List of Asian species extinct in the Holocene

This is a list of Asian species extinct in the Holocene that covers extinctions from the Holocene epoch, a geologic epoch that began about 11,650 years before present (about 9700 BCE)^[a] and continues to the present day.^[1]

This list includes the Asian continent and its surrounding islands, including Cyprus. The three Transcaucasian republics of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan are included in the List of European species extinct in the Holocene, even though their territory may fall partially or fully in Asia depending on the definition of Europe considered. Species from Western New Guinea (Indonesia), the Aru Islands (Indonesia), and Christmas Island (Australia) are listed in the List of Australia-New Guinea species extinct in the Holocene.

Many extinction dates are unknown due to a lack of relevant information.

[a]

[1]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Syrian elephant	Elephas maximus asurus	Mesopotamia	Archaeological evidence and historical records imply local extinction caused by hunting and deforestation in the 8th century BCE, with war elephants from the 3rd century BCE onward being imported from South Asia. However, the lack of evidence of Asian elephants in the Near East between 200,000 and 3,500 years ago has led some authors to propose that Bronze Age elephants were actually introduced by people to provide themselves with exotic game and ivory. If true, this would invalidate the subspecies E. m. asurus.^[2]
Javan elephant	Elephas maximus sondaicus	Java, Indonesia; introduced to Sulu, Philippines	Most recent remains in Mauk, Indonesia dated to 1350.^[3] It was introduced to Sulu in the 14th century, where it survived until its extermination in 1850. However, the extant Bornean elephant has been suggested to have originated from Sulu stock and not be native to the island. If true, this would make the subspecies E. m. sondaicus synonymous with E. m. borneensis and not globally extinct.^[4]
Woolly mammoth	Mammuthus primigenius	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains in Wrangel Island, Russia dated to 1795-1675 BCE.^[5]
Cyprus dwarf elephant	Palaeoloxodon cypriotes	Cyprus	Most recent remains dated to 10699-7299 BCE.^[6]
Asian straight-tusked elephant	Palaeoloxodon namadicus	South and East Asia	The date 7330-6250 BCE was obtained from carbonaceous clay near Palaeoloxodon remains in the Baneta Formation of the Narmada Valley, India, suggesting survival into the Holocene, though no direct datation was taken from the bones.^[7] It was also suggested that representations of elephants in art from northern China depict Palaeoloxodon rather than Asian elephants as commonly assumed,^[8] but other authors disagree with this assessment.^[9]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Alor Island giant rat	Alormys aplini	Alor Island, Indonesia	Most recent remains at Tabubung 4 dated to 62 BCE - 87 CE. The extinction coincides with a period of aridification, deforestation, and extinction of other giant rat species in the island.^[13]
Sierra Madre giant cloud rat	Carpomys dakal	Luzon, Philippines	Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.^[14]
Buhler's coryphomys	Coryphomys buehleri	Timor island, Indonesia & East Timor	Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE.^[15]
Timor giant rat	Coryphomys musseri	Timor island, Indonesia & East Timor	Most recent remains dated to around 50 BCE.^[15]
Sierra Madre bushy-tailed cloud rat	Crateromys ballik	Luzon, Philippines	Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE. Probably disappeared due to increased aridity and deforestation.^[14]
Miyako long-tailed rat	Diplothrix miyakoensis	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan	Most recent remains dated to around 9050-8050 BCE.^[15]
