King of the Akkadian Empire
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Shu-turul (Shu-durul, 𒋗𒄙𒄒, shu-tur2-ul3[1][2] also Šu-Turul; died c. 2154 BC) was the last king of Akkad, ruling for 15 years according to the Sumerian king list.[3] It indicates that he succeeded his father Dudu. A few artifacts, seal impressions etc. attest that he held sway over a greatly reduced Akkadian territory that included Kish, Tutub, Nippur, and Eshnunna. The Diyala River also bore the name "Shu-durul" at the time.[4]
Map depicting ancient cities of Sumer. The area under the control of Shu-Turul was an area that contained Kish, Tutub, Nippur, and Eshunna.
The king list asserts that Akkad was then conquered, and the hegemony returned to Uruk following his reign.[5] It further lists six names of an Uruk dynasty; however only two of these six rulers, Ur-nigin and Ur-gigir, have been confirmed through archaeology. With Akkad's collapse, the Gutians, who had established their capital at Adab, became the regional power, though several of the southern city-states such as Uruk, Ur, and Lagash also declared independence around this time.[6]
Inscriptions
A few inscriptions in his name are known.[7][8] One, on an administrative clay sealing found at Kish reads:
A clay sealing of Shu-turl was found at Nippur.[10] Another reading "[S]u-Turul, the [m]ighty, [ki]ng of [Aga]de: ... [(is) his servant]." was found at Tell Asmar.[7]
A votive mace, made of dark green marble,[11][12] is also known with an inscription mentioning Shu-turul and the dedication of a temple to Nergal:
Votive mace of Shu-turul, with an inscription with his name on the flange. Room 56, display case 11, British Museum[13][12]
M. Molina, "The palace of Adab during the Sargonic period", D. Wicke (ed.), Der Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, pp. 151-20, 2019
Gibson, McGuire, "A Re-Evaluation of the Akkad Period in the Diyala Region on the Basis of Recent Excavations at Nippur and in the Hamrin", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 86, no. 4, pp. 531–38, 1982
Kogan, L. and Markina, K., "R. Hasselbach. Sargonic Akkadian. A Historical and Comparative Study of the Syllabic Texts", Babel und Bibel 3: Annual of Ancient Near Eastern, Old Testament and Semitic Studies, edited by Leonid E. Kogan, Natalia Koslova, Sergey Loesov and Serguei Tishchenko, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 555-588, 2006
T. Matney, "Urban planning and the archaeology of society at Early Bronze Age Titris ̧Höyük" In: D. C. Hopkins (Hrsg.), Across the Anatolian Plateau. Readings in the archaeology of ancient Turkey. The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research 57, pp. 19–34, Boston, 2002
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Shu-turul in the Akkadian family tree
