Timeline of the Ère des attentats

Timeline From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This page presents all events related to the Ère des attentats (English: Era of Attacks) from 1892 to 1894.

General overview

This timeline is largely based on the list provided by Hélène Millot,[1] with additional references from the more comprehensive works of John M. Merriman and Vivien Bouhey. The start and end dates of the period follow Millot's framework, beginning with the Saint-Germain bombing (11 March 1892) and ending with the massacre of anarchist convicts (22 October 1894).[1] However, Bouhey offers a broader perspective, considering the period from 1890 to 1894, which is not adopted here.[2] The Fourmies massacre and the Clichy affair are included in the timeline, as most sources regard these two events as immediate precursors to the Ère des attentats.[3][4]

Events

  Judicial affair - Legal repression
  Anarchist attack
  Execution - Massacre
More information Date, Event ...
Date Event Place Instigator(s) Outcome References
1 May 1891 Massacre at Fourmies France Fourmies
  • Massacre of a dozen peaceful demonstrators in Fourmies
  • 9 dead, at least 35 injured
 [1][4]
1 May 1891 Clichy affair France Paris
  • Violent arrest of three anarchists
  • High-profile trial which radicalised the anarchists through its harshness
 [1][4]
29 February 1892 Saint-Dominique bombing
  • Explosion in a wealthy residence on rue Saint-Dominique, in Paris
  • 0 dead, 0 injured
 [5]
11 March 1892 Saint-Germain bombing
  • Symbolic start of the Ère des attentats
  • They failed to kill or injure Edmond Benoît, the judge presiding over the trial of the accused in the Clichy affair
  • 0 dead, 1 injured.
  • Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism
 [1][4][6]
15 March 1892 Lobau bombing
  • 0 dead, 0 injured.
  • Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism
 [1][6]
27 March 1892 Clichy bombing
  • Ravachol
  • 0 dead, 6 injured.
  • Failed to kill or injure Bulot, the prosecutor in the Clichy affair.
  • Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism
 [1][6]
30 March 1892 Arrest of Ravachol
  • French state
  • French police
  • Jean-Marie Véry
  • After being denounced by the owner of the restaurant Le Véry, Ravachol was arrested.
  • The other members of Ravachol's group had already been arrested.
 [4][7]
25 April 1892 Véry bombing
  • Explosion at the restaurant Le Véry targeting the owner, who was killed.
  • 2 dead, at least 1 injured.
 [1][4]
26 April 1892 First trial of Ravachol
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Rosalie Soubère and Joseph Jas-Béala acquitted. Charles Simon and Ravachol sentenced to penal labour for life.
  • High-profile trial that radicalised the anarchists
 [1][8]
21 June 1892 Second trial of Ravachol France Montbrison
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Ravachol sentenced to death.
 [1]
11 July 1892 Execution of Ravachol
  • French state
  • Ravachol was guillotined.
  • He became a martyr for the anarchists, who radicalised in response to his execution
 [1][9]
August 1892 Carmaux strike France Carmaux
  • French state
  • French army
  • The army intervened in the Carmaux mine to force the workers back to work.
 [10]
22 September 1892 Murder of the Little Pastry Chef France Saint-Denis
  • Henri Meyrueis
  • Bernard Chappuliot
  • David Altéran (?)
  • Murder of the police informant 'Little Pastry Chef' in Saint-Denis.
 [11]
8 November 1892 Carmaux-Bons Enfants bombing France Paris
  • Henry sent a bomb to the headquarters of the Compagnie minière de Carmaux in response to the strike; it exploded at the police station.
  • 5 dead (4 police officers and 1 civilian), no injuries.
  • Most lethal attack of the Ère des attentats.
 [1][12]
13 November 1893 13 November 1893 stabbing
  • Stabbed diplomat Rista Georgievich ‘because he looked bourgeois’.
  • 0 dead, 1 wounded.
  • A founding attack of modern terrorism, one of the first indiscriminate attacks in history.
 [1][13]
9 December 1893 National Assembly bombing
  • Threw his bomb into the French National Assembly.
  • Several people were slightly injured (including Vaillant) but no one was killed. The session of the Assembly continued even after the attack.
 [1][14]
12 December 1893 First loi scélérate ('villainous law') France France
  • French state
  • French lawmakers
 [1][15]
18 December 1893 Second loi scélérate ('villainous law')
  • French state
  • French lawmakers
  • Law against criminal organisations. Any agreement to commit terrorist acts, even if they are not committed, is criminalised.
 [1][15]
1 January 1894 Repression of January and February 1894
  • French state
  • Start of a vast crackdown targeting anarchists, arresting hundreds of them.
  • Radicalizes the anarchists that manage to escape the police, often the most radical ones.
 [16]
10 January 1894 Trial of Auguste Vaillant France Paris
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Auguste Vaillant was condemned to death.
 [1]
5 February 1894 Execution of Auguste Vaillant
  • French state
  