Musha'sha'
Emirate of Masha'sha'iya
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The Musha'sha' (also spelled Mosha'sha'; Arabic: المشعشعية) were a Shi'i Arab dynasty based in the town of Huwaizah in Khuzestan,[1] ruling from 1435 to 1736.[2] Initially starting out as a tribal confederation, they gradually transformed into a zealous Isma'ili Shi'i dynasty.[3] The independence of the Musha'sha' was put to an end in 1508 by the Safavid shah Ismail I (r. 1501–1524), who claimed to be the only legitimate Shi'i ruler.[1] Following this, the Musha'sha' remained compliant, typically serving as valis or governors under Persian suzerainty for the following centuries.[4]
Emirate of Masha'sha'iya إمارة المشعشعية عربستان | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1435–1736 | |||||||||||||||
Arabic map of the Musha'sha'iya dynasty at its greatest extent Long-term influence
Short-term influence
 Invasions between 1450–1457 AD Invasions between 1457–1463 AD Invasions between 1477–1479 | |||||||||||||||
| Capital | Huwaizah | ||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Arabic, Persian | ||||||||||||||
| Religion | Shia Islam | ||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||
| Sayyid Sultan Emir | |||||||||||||||
• 1436–1461 | Muhammad ibn Falah | ||||||||||||||
• 1719–1736 | Muhammad III Ibn Abdullah | ||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
History
The Musha'sha' were founded and led by Muhammad ibn Falah, an Iraqi-born theologian who believed himself to be the earthly representative of Ali and the Mahdi. From the middle of the 15th century to the 19th century, they came to dominate much of western Khuzestan in southwestern Iran.
Beginning in 1436, Ibn Falah spread his messianic beliefs amongst the less powerful Arab tribes along the area of the present-day border of Iraq and Iran, gaining converts in an attempt to forge a strong tribal alliance.[5] In 1441, they succeeded in capturing the city of Huwaizah in Khuzestan, and during the following ten years the Musha‘sha’iyyah increased their strength and consolidated their power in the area around the city and the Tigris. These early military ambitions were fueled by Muhammad ibn Falah's zealous millenarian theology, which continued to significantly influence the later military campaigns of the Musha‘sha’iyyah decades after his death.
Successors of Ibn Falah were in continual conflict with the Safavid rulers as well as with Arab tribes until overcome by the Safavids in 1508.[6] The conflict with the Safavids was driven not only by politics and territorial domination, but also by theological differences and competition between two rival Shia schools of thought.[citation needed] According to Moojan Momen, both sects adhered to heterodox (ghuluww) Shi'i beliefs.[dubious – discuss][6][better source needed]
According to the order's Islamic eschatology, the Mahdi will appear at the end times in Yemen to lead the forces of good in a struggle against the forces of evil, who will be based in Syria and Khorasan. The Musha‘sha’iyyah believed that the end times were imminent and that they would need to defeat the Safavids and gain control of Iran in order to fulfill the prophecy heralded by ibn Falah.
The Musha‘sha’iyyah gradually abandoned their heretical beliefs and were absorbed to mainstream Twelver Shia orthodoxy. Like other mystical Shia sects[which?], they placed a great deal of importance upon poetry and art.[citation needed]
Unreferenced sources indicate that their rule ended towards the 19th century with the rise to power of the Banu Ka'b, which, under the leadership of Jabir al-Ka'abi, had become the dominant power in the western region of Iran. However, Momen writes that by the 16th century they were already reduced to being the governors of Khuzestan.[6]