Peng'im
Romanization for the Teochew language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Peng'im[1][a] is a Teochew language romanization system, developed as part of the Guangdong Romanization published by the Guangdong Provincial Education Department in 1960. The system is based on the Swatow dialect. It uses the Latin alphabet, with numbers to denote tones.
Before it was developed, another system called Pe̍h-ūe-jī, which was introduced by missionaries in 1875, had been widely used. Since Teochew has high phonetic similarity with Hokkien, another Southern Min variety, Pe̍h-ōe-jī and Tâi-lô can also be used to transcribe Teochew.
Alphabet
This system uses the Latin alphabet, and includes the letter ê. It does not include f, j, q, v, w, x, or y.
Initials
There are 18 initial consonants. This includes the zero initial, which is not written with a letter in Peng'im, but is included in the table below as a glottal stop.
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Voiced (no frictions) | nasal | m [m] 毛 | n [n] 年 | ng [ŋ] 雅 | |
| plosive or lateral | bh [b] 米 | l [l] 來/內 | gh [g] 鵝/牙 | ||
| Voiceless stops | aspirated | p [pʰ] 皮 | t [tʰ] 臺 | k [kʰ] 可 | |
| plain | b [p] 比 | d [t] 都 | g [k] 歌 | [ʔ] | |
| Voiceless affricates | aspirated | c [tsʰ] 菜 | |||
| plain | z [ts] 書 | ||||
| Fricatives | s [s] 士/速 | h [h] 海/系 | |||
| r [(d)z] 爾 | |||||
Finals
There are 59 finals:
| Finals of Teochew | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Classes | Open vowel | Mid vowel | Close vowel |
| Open Syllable | i [i] 衣 | u [u] 汙 | |
| a [a] 亞 | ia [ia] 呀 | ua [ua] 娃 | |
| o [o] 窩 | io [io] 腰 | ||
| ê [e] 啞 | uê [ue] 鍋 | ||
| e [ɯ] 余 | |||
| ai [ai] 哀 | uai [uai] 歪 | ||
| oi [oi] 鞋 | ui [ui] 威 | ||
| ao [au] 歐 | |||
| ou [ou] 烏 | iou [iou] 夭 | ||
| iu [iu] 憂 | |||
| Nasal vowel | in [ĩ] 丸 | ||
| an [ã] 噯 | ian [ĩã] 營 | uan [ũã] 鞍 | |
| ion [ĩõ] 羊 | |||
| ên [ẽ] 楹 | |||
| en [ɯ̃] 秧 | |||
| ain [ãĩ] 愛 | |||
| oin [õĩ] 閑 | |||
| Nasal Coda | im [im] 音 | ||
| am [am][庵][2] | iam [iam] 淹 | uam [uam] 凡 | |
| ing [iŋ] 因 | ung [uŋ] 溫 | ||
| ang [aŋ] 按 | iang [iaŋ] 央 | uang [uaŋ] 汪 | |
| ong [oŋ] 翁 | iong [ioŋ] 雍 | ||
| êng [eŋ] 英 | |||
| Checked tone | ih [iʔ] 裂 | ||
| ah [aʔ] 鴨 | iah [iaʔ] 益 | uah [uaʔ] 活 | |
| oh [oʔ] 學 | ioh [ioʔ] 約 | ||
| êh [eʔ] 厄 | |||
| oih [oiʔ] 狹 | |||
| ib [ip̚] 邑 | |||
| ab [ap̚] 盒 | iab [iap̚] 壓 | uab [uap̚] 法 | |
| ig [ik̚] 乙 | ug [uk̚] 熨 | ||
| ag [ak̚] [惡][2] | iag [iak̚] 躍 | uag [uak̚] 蕕[獲][2] | |
| og [ok̚] 屋 | iog [iok̚] 育 | ||
| êg [ek̚] 液 | |||
Tones
Tone is notated as a numeric superscript following the syllable.[3][4] For example:
- 詩 – si1
- 死 – si2
- 世 – si3
- 薛 – sih4
Differences in rime
This is a list of differences in rime in dialects of Teochew by regions. Tone in Raoping is almost same as in Swatow.[5] Only general differences are listed, some certain distinctions of certain words are not listed.
| Swatow | Raoping | Chaozhou | Chenghai | Puning[6] | Jieyang | Chaoyang | Haifeng | Examples |
| e | e | u | i | 餘，許，豬，祠 | ||||
| oi | ôi | ei | 鞋 | |||||
| uin | ui | ui | uain | 跪，櫃 | ||||
| oin | oin/êng | ain | ain | ain | ain | 閒，殿 | ||
| oih | eih | 狹 | ||||||
| iao/iou | iao | iou | iou | io/iao | 搖，要 | |||
| io | ie | ie | io | 腰 | ||||
| ion | ien | ien | ion | 羊 | ||||
| ioh | ieh | ieh | ioh | 借，惜，藥，石 | ||||
| am[am] | ang[aŋ] | am[am] | 庵 | |||||
| ab[ap] | ag[ak] | ap | 盒 | |||||
| iam[iam] | iem[iem] | iang[iaŋ] | iam[iam] | 嚴 | ||||
| iab[iap] | ieb[iep] | iag [iak] | iap | 壓 | ||||
| im[im] | ing [iŋ] | im | 音 | |||||
| ib[ip] | ig [ik] | ip | 溼 | |||||
| ang[aŋ] | ang | 安 | ||||||
| ag [ak] | âk | 達 | ||||||
| iang[iaŋ] | iêng[ieŋ] | iang | 仙 | |||||
| iag [iak] | iêg[iek] | iâk | 傑，設 | |||||
| uang[uaŋ] | uêng[ueŋ] | uâng | 全，完，緣，彎 | |||||
| uag [uak] | uêg [uek] | uâk | 粵 | |||||
| eng [ɯŋ] | eng/ing | êng/ung | êng[eŋ] | ing[iŋ] | ng/eng | 斤 | ||
| eg [ɯk] | êg [ek] | êg [ek] | ig[ik] | 乞 | ||||
| ing[iŋ] | ing | êng[eŋ] | in[in] | 因 | ||||
| ung[uŋ] | ung | un[un] | 溫 |