Hooijer's giant rat	Hooijeromys nusantenggara	Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia	Most recent remains dated to around 1050 BCE.^[15]
	Milimonggamys juliae	Sumba Island, Indonesia	Most recent remains dated to 54-222 CE.^[15]
	Niviventer sp.	Ishigaki Island, Japan	Most recent remains dated to 2050-50 BCE.^[15]
Verhoeven's giant tree rat	Papagomys theodorverhoeveni	Flores, Indonesia	Most recent remains to around 1050 BCE.^[15]
	Raksasamys tikusbesar	Sumba Island, Indonesia	Most recent remains dated to 1935-1700 BCE.^[15]
Flores cave rat	Spelaeomys florensis	Flores, Indonesia	Most recent remains dated to the Holocene.^[16]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Gloomy tube-nosed bat	Murina tenebrosa	Tsushima and possibly Yakushima, Japan	Last collected in 1962. Suggested as a possible synonym for the Ussuri tube-nosed bat (M. ussuriensis).^[26]
Sturdee's pipistrelle	Pipistrellus sturdeei	Haha-jima, Bonin Islands, Japan	Only known from the type specimen collected in 1889.^[27]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Formosan clouded leopard	Population of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)	Taiwan	Last confirmed record in 1983.^[29] Though named as a subspecies on the basis of a stuffed specimen in 1862 (N. n. brachyura), later morphological and genetic studies invalidate this distinction.^[30]
Bali tiger	Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica)	Bali, Indonesia	Last confirmed individual killed in 1937.^[31] Named as a separate subspecies in 1912 (P. t. balica), but later included in P. t. sondaica on genetic grounds.^[30]
Bornean tiger	Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica)	Borneo and Palawan, Philippines^[32]	A navicular from Borneo was dated to 8550-1050 BCE. Survival into more recent times has been proposed on the basis of teeth and skins owned by indigenous peoples, local names, folklore, and alleged sightings including two photographs taken in 1975. However, most authors discount these remains as imports from outside Borneo, and the photographs as hoaxes.^[33]
Javan tiger	Population of the Sunda Island tiger (Panthera tigris sondaica)	Java, Indonesia	The last confirmed individual was killed at the Mount Halimun Salak National Park in 1984,^[31] though a tiger was sighted near Sukabumi Selatan in 2019 and one recovered hair was identified as closer genetically to a Javan museum specimen than to tigers from Sumatra, southeast Asia, and Russia.^[34] It was named as a subspecies in 1844, but genetic research indicates that it is not different enough from the extant Sumatran tiger, and as a result, P. t. sondaica is not extinct.^[30]
Caspian tiger	Population of the mainland Asian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)	Western and Central Asia	The last known wild individual was killed in Turkey in 1970, and the last in captivity in Iran during the 1979 Revolution.^[31] Though named as the subspecies P. t. virgata in 1815, genetic evidence indicates that it is not different enough from other tigers of the Asian mainland to warrant separate status. It was closest to the extant Siberian tiger.^[30] A reintroduction project using Siberian tigers began in the Ile-Balkhash State Nature Reserve of Kazakhstan in 2024.^[35]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Hokkaidō wolf	Canis lupus hattai	Hokkaidō, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Iturup and Kunashir^[38]	Exterminated by 1889 as part of a plan to use Hokkaidō for horse and cattle ranching.^[39]
Japanese wolf	Canis lupus hodophilax	Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū, Japan	Last confirmed individual killed in 1905, shortly after a rabies epidemic ravaged the population.^[39]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Ussuri dhole	Cuon alpinus alpinus	Western Sayan Mountains to Sikhote-Alin and North Korea	Last recorded in the Western Sayan in 2008.^[40]
