List of rulers of Gwynedd

First Dynasty of Gwynedd

• Cunedda (c. 450 – c. 460).^[1]
• Einion Yrth ap Cunedda (Einion the Impetuous) (c. 470 – c. 480).^[2]
  • Owain Danwyn (Owain Whitetooth) ap Einion (Rhos; late 5th century).^[3]
  • Cuneglasus (Rhos) and Saint Einion (Llŷn) ap Owain (late 5th and early 6th centuries).^[4]
• Cadwallon Lawhir ap Einion (Cadwallon Long Hand) (c. 500 – c. 534).^[5]
• Maelgwn Gwynedd (c. 520 – c. 547).^[6]
• Rhun Hir ap Maelgwn (Rhun the Tall) (c. 547 – c. 580).^[7]
• Beli ap Rhun (c. 580 – c. 599).^[7]
• Iago ap Beli (c. 599 – c. 616).^[8]
• Cadfan ap Iago (c. 616 – c. 625).^[9]
• Cadwallon ap Cadfan (c. 625 – 634).^[10]
• Cadafael, King of Gwynedd (Cadfael the Battle-Shirker) (634 – c. 655).^[11]
• Cadwaladr (Cadwallader the Blessed) (c. 655 – c. 682).^[12]
• Idwal Iwrch (Idwal the Roebuck) (c. 682 – c. 720).^[13]
• Rhodri Molwynog (Rhodri the Bald and Grey) (c. 720 – c. 754)^[14]
• Caradog ap Meirion (c. 754 – c. 798).^[15]
• Cynan Dindaethwy (c. 798 – c. 816).^[16]
• Hywel ap Caradog (c. 816 – c. 825).^[17]

Merfynion (Second Dynasty of Gwynedd)

• Merfyn Frych (825–844).^[18]
• Rhodri Mawr (Rhodri the Great) (844–878).^[19]
• Anarawd ap Rhodri (878–916)^[20]
• Idwal Foel ab Anarawd (Idwal the Bald) (916–942).^[21]
• Hywel Dda (Howell the Good) (942–950) (descended from the second son of Rhodri Mawr who ruled in Deheubarth, usurps Gwynedd from the Aberffraw line).^[22]
• Iago ab Idwal (950–979).^[23]
• Ieuaf ab Idwal (950–969).^[24]
• Hywel ap Ieuaf (979–985).^[25]
• Cadwallon ab Ieuaf (985–986).^[25]
• Maredudd ab Owain (986–999) House of Dinefwr seizes Gwynedd.^[26]
• Cynan ap Hywel (999–1005) Returns to the House of Aberffraw briefly.^[27]

Non-dynastic rulers

• Aeddan ap Blegywryd (1005–1018) (minor commote lord usurps Gwynedd from the Aberffraw dynasty).^[28]
• Llywelyn ap Seisyll (1018–1023) (Rhuddlan dynasty in lower Gwynedd usurps from Aeddan ap Blegywryd).^[29]
• Iago ab Idwal ap Meurig (1023–1039) (Merfynion).^[23]

• Gruffudd ap Llywelyn (1039–1063) (Llywelyn's son Gruffydd usurps from Aberffraw dynasty).^[30]
• Bleddyn ap Cynfyn (1063–1075) and Rhiwallon ap Cynfyn (1063–1070) [co-rulers] (Mathrafal dynasty of Powys "receives" Gwynedd from the English King).^[31]
• Trahaearn ap Caradog (1075–1081).^[32]

Second Dynasty of Gwynedd (restored)

• Gruffudd ap Cynan (1081–1137) (House of Aberffraw returns).^[33]
• Owain Gwynedd (1137–1170).^[34]
• Hywel ab Owain Gwynedd r. 1170; killed by his younger brother Dafydd ab Owain in a conspiracy hatched by his stepmother Cristin, dowager princess of Gwynedd, and her sons Dafydd and Rhodri ab Owain.^[35]
• Dafydd ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1195), displaced elder brother Hywel ap Owain Gwynedd, but was himself displaced from Upper Gwynedd c. 1173 ruling only lower Gwynedd until displaced by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth in 1198. England recognized Dafydd as Prince of Gwynedd, though Welsh jurists did not.^[36]
  • Rhodri ab Owain Gwynedd (1175–1194, 1194–1195)^[37]
  • Maelgwn ab Owain Gwynedd (1170–1173)^[38]