Outline of computing

Instruction-level taxonomies

After the commoditization of memory, attention turned to optimizing CPU performance at the instruction level. Various methods of speeding up the fetch-execute cycle include:

• designing instruction set architectures with simpler, faster instructions: RISC as opposed to CISC
• Superscalar instruction execution
• VLIW architectures, which make parallelism explicit

Wired and wireless computer network

• Types
  • Wide area network
  • Metropolitan area network
  • City Area Network
  • Village Area Network
  • Local area network
    • Wireless local area network
• Mesh networking
• Collaborative workspace
• Internet
• Network management

Computing technology based wireless networking (CbWN)

The main goal of CbWN is to optimize the system performance of the flexible wireless network.

• Source coding
  • Codebook design for side information based transmission techniques such as Precoding
  • Wyner-Ziv coding for cooperative wireless communications
• Security
  • Dirty paper coding for cooperative multiple antenna or user precoding
• Intelligence
  • Game theory for wireless networking
  • Cognitive communications
  • Flexible sectorization, Beamforming and SDMA
• Software
  • Software defined radio (SDR)
  • Programmable air-interface
  • Downloadable algorithm: e.g., downloadable codebook for Precoding

Numeric data

• Integral data types – bit, byte, etc.
• Real data types:
  • Floating point (Single precision, Double precision, etc.)
  • Fixed point
  • Rational number
• Decimal
  • Binary-coded decimal (BCD)
  • Excess-3 BCD (XS-3)
  • Biquinary-coded decimal
• representation: Binary – Octal – Decimal – Hexadecimal (hex)
• Computer mathematics – Computer numbering formats

Character data

• storage: Character – String – text
  • representation: ASCII – Unicode – Multibyte – EBCDIC (Widecharacter, Multicharacter) – FIELDATA – Baudot

Other data topics

• Data compression
• Digital signal processing
• Image processing
• Data management
• Routing
• Data Protection Act

Companies – current

• Apple
• Asus
• Avaya
• Dell
• Fujitsu
• Gateway Computers
• Groupe Bull
• HCL
• Hewlett-Packard
• Hitachi, Ltd.
• Intel Corporation
• IBM
• Lenovo
• Microsoft
• NEC Corporation
• Novell
• Panasonic
• Red Hat
• Silicon Graphics
• Sun Microsystems
• Unisys

Companies – historic

• Acorn, bought by Olivetti
• Amdahl Corporation, bought by Fujitsu
• Bendix Corporation
• Burroughs Corporation, merged with Sperry to become Unisys
• Compaq, bought by Hewlett-Packard
• Control Data
• Cray
• Data General
• Digital Equipment Corporation, bought by Compaq, later bought by Hewlett-Packard
• Digital Research – produced system software for early Intel microprocessor-based computers
• Elliott Brothers
• English Electric Company
• Ferranti
• General Electric, computer division bought by Honeywell, then Bull
• Honeywell, computer division bought by Bull
• ICL
• Leo
• Lisp Machines, Inc.
• Marconi
• Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems produced the first widely sold microcomputer system (kit and assembled)
• Nixdorf Computer, bought by Siemens
• Norsk Data
• Olivetti
• Osborne
• Packard Bell
• PERQ
• Prime Computer
• Raytheon
• Royal McBee
• RCA
• Scientific Data Systems, sold to Xerox
• Siemens
• Sinclair Research, created the ZX Spectrum, ZX80, and ZX81
• Southweat Technical products Corporation produced microcomputers systems (kit and assembled), peripherals, and software based on Motorola 6800 and 6809 microcomputer chips
• Sperry, which bought UNIVAC, and later merged with Burroughs to become Unisys
• Symbolics
• UNIVAC
• Varian Data Machines, a division of Varian Associates which was bought by Sperry
• Wang

Professional organizations

• Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
• Association for Survey Computing (ASC)
• British Computer Society (BCS)
• Canadian Information Processing Society (CIPS)
• Computer Measurement Group (CMG)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), in particular the IEEE Computer Society
• Institution of Electrical Engineers
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

Standards bodies

• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Open standards bodies

See also Open standard

• Apdex Alliance – Application Performance Index
• Application Response Measurement (ARM)