Tien Shan dhole	Cuon alpinus hesperius	Pamir to Altai Mountains	Last recorded in Altai in the 1970s. Estimated extinct in the former Soviet Union but could survive outside of it.^[40] Scat from a dhole of unknown subspecies was found in the Bek-Tosot Conservancy of southern Kyrgyzstan in 2022.^[41]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Hokkaidō otter	Lutra lutra whiteleyi	Hokkaidō and southern Kuril Islands^[43]	Last known individual killed at the Shiretoko Peninsula in 1950.^[44]
Japanese otter	Lutra nippon	Honshū, Shikoku, and Kyūshū, Japan	Last confirmed sighting in Shikoku in 1983.^[43]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Tarpan	Equus ferus ferus	Iberian Peninsula to Western Siberia;^[45] Anatolia?^[46]	Historically recorded in Western Siberia until the 18th century. Analysis of bones found at archaeological sites from the Chalcolithic period (c. 3000-2000 BCE) show wild horses in this area belonged to the subspecies E. f. ferus and not to Przewalski's horse (E. f. przewalskii).^[45]
Syrian wild ass	Equus hemionus hemippus	Fertile Crescent	Last known individual died in captivity at Vienna Zoo in 1927. Probably disappeared from the wild around the same time.^[47]
European wild ass	Equus hemionus hydruntinus	Southern Europe to northern Iran^[48]	Most recent remains at Çatalhöyük, Turkey dated to 748-406 BCE.^[49]
Lena horse	Equus lenensis	Northern Siberia	Most recent remains at Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island dated to 320-220 BCE. Horse remains of undetermined affiliation were also found in an Inuit site at Cape Baranov dating to the 8th-9th century CE. The cold-adapted Yakutian horse was speculated to be a descendant of the Lena horse, but genetic evidence shows it descends from domestic horses introduced from Central Asia in the Middle Ages.^[50] Nevertheless, the Yakutian horse is used as proxy for the Lena horse in Pleistocene Park.^[51]
Ovodov horse	Equus ovodovi	Southern Siberia to northern China	Most recent remains in China dated to 1666-1506 BCE.^[52]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Woolly rhinoceros	Coelodonta antiquitatis	Northern Eurasia	Environmental DNA last detected in permafrost dating to 8050-7650 BCE near the Kolyma river, Russia.^[56]
Chinese rhinoceros	Rhinoceros sinensis	Southern China^[57]	Most recent remains dated to the Early Holocene (12-8,500 years ago) of Panlong Cave, Guangxi.^[58] However, this species has been used as a wastebasket taxon in the past and remains of Merck's rhinoceros and Sumatran rhinoceros have been misassigned to it, urging its revision. Some authors consider R. sinensis a synonym of the Indian rhinoceros (R. unicornis).^[59]
Vietnamese rhinoceros	Rhinoceros sondaicus annamiticus	Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and eastern Thailand	Last individual killed at the Cat Tien National Park, Vietnam in 2010.^[60]
Lesser Indian rhinoceros	Rhinoceros sondaicus inermis	Northeastern India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar	Last confirmed individual killed around 1888 in the Sundarbans. Survival into the 20th century is doubtful, certainly not past 1925.^[61]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Bactrian camel	Camelus bactrianus	Central and eastern Asian steppe^[63]	Genetic evidence indicates that the domestic Bactrian camel and the extant, more desert-adapted wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) from East Turkestan split over one million years ago. In consequence, the latter species cannot be the wild ancestor of the former, and the unknown ancestor of C. bactrianus must have become extinct at some point after the species was domesticated around 4000-3000 BCE.^[64]
Dromedary	Camelus dromedarius	Arabian Peninsula	Most recent remains of the wild form at Al Sufouh, United Arab Emirates, dated to 404 BCE.^[65] The species survives as domestic and feral populations.

