Sa Kaeo province

The Khao Rang inscription (K. 505), dated 561 śaka, that is 639 CE, was found near the Thai-Cambodian border in what is now this province. It commemorates gifts to a Buddhist vihāra. Nicolas Revire cites it among the evidence for Buddhists living in the Chenla sphere in the seventh and eighth centuries.^[5]: 399 Chaowanee Lekkla lists three further inscriptions from the province among twenty-four referred to Zhēnlà. Chong Sa Chaeng, Pch. 5, stands by brick ruins and a brick pond on a pass over the Banthat range, 400 km north-west of Sambor Prei Kuk. Khao Noi, Pch. 16, is dated 637, and Ban Kut Tae, Pch. 26, is dated 635 to 640 and was probably moved from the Khao Noi hill.^{[6]: 89–97} A sixth-century lintel stands on the northern shrine of Prasat Khao Noi.^[6]: 80

Later inscriptions carry the record into the Angkorian period. K. 957, from Ban Phang Phuay, is dated 941 and issued in the name of Rajendravarman; K. 232, of 1016, is cut on the door frame of Prasat Khao Lon; and K. 235, of 1052, is the Sdok Kok Thom stone, cut in the reign of Udayadityavarman II.^[7]: 7 Patcharaporn Ngernkerd and colleagues read that group, with K. 233, K. 999 and K. 1152, as evidence that Ta Phraya in the north of the province was administered directly from Angkor.^[7]: 5 In their survey of fifteen moated sites in eastern Thailand, Mueang Phai in Aranyaprathet district is one of four central towns, measuring 1.28 km² within its moat and rectangular with rounded corners in plan.^[7]: 9

Sa Kaeo became a province in 1993, when the six districts Sa Kaeo, Khlong Hat, Wang Nam Yen, Aranyaprathet, Ta Phraya, and Watthana Nakhon of Prachinburi province were elevated to provincial status.^[8] It is thus one of the four newest provinces of Thailand, together with Amnat Charoen, Nong Bua Lamphu, and most recently, Bueng Kan.

The province is overwhelmingly Theravada Buddhist (99.4 percent).^[9]

In 1979 Sa Kaeo Refugee Camp was established northwest of Sa Kaeo town. It closed in 1989, but the legacy of the border clashes of the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s is ever present. The largest land mine field in the world was planted along the Thai-Cambodia border according to some experts. Almost 4,000 people have been injured or killed by landmines in Thailand since the border battles, 19 of them in 2017 alone. According to a survey conducted in 2001, 27 of Thailand's 76 provinces were plagued with land mines, impacting more than 530 communities and some 500,000 people. Thailand still has approximately 409 km² of mined area to clear scattered around the country. With an annual clearance rate of about one km² between 2011 and 2015 the problem will not soon disappear.^[10]

The name Sa Kaeo, literally 'crystal pond', refers to two ponds (Sa Kaeo Sa Khwan) containing water thought to be sacred once used for the coronation ceremony. The name of the province originated with this place, now the ponds lie inside a public park next to Mueang Sa Kaeo Municipality Office.^[11]

The north of the province is covered with the forested mountains of the Sankamphaeng Range and the Dangrek Mountains. The total forest area in 2021 is 1,506 km² (581 sq mi) or 22 percent of provincial area.^[12] To the south are the foothills of the Cardamom Mountains, which are mostly deforested.

The provincial seal shows the sun rising over archaeological ruins, Prasat Khao Noi Si Chompu, a significant Khmer temple.^[14] The rising sun symbolizes the location of the province in the east. In the front is a Buddha image in a pond with lotus flowers.^[15]

The provincial tree is Phyllanthus emblica. The provincial flower is the Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata). The provincial aquatic life is Leptobarbus hoevenii.

The provincial slogan is "Frontier of the east, beautiful forests, splendid waterfalls, ancient civilisations, Thai-Cambodian commerce".

Health	Education	Employment	Income
44	55	62	62
Housing	Family	Transport	Participation
5	49	75	44
Province Sa Kaeo, with an HAI 2022 value of 0.6207 is "low", occupies place 66 in the ranking.

Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has tracked progress on human development at sub-national level using the Human achievement index (HAI), a composite index covering all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this task since 2017.^[3]

Map with provinces and HAI 2022 rankings