Outline of the Greek genocide

Below is an outline of Wikipedia articles related to the Greek genocide and closely associated events^[a] and explanatory articles.^[b] The topical outline is accompanied by a chronological outline of events. References are provided for background and overview.

LocationOttoman Empire

Date1913–1923

TargetOttoman Greeks

Attack type

Deportation, mass murder, death march

Quick facts Outline of the Greek genocide, Location ...

Outline of the Greek genocide
Part of World War I, the Aftermath of World War I, and the Armenian genocide
Greek civilians mourn their dead relatives, Great Fire of Smyrna, 1922
Location	Ottoman Empire
Date	1913–1923
Target	Ottoman Greeks
Attack type	Deportation, mass murder, death march
Deaths	300,000–900,000^[1]
Perpetrators	Ottoman Empire, Turkish National Movement
Motive	Anti-Greek sentiment, Turkification, Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians

Close

Quick facts Greek genocide, Background ...

Greek genocide
Background
Young Turk Revolution, Ottoman Greeks, Pontic Greeks, Ottoman Empire
The genocide
Labour battalions, Death march, Pontic Greek genocide, Phocaea massacre, Evacuation of Ayvalik, İzmit massacres, 1914 Greek deportations, Samsun deportations, Amasya trials, Burning of Smyrna
Foreign aid and relief
Relief Committee for Greeks of Asia Minor, American Committee for Relief in the Near East
Responsible parties
Young Turks or Committee of Union and Progress Three Pashas: Talat, Enver, Djemal Bahaeddin Şakir, Teskilati Mahsusa or Special Organization, Nureddin Pasha, Topal Osman, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
See also
Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922), Greeks in Turkey, Population Exchange, Greek refugees, Armenian genocide, Assyrian genocide, Diyarbekir genocide, Istanbul trials of 1919–1920, Malta Tribunals
v t e

Close

The Greek Genocide was the mass killings and deportations of Greeks in the Ottoman Empire by Turkish forces. It resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Greeks, including the extermination of Pontian and Anatolian Greeks, the destruction of Smyrna, and widespread ethnic cleansing in Greek areas of Asia Minor.^[3]

The Greek and Armenian Genocides are considered part of the more extensive period of mass killings and ethnic cleansing of Christian populations in the Ottoman Empire at the beginning of the 20th century. Both genocides were carried out by the Ottoman government and Turkish nationalist forces and involved mass killings, forced deportations, and population transfers. The events have been recognized as a genocide by numerous countries but have not been officially recognized by the Turkish government.^[4]^[5]

Overviews

Lists

Background

Chronological outline of events

Below is a chronological outline of events related to the Greek genocide. This is intended to provide historical context for the articles about the Greek genocide. References are provided for background and overview information; for more references, see individual articles.^[6]^[7]

12–18 June 1914: The Massacre of Phocaea was a mass killing of the Greek population of the town of Phocaea (now Foça) in western Turkey, during the Greek Genocide. The massacre took place in June 1914, and was part of a larger pattern of violence and atrocities committed against the Greek population in Anatolia by Ottoman forces and Turkish nationalist groups before during and after World War I.

1 August 1914: The First World War begins.^[8]^[9]

29 October 1914 – 1 November 1914: The Ottoman Empire joined the war on the side of the Central Powers.^[10]^[11]

1915: The Ottoman government implements a policy of genocide against minority groups, including Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians. Thousands of Greeks living in the Ottoman Empire are forcibly relocated and subjected to mass killings and atrocities.^[12]^[13]

17 February 1915 to 9 January 1916: The Allied forces invade the Gallipoli Peninsula; Turkish forces use this as an excuse for further violence against non-combatant Greek and Armenian civilians in the Ottoman Empire.^[14]^[15]

1916: The Samsun deportations were a series of forced migrations of the Greek population of the city of Samsun in northern Turkey, during the Greek Genocide. The deportations took place in 1916, as part of a larger campaign by the Ottoman government to deport and exterminate the Greek population in Anatolia.^[16]

November 1918: The Armistice of 11 November 1918 ends the fighting of World War I and sets the stage for the Paris Peace Conference.^[17]

15 May 1919 – 11 October 1922: The Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) begins, leading to the forced relocation and extermination of thousands of Greeks in Asia Minor.^[18]

15–16 May 1919: The Greek landing at Smyrna was the arrival of Greek forces in the city of Smyrna^[c] in May 1919, during the aftermath of World War I. The landing was part of a larger military intervention by the Allies, including Greece, aimed at protecting the significant Greek minority in the region and ensuring stability in the aftermath of the war. The intervention was controversial and led to conflict with the Turkish National Movement, which was fighting for independence and establishing a new Turkish state. The events in Smyrna and surrounding areas were contemporary with the outbreak of the Greco-Turkish War.^[19]^[20]