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Cebu warty pig	Sus cebifrons cebifrons	Cebu, Philippines	Described from skulls collected in Cebu island, where the species Sus cebifrons is now extinct, but lack of other remains makes the subspecies distinction with other Philippine islands populations dubious.^[66] The whole species is threatened by habitat fragmentation caused by logging and agriculture, hunting pressure, and hybridization with domestic pigs.^[67]
	Sus sp.	Miyako Island, Japan	Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE.^[15]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Miyako roe deer	Capreolus tokunagai	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan	Most recent remains dated to 9050-8050 BCE.^[15]
Irish elk	Megaloceros giganteus	Western Europe to southern Siberia	Most recent remains at Kamyshlov, Russia dated to 5845-5673 BCE.^[72]
Schomburgk's deer	Rucervus schomburgki	Central Thailand	Last known animals in the wild were killed in 1932 near Sai Yoke and Kwae Yai, and the last in captivity was killed in 1938. Declined in the 19th century because of habitat loss as its wet grassland habitat was turned into rice fields for export. It was also hunted for meat during the monsoon season, and to use its antlers in traditional medicine.^[73]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Bubal hartebeest	Alcelaphus buselaphus buselaphus	North Africa and Southern Levant	Disappeared from the Southern Levant during the Iron Age (1200-586 BCE).^[69]
Caucasian wisent	Bison bonasus caucasicus	Caucasus, Kurdistan,^[77] and Northern Iran	Present in eastern Turkey until the Iron Age.^[78]
Steppe bison	Bison priscus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent, confirmed remains were dated to 6870-6950 BCE near the Popigai River in the Taymyr Peninsula of Russia,^[50] and environmental DNA of bison was recovered from permafrost in northeastern Siberia dating to 5050-3800 BCE.^[56] Partial B. priscus remains are hard to distinguish anatomically from B. bonasus, which muddles the timeframe of its extinction in Europe and Western Siberia; often the species B. priscus was assigned to Late Pleistocene remains and B. bonasus to Holocene remains without further discussion.^[50] However B. priscus is both genetically distinct and known to have survived into the middle Holocene of North America.^[79] Remains of either B. priscus or B. bonasus were dated in the Angara River basin to 2550-2440 BCE,^[80] and a small bison persisted in the Baikal region until the 7th-10th century CE (considered B. priscus by Boeskorov^[50] and B. bonasus by Sipko^[81]).
Indian aurochs	Bos primigenius namadicus	Indian subcontinent	Most recent remains dated to 2200 BCE in Karnataka, India. The Indian aurochs was independently domesticated and is the originator of the zebu cattle.^[82]
Eurasian aurochs	Bos primigenius primigenius	Europe and Western Asia	Present in the Southern Levant until the Iron Age (1200-585 BCE),^[69] and the Turkey-Syria border until the Late Middle Ages.^[78] It possibly survived in Kamensk-Uralsky, Russia until the 16th or 17th century, and in Novokuznetsk until the 18th.^[83]^{[better source needed]} The Eurasian aurochs was domesticated in the Turkey-Syria border region in the ninth millennium BCE, originating the domestic breeds of taurine cattle.^[84]
East Asian aurochs	Bos primigenius sinensis	Southern Siberia to northeastern China	Traditionally considered the same as B. p. primigenius on morphological grounds, but revealed to be genetically distinct.^[85] Remains near Lake Baikal were dated to 3020-2960 BCE^[86] and in the Songnen Plain of China to c. 1640 BCE.^[85] In the Mongolian Altai, the aurochs is depicted in rock art along with the wild yak until the mid-Bronze Age, when both are replaced by the domestic yak.^[87] It disappeared due to hunting, habitat loss, and capture of females to supplement domestic taurine cattle herds, which were introduced from the west. Domestic hybrid descendants survive in China, particularly in Tibet, Chamdo, and Yushu.^[85] It is likely that many remains from northern China that have been identified as bison^[88] or domestic cattle actually belong to aurochs and that it survived for longer than assumed. The anonymous author of the Classic of Poetry (11th-7th century BCE) seems aware of the aurochs's existence.^[89]
Cebu tamaraw	Bubalus cebuensis	Cebu, Philippines	Described from a partial skeleton from either the Late Pleistocene or the Holocene.^[90]
	Bubalus grovesi	South Sulawesi, Indonesia	Most recent remains dated to the Middle or Late Holocene.^[91]
Short-horned water buffalo	Bubalus mephistopheles	South, central, and east China	Most recent remains at Gaoling, Xi'an dated to 1750-1650 BCE. The domestic water buffalo now present in China is not a descendant of B. mephistopheles but was introduced from Southeast Asia.^[92] The si (兕) mentioned in the Classic of Poetry and the Shuowen Jiezi (c. 100 BCE) has been suggested to be a wild water buffalo.^[89]
	Bubalus palaeokerabau	Java, Indonesia	Most recent remains at Braholo Cave dated to the late Pleistocene or early Holocene.^[93]
