout	Oncorhynchus clarki ssp.	Alvord Basin in Oregon and Nevada	Only known from individuals hybridized with the rainbow trout, which was introduced to the area in the early 1930s.^[97]
Silver trout	Salvelinus agassizi	Dublin Pond and Christine Lake, New Hampshire	Last recorded in Christine Lake in 1926 and in Dublin Pond in 1930. Extinct due to overfishing and several exotic fish introductions.^[97]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Alberca silverside	Chirostoma bartoni	La Alberca caldera, Lerma River basin, Mexico	Not recorded after the crater lake dried during a drought in 2006.^[106]
Least silverside	Chirostoma charari	La Mintzita spring, Michoacan, Mexico	Last recorded in 1957. Declined due to overuse of water resources, deforestation of gallery forests, pollution, hypereutophication, and hybridization with other Chirostoma species.^[107]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Santa Cruz pupfish	Cyprinodon arcuatus	Santa Cruz River, Arizona	Last recorded at Monkey Spring in 1971. Extinct due to predation by introduced largemouth bass.^[108]
Villa Lopez pupfish	Cyprinodon ceciliae	Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico	Last recorded in 1988. The spring it was endemic dried completely in 1991 as a consequence of water extraction for agriculture use.^[109]
Cachorrito de la Trinidad	Cyprinodon inmemoriam	Ojo La Trinidad, northern Mexico	Only known from the holotype collected in 1984. The spring it was found in was destroyed by water extraction.^[110]
Tecopa pupfish	Cyprinodon nevadensis calidae	Tecopa Hot Springs, California	Last recorded before 1972.^[111]
Catarina pupfish	Megupsilon aporus	El Potosí, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico	Started declining in the 1980s due to predation by introduced Florida bass and water extraction, until total disappearance from the wild by 1994. In 1995, the El Potosí spring dried completely due to water extraction. A captive population of several hundred survived in Mexico, the United States, Spain, and Germany, but crashed in 2011 due to the death of most individuals from mycobacteriosis. In 2012, the last two males were hybridized with Potosi pupfish in the Children's Aquarium at Fair Park, Dallas, Texas, but all individuals born were females with mycobacteriosis. The last fish died in 2014.^[112]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Potosi pupfish	Cyprinodon alvarezi	Potosí Spring, Galeana, Nuevo León, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 1994. Declined due to near total habitat loss as a result of groundwater extraction, predation and competition with introduced species.^[114]
La Palma pupfish	Cyprinodon longidorsalis	Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 1994, as a result of groundwater extraction.^[115]
Charco Palma pupfish	Cyprinodon veronicae	Bolsón de Sandía, Nuevo León, Mexico	Disappeared from the wild in 1995 as a result of groundwater extraction, which caused in 1997 the complete drying of the spring it was endemic to.^[116]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Parras characodon	Characodon garmani	Southern Coahuila, Mexico	Known only from the holotype collected around the 1880s. Likely extinct due to habitat alteration.^[97]
Raycraft Ranch killifish	Empetrichthys latos concavus	Pahrump Valley, Nevada	Last collected in 1953. Likely extinct due to introduced carp and bullfrogs; after its probable extinction, the spring it was endemic to was filled to eliminate mosquitos.^[97]
Pahrump Ranch poolfish	Empetrichthys latos pahrump	Nye County, Nevada	Last recorded in 1958. Likely extinct due to excessive water extraction, introduced carp and bullfrogs.^[97]
Ash Meadows killifish	Empetrichthys merriami	Ash Meadows, Nevada	Last collected in 1948. Likely extinct due to habitat alteration and predation by introduced bullfrogs and crayfish.^[97]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Banded allotoca	Allotoca goslinei	Jalisco, Mexico	Last recorded in the wild in 2004. Declined rapidly from 2000 after green swordtails were introduced in its last known location.^[117]
Golden skiffia	Skiffia francesae	Teuchitlan River and Laguna de Sayula, Jalisco, Mexico	Declined due to habitat degradation and exotic fish introductions. The last known wild population disappeared when the El Molino pond dried during a drought in 2010.^[118]