May–June 1919: The İzmit massacres were a series of violent attacks that took place in the city of İzmit in northwestern Turkey during the Greek genocide. The massacres occurred in May and June 1919 and targeted the Greek community in the city, resulting in widespread violence and loss of life.^[21] An Inter-Allied Commission of Enquiry that investigated the incidents in the region generally accepted the claims by Greek authorities that 32 villages had been looted or burned, and that more than 12,000 local civilians had been massacred by Turkish forces, and 2,500 were missing.^[22]

June 1919: The Treaty of Versailles is signed, officially ending the First World War and leading to the formation of the League of Nations.^[23]^[24]

1919-1920: The Istanbul trials of 1919–1920 were a series of military tribunals held in Istanbul (then Constantinople), Turkey, following the end of World War I. The trials were aimed at punishing Ottoman government officials and military leaders for their role in the mass extermination and forced migrations of the Armenian, Greek, and Assyrian populations in Anatolia during and after the war. The trials were organized by the Allies, who had defeated the Ottoman Empire in World War I. They were held in response to the widespread and systematic atrocities committed against minority communities in Anatolia, including the Armenian Genocide and the Greek Genocide.^[25]^[26]

October 1919 – January 1920: The Amasya trials were a series of military tribunals held in the city of Amasya, Turkey, in the aftermath of World War I. The trials were held between October 1919 and January 1920, and aimed to prosecute Ottoman officials who were accused of committing war crimes and crimes against humanity during the war and its aftermath. The trials were held in response to widespread reports of violence and atrocities committed against ethnic and religious minorities, including Armenians, Greeks, and Assyrians, during the war and in the years following the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.^[25]^[26]

1920–1921: The Yalova Peninsula massacres were a series of massacres during 1920–1921, the majority of which occurred during March – May 1921. They were committed by local Greeks and Armenians with the invading Hellenic Army, against the Muslim population of the Armutlu Peninsula.^[27]^[28]

May 1922: Evacuation of Ayvalik was a forced deportation of Greek residents from the town of Ayvalik in northwestern Turkey. The evacuation took place in May 1922, as part of a larger effort by the Ottoman government to expel the Greek population from Anatolia and erase their cultural heritage.^[29]^[30]

5–8 September 1922: The Fire of Manisa refers to the burning of the town of Manisa, Turkey, which started on the night of Tuesday, 5 September 1922 and continued until 8 September. The fire was started by the retreating Greek Army during the Greco-Turkish War, and as a result, 90 percent of the buildings in the town were destroyed.^[31]^[32]

9 September 1922: Turkish capture and occupation of Smyrna^[33]

13–22 September 1922: Burning of Smyrna. The city of Smyrna (now İzmir) in western Turkey was the site of one of the largest and most violent massacres of the Greek Genocide. The city, which had a predominantly Greek and Armenian population, was set ablaze by Turkish military forces after a week-long siege, resulting in widespread destruction and loss of life.^[34]^[35]^[33]

11 October 1922:^[d] The Armistice of Mudanya effectively ends the Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922).^[17]

1 November 1922 : The Ottoman Empire is dissolved by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the modern Turkish state is established. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk becomes the first president of Turkey.^[17]

July 1923: The Treaty of Lausanne between the successor powers in the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I is signed on 24 July 1923 and ratified in Turkey on 23 August 1923. The Republic of Turkey was formally declared on 29 October 1923. The treaty defined the borders of the new Turkish state and settled various territorial and financial disputes between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies. The treaty effectively ended the Ottoman Empire and provided a path for the establishment of the modern nation-state of Turkey. One of the most significant provisions of the treaty was the compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey, which resulted in the forced relocation of over 1 million Greeks from Anatolia to Greece and over 400,000 Turks from Greece to Turkey. The population exchange was intended to resolve the ethnic tensions that had arisen during and after World War I, and to create homogeneous nation-states in Greece and Turkey. The Treaty of Lausanne was signed by representatives of the government of Turkey and the Allies (Great Britain, France, Italy, and Japan).^[36]

Individuals

List of high-ranking commanders of the Turkish War of Independence

Entities

Locations

Documents and agreements

Convention Concerning the Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations

Works about

Bibliography

References

Notes

[a]
For example articles related to the Armenian genocide.
[b]
For example articles related to geography.
[c]
Smyrna is now the location of İzmir, Turkey
[d]
Greece accepted the terms of the Armistice of Mudanya on October 13, 1922.