Queen of Sheba's gazelle	Gazella bilkis	Taiz, Yemen	Only known from five animals hunted in 1951.^[94]
Saudi gazelle	Gazella saudiya	Arabian Peninsula	Last recorded in 1970. It was hunted to extinction.^[95]
African giant buffalo	Syncerus antiquus	Africa and Arabia	Most recent remains at Sa'adah, Yemen dated to 4390-4210 BCE.^[96]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Lowland wisent	Bison bonasus bonasus	Western Europe to southern Siberia	Present during the Holocene in the southern Urals, Western Siberia, the Kuznetsk Depression, Altai and Baikal regions^[81] (if the latter wasn't B. priscus^[50]). The subspecies became globally extinct in the wild after the last wild animals were hunted in Poland during World War I, but survived in captivity.^[99] It was reintroduced to the Altai in 1982-1984.^[81]
Arabian oryx	Oryx leucoryx	Arabian Peninsula	Extinct in the wild in 1972 and reintroduced in Jiddat al-Harasis, Oman in 1980.^[100]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Addax	Addax nasomaculatus	Sahara Desert and Arabian Peninsula	Possibly depicted in Neolithic rock art of Jordan.^[101]
Muskox	Ovibos moschatus	Northern Eurasia and North America	Most recent remains in the Taymyr Peninsula, Russia dated to 615-555 BCE.^[86] It was reintroduced to the Bikada River area in the same region in 1974.^[102]
Lesser kudu	Tragelaphus imberbis	East Africa and western Arabian Peninsula	No skeletal remains known but appears in Holocene rock art from Saudi Arabia and Jordan^[101] in numbers and detail suggestive of being a native species to the area.^[54] Recent presence in the Arabian Peninsula is controversial. In 1967, a pair of horns were claimed to have been taken from an animal shot in Jabal Halmayn, Yemen; another was shot in Nuqrah, Saudi Arabia in 1968. Some authors believe both were escapees from private collections,^[103] others that the distance between the two locations is larger than it would be expected for introduced specimens.^[54]
Greater kudu	Tragelaphus strepsiceros	Southern to eastern Africa and Arabia	Depicted in Holocene petroglyphs of two Arabian locations.^[96]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Ryukyu wood pigeon	Columba jouyi	Okinawa, Kerama, and Daito Islands, Japan	Last recorded on Okinawa in 1904 and on Daito in 1936, after a quick decline. The reason of extinction is unknown.^[112]
Bonin wood pigeon	Columba versicolor	Nakondo Shima and Chichi-jima, Bonin Islands	Last recorded in 1889. Likely extinct due to deforestation and predation by introduced rats and cats.^[113]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
East Asian ostrich	Pachystruthio anderssoni^[104]	Tuva, Transbaikalia, Mongolia, and northern China^[105] to the Yellow River^[106]	Eggshell fragments most recently dated to 7600-6245 BCE in Shabarakh-usu and Barun Daban, Mongolia.^[107]^[b]
Arabian ostrich	Struthio camelus syriacus	Near East and Arabian Peninsula	Last confirmed individual killed in Jubail, Saudi Arabia around 1941; there was also a second-hand report of a dying animal north of Petra, Jordan in 1966. Its closest relative, the North African ostrich, was introduced as a substitute in Saudi Arabia in the 1990s.^[109]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Pink-headed duck	Rhodonessa caryophyllacea	Northern and eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar	Last recorded in Bihar in 1948-1949. It was uncommon and non-migratory despite its vast range. Declined due to trophy hunting, as it was generally not considered good to eat, and habitat destruction.^[110]
Crested shelduck	Tadorna cristata	Primorye, Hokkaido, and South Korea; possibly North Korea and northeastern China	Last confirmed record in 1964.^[111]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Catanduanes bleeding heart	Gallicolumba luzonica rubiventris	Catanduanes, Philippines	Described from one specimen collected in 1971. Recent sightings were reported in 2008, but its current status is unknown.^[110]
Sulu bleeding-heart	Gallicolumba menagei	Tawi-tawi, Philippines	Described from two individuals collected in 1891, when it was considered extremely rare, but there were unconfirmed local reports in 1995 that it was abundant until the 1970s. Possibly became extinct due to hunting and deforestation.^[114]
Negros fruit dove	Ptilinopus arcanus	Negros Island, Philippines	Only known from the type specimen, a female, collected in 1953. Its mate was also shot but the body fell in the underbrush and could not be retrieved. Likely disappeared due to hunting and large escale deforestation of the island.^[110]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Iwo Jima rail	Amaurornis cinerea brevipes	Naka Iwo Jima and Minami Iwo Jima, Bonin Islands	Last recorded in 1925, though the last "official sighting" was in 1911.^[110]
Bornean Baillon's crake	Porzana pusilla mira	Borneo	Only collected once in 1912.^[110]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Tawi-tawi buttonquail	Turnix sylvaticus suluensis	Jolo and Tawi-tawi, Philippines	Last recorded in the 1950s. It could have disappeared due to severe deforestation and introduced predators.^[110]