Citations

[1]
Sjöberg, Erik (2016). The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe. Berghahn Books. p. 234. ISBN 978-1-78533-326-2. Activists tend to inflate the overall total of Ottoman Greek deaths, from the cautious estimates between 300,000 to 700,000...
[2]
"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938)".
[3]
Morris, B.; Ze'evi, D. (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press.
[4]
Akçam, T. (2018). "The Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe. By Eric Sjöberg. New York: Berghahn Books, 2017. 255 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Glossary". Slavic Review. 77 (2). Cambridge University Press: 503–504. doi:10.1017/slr.2018.151. ISSN 0037-6779. S2CID 166199078.
[5]
Meichanetsidis, Vasileios Th (2015). "The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923". Genocide Studies International. 9 (1): 104–173. doi:10.3138/gsi.9.1.06. JSTOR 26986016. S2CID 154870709.
[6]
Morris, B.; Ze'evi, D. (2019). "Chapter 9: Turks and Greeks, 1919–1924". The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press.
[7]
Suny, R. G. (22 March 2015). "They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide. Princeton University Press. pp. 211–213, 246–327.
[8]
McMeekin, S. (2013). July 1914: Countdown to War. Basic Books.
[9]
Tuchman, B. (1962). Guns Of August: The Drama of August 1914. Random House.
[10]
Aksakal, M. (2008). The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War. Cambridge University Press.
[11]
Aksan, V. (2021). "Epilogue: 1914–1923". The Ottomans 1700–1923: An Empire Besieged. Routledge.
[12]
Morris, B.; Ze'evi, D. (2019). "Chapter 6: A Policy of Genocide". The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press.
[13]
Kieser, H.-L.; Anderson, M. L.; Bayraktar, S.; Schmutz, T., eds. (2019). The End of the Ottomans: The Genocide of 1915 and the Politics of Turkish Nationalism. I.B. Tauris.
[14]
Wolf, K. (2020). Victory at Gallipoli, 1915: The German-Ottoman Alliance in the First World War. Translated by T. P. Iredale. Pen & Sword Military.
[15]
Morris, B.; Ze'evi, D. (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press. pp. 213–288, 388.
[16]
Morris, B.; Ze'evi, D. (2019). The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924. Harvard University Press. pp. 102–129, 149–153, 180–189, 255, 272–275, 302–310.
[17]
Emmerson, C. (2019). "Chapter: 1918". Crucible: The Long End of the Great War and the Birth of a New World, 1917–1924. PublicAffairs.
[18]
Emmerson, C. (2019). "Chapters: 1919, 1920". Crucible: The Long End of the Great War and the Birth of a New World, 1917–1924. PublicAffairs.
[19]
Steiner, Z. (12 May 2005). The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933. Oxford University Press. pp. 254–386.
[20]
Erickson, E. J. (2021). The Turkish War of Independence: A Military History, 1919–1923. Praeger.
[21]
Faltaits, K. (2016). The Genocide of the Greeks in Turkey: Survivor Testimonies From The Nicomedia (Izmit) Massacres of 1920–1921. Cosmos Publishing.
[22]
Inter-Allied Commission of Enquiry (1921). Reports on Atrocities in the Districts of Yalova and Guemlek and in the Ismid Peninsula (Report).
[23]
MacMillan, M.; Holbrooke, R. (29 October 2002). Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World (1st ed.). Random House. ISBN 978-0-375-50826-4.
[24]
Steiner, Z. (12 May 2005). The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933 (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-822114-2.
[25]
Jennifer, B. (2013). "The Ottoman State Special Military Tribunal for the Genocide of the Armenians". In Heller, K.; Simpson, G. (eds.). The Hidden Histories of War Crimes Trials. Oxford University Press. pp. 77–100. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199671144.003.0004. ISBN 978-0-19-967114-4.
[26]
Dadrian, Vahakn N. (1994). "The Documentation of the World War I Armenian Massacres in the Proceedings of the Turkish Military Tribunal". Journal of Political & Military Sociology. 22 (1): 97–131. JSTOR 45331939.
[27]
Gingeras, Ryan (2009). Sorrowful Shores:Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912–1923. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-160979-4.
[28]
Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1970). The Western Question in Greece and Turkey:A Study in the Contact of Civilizations. H. Fertig, originally: University of California. pp. 283–284. ISBN 978-0-86527-209-5.
[29]
Freely, John (2010). Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy. I.B. Tauris. pp. 205–206. ISBN 978-1-84511-941-6.
[30]
Korma, Eleni (2003). "Ιστορία, μνήμη και ταυτότητα των προσφύγων: λογοτεχνικές αφηγήσεις για τη μικρασιατική καταστροφή". ir.lib.uth.gr (in Greek). University of Thessaly. Archived from the original on 7 May 2018. Retrieved 6 May 2018.
[31]
Emecen, Feridun Mustafa (2006). Tarihin içinde Manisa. Manisa Belediyesi. p. 6. ISBN 978-975-95506-0-8.
[32]
Freely, John (2010). Children of Achilles: The Greeks in Asia Minor Since the Days of Troy. I.B. Tauris. p. 212. ISBN 978-1-84511-941-6.
[33]
Naimark, N. M. (2001). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00313-2.
[34]
Shirinian, G. N., ed. (2017). "The Destruction of Symrna: An Armenian and Greek shared tragedy". Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913–1923. Berghahn Books.
[35]
McMeekin, S. (2015). "Chapter 20: Smyrna". The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution, and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923. Penguin Books.
[36]
Shields, Sarah (2013). "The Greek-Turkish Population Exchange: Internationally Administered Ethnic Cleansing". Middle East Report (267): 2–6. JSTOR 24426444.