	Turnix sp.	Timor	Most recent remains dated to 650 CE.^[15]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Bennu heron	Ardea bennuides	Arabian Peninsula	Most recent remains at Umm Al Nar, United Arab Emites, dated to around 2500 BCE. It possibly disappeared due to wetland degradation.^[6]
Bonin nankeen night heron	Nycticorax caledonicus crassirostris	Chichi-jima and Nakōdo-jima, Bonin Islands	Last collected in 1889. The cause of extinction is unknown.^[110]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Natuna Bay owl	Phodilus badius arixuthus	Bunguran Island, Indonesia	Known only from the holotype described in 1932.^[121] The reasons of extinction are unclear.^[110]
Samar bay owl	Phodilus badius riverae	Samar Island, Philippines	Only known from the holotype described in 1927 and lost in the destruction of the Bureau of Science in Manila in 1945. It has been ruled invalid by some authors because the original description (as the full species Phodilus riverae) did not include comparison with other subspecies.^[121]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Sangihe dwarf kingfisher	Ceyx fallax sangirensis	Sangihe Island, Indonesia	Last recorded in 1997. Likely extinct due to deforestation caused by intense logging and agriculture.^[110]
Ryukyu kingfisher	Todiramphus cinnamominus miyakoensis	Miyako Island, Ryukyu, Japan	Only known from the holotype collected in 1887. Its exact nature is suspect, as the island is unsuitable for kingfishers, the bill's sheath is missing from the holotype, and the length of flight feathers noted in the original description may have been an artefact of preservation. Otherwise the type is similar to the Guam kingfisher.^[110]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Cebu hanging parrot	Loriculus philippensis chrysonotus	Cebu, Philippines	The last individuals in captivity died in London in 1943, after being caught in the wild in 1929. The date of extinction in the wild is unclear, but was likely caused by widespread deforestation in the 19th and 20th centuries. 2004 reports likely belonged to other subspecies subsequently introduced to the island.^[110]
Siquijor hanging parrot	Loriculus philippensis siquijorensis	Siquijor, Philippines	Last recorded in 1908; a claimed individual collected in 1954 was actually a escaped cage bird. The subspecies likely disappeared due to deforestation and capture for the pet trade.^[110]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Sri Lanka bubble-nest frog	Pseudophilautus adspersus	Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka	Last collected in 1886. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.^[130]
	Pseudophilautus dimbullae	Dimbula, Sri Lanka	Known only from holotypes collected in 1933. The causes of extinction are unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[131]^[132]
	Pseudophilautus eximius	Dimbula, Sri Lanka
	Pseudophilautus extirpo	Sri Lanka	Last recorded in 1882. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[133]
	Pseudophilautus halyi	Pattipola, Sri Lanka	Only known from the holotype collected in 1899. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[134]
Whitenose bubble-nest frog	Pseudophilautus leucorhinus	Sri Lanka	Only known from the holotype collected before 1856. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[135]
	Pseudophilautus maia	Ramboda, Sri Lanka	Only known from two specimens collected in 1876 or earlier. Possibly disappeared when the local forest was cleared in 1978, which also resulted in the extinction of the endemic tree Albizia lankaensis.^[136]
	Pseudophilautus malcolmsmithi	Sri Lanka	Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[137]
	Pseudophilautus nanus	Southern Sri Lanka	Only known from the lectotype collected in 1869. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[138]
Sharp-nosed bush frog	Pseudophilautus nasutus	Sri Lanka	Last recorded in 1869; later observations in Sri Lanka and Southern India are misidentifications. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[139]
	Pseudophilautus oxyrhynchus	Sri Lanka	Only known from the lectotype collected in 1872. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss has been suggested.^[140]
	Pseudophilautus pardus	Sri Lanka	Only known from the holotype collected before 1859. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.^[141]
	Pseudophilautus rugatus	Taralanda, Sri Lanka	Only known from the holotype collected in 1927. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.^[142]
	Pseudophilautus temporalis	Sri Lanka	Only known from the lectotype and type series collected in 1864. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.^[143]
Variable bush frog	Pseudophilautus variabilis	Sri Lanka	Only known from the lectotype collected in 1858. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.^[144]
	Pseudophilautus zal	Sri Lanka	Not recorded since before 1947. The cause of extinction is unknown, but habitat loss due to agriculture has been suggested.^[145]
	Pseudophilautus zimmeri	Point de Galle, Sri Lanka	Not recorded since 1927. The given range is now heavily urbanized, suggesting habitat destruction as the reason of extinction.^[146]

Elephant-like mammals (order Proboscidea)

Elephants and mammoths (family Elephantidae)

Sea cows (order Sirenia)

Dugongs (family Dugongidae)

Lagomorphs (order Lagomorpha)

Rabbits and hares (family Leporidae)

Rodents (order Rodentia)

Old World rats and mice (family Muridae)

Possibly extinct

Primates (order Primates)

Great apes (family Hominidae)

Gibbons (family Hylobatidae)

Bats (order Chiroptera)

Megabats (family Pteropodidae)

Locally extinct

Vesper bats (family Vespertilionidae)

Carnivorans (order Carnivora)

Cats (family Felidae)

Locally extinct

Extinct in the wild

Genets and civets (family Viverridae)

Possibly extinct

Dogs (family Canidae)

Possibly extinct

Eared seals (family Otariidae)

Martens, polecats, otters, badgers, and weasels (family Mustelidae)

Odd-toed ungulates (order Perissodactyla)

Horses and allies (family Equidae)

Extinct in the wild

Locally extinct

Tapirs (family Tapiridae)

Locally extinct

Rhinoceroses (family Rhinocerotidae)

Possibly extinct

Even-toed ungulates (order Artiodactyla)

Camels and llamas (family Camelidae)

Extinct in the wild

Pigs (family Suidae)

Hippopotamuses (family Hippopotamidae)

Locally extinct

Chinese river dolphins (family Lipotidae)

Possibly extinct

True deer (family Cervidae)

Extinct in the wild

Cattle, goats, antelopes, and others (family Bovidae)

Possibly extinct

Extinct in the wild

Locally extinct

Ostriches and fossil relatives (order Struthioniformes)

Ostriches (family Struthionidae)

Landfowl (order Galliformes)

Pheasants and allies (family Phasianidae)

Possibly extinct

Waterfowl (order Anseriformes)

Ducks, geese, and swans (family Anatidae)

Possibly extinct

Pigeons and doves (order Columbiformes)

Pigeons and doves (family Columbidae)

Possibly extinct

Rails and cranes (order Gruiformes)

Rails (family Rallidae)

Possibly extinct

Cranes (family Gruidae)

Locally extinct

Shorebirds (order Charadriiformes)

Plovers, dotterels, and lapwings (family Charadriidae)

Possibly extinct

Sandpipers (family Scolopacidae)

Buttonquails (family Turnicidae)

Boobies, cormorants, and relatives (order Suliformes)

Cormorants and shags (family Phalacrocoracidae)

Pelicans, herons, and ibises (order Pelecaniformes)

Herons (family Ardeidae)

Ibises and spoonbills (family Threskiornithidae)

Locally extinct in the wild

Hawks and relatives (order Accipitriformes)

Hawks, eagles, kites, harriers and Old World vultures (family Accipitridae)

Owls (order Strigiformes)

True owls (family Strigidae)

Possibly extinct

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Beyşehir bleak	Alburnus akili	Lake Beyşehir, Turkey	Extinct due to predation by zanders introduced in 1955. It could also have hybridized with the also introduced Sakarya bleak.^[155]
	Anabarilius macrolepis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.^[156]
Pait	Barbodes amarus	Lake Lanao, Philippines	Last recorded in 1982. Disappeared along with most of the original ichthyofauna of the lake (see below) due to excessive and unsustainable fishing practices such as dynamite fishing, extraction of water for industrial, agricultural, and domestic use; illegal logging and pollution, and predation by accidentally introduced tank goby and snakehead gudgeon. The latter species is now the most common fish in the lake.^[157]
Baolan	Barbodes baoulan		Last recorded in 1991.^[158]
Bagangan	Barbodes clemensi		Last recorded in 1975.^[159]
	Barbodes disa		Last recorded in 1964.^[160]
Katapa-tapa	Barbodes flavifuscus		Last recorded in 1964.^[161]
	Barbodes herrei		Last recorded in 1974.^[162]
	Barbodes katolo		Last recorded in 1977.^[163]
Kandar	Barbodes lanaoensis		Last recorded in 1964.^[164]
	Barbodes manalak		Last recorded in 1977.^[165]
Bitungu	Barbodes pachycheilus		Last recorded in 1964.^[166]
Bitungu	Barbodes palaemophagus		Last recorded in 1975.^[167]
	Barbodes palata		Last recorded in 1964.^[168]
Bagangan sa erungan	Barbodes resimus		Last recorded in 1964.^[169]
	Barbodes tras		Last recorded in 1976.^[170]
Bitungu	Barbodes truncatulus		Last recorded in 1973.^[171]
Yilong carp	Cyprinus yilongensis	Yilong Lake, Yunnan, China	Disappeared when the lake dried completely for 20 days in 1981, as a result of water substraction.^[172]
Hula bream	Mirogrex hulensis	Lake Hula, Israel	Disappeared in 1957-1963, after most of the lake was drained to turn the bottom into farmland.^[173]
	Schizothorax saltans	Talas River basin, Kazakhstan	Last recorded in 1953. Disappeared due to habitat loss caused by water substraction, high pollution, and fishing.^[174]

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Barbodes cataractae	Misamis Occidental and Lake Lanao, Philippines	The holotype was collected in an unidentified river in Misamis Occidental in 1934. It was only known from Lake Lanao otherwise, and was last recorded there before 1973.^[175]
Barbodes lindog	Lake Lanao, Philippines	Last recorded in 2008.^[176]
Barbodes sirang	Lake Lanao, Philippines	Last recorded in 2007.^[177]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Kunimasu	Oncorhynchus kawamurae	Lake Tazawa, Japan	Extirpated from its original range in 1940, when acidic water was released to the lake during the construction of hydroelectric power infrastructure. Survives in Lake Saiko, where the species was introduced in 1935.^[179]
Beloribitsa	Stenodus leucichthys	Caspian Sea, Volga, Ural, and Terek River drainages	Last recorded in the Ural in the 1960s. All spawning grounds were lost after dams were built in the Volga, Ural, and Terek river drainages. The species continues to exist in captivity, from which it is released periodically in its native range. However, illegal fishing and hybridization with the introduced nelma remain threats to its survival.^[180]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Bia	Exyrias volcanus	Taal Lake, Philippines	Last recorded in 1927. Possibly disappeared due to overfishing, pollution, habitat degradation, and invasive species among other reasons.^[181]^[182]
Yellow-bellied goby	Silhouettea flavoventris	Taal Lake, Philippines

Scientific name	Range	Comments
Tristramella intermedia	Lake Hula, Israel	Disappeared when the lake and most adjacent marshes were drained in the 1970s.^[183]
Tristramella magdelainae	Damascus, Syria	Last collected in the 1950s. Possibly disappeared due to drought, pollution, and water extraction.^[184]

Scientific name	Range
Lamellidea monodonta	Bonin Islands, Japan^[191]^[192]
Lamellidea nakadai	Bonin Islands, Japan^[191]^[192]

Scientific name	Range
Vitrinula chaunax	Bonin Islands, Japan^[193]^[194]^[195]
Vitrinula chichijimana
Vitrinula hahajimana

Scientific name	Range
Gastrocopta chichijimana	Bonin Islands, Japan^[200]^[201]
Gastrocopta ogasawarana	Bonin Islands, Japan^[200]^[201]

Scientific name	Range	Comments	Pictures
Pluchea glutinosa	Socotra, Yemen	Last collected between 1888 and 1899.^[207]
Psiadia schweinfurthii	Socotra, Yemen	Last collected in the 1890s.^[208]

Common name	Scientific name	Range	Comments
Tau bei qi mu	Alnus henryi	Tanshui, Taiwan	Last collected for sure in 1916. Later references could be misidentified Alnus formosiana.^[210]
Gong shan hua	Betula gynoterminalis	Drungzu Nusu Zizhixian, near Gongshan, China	Only known from the holotype collected in 1956. Possibly extinct due to forest clearing and habitat loss.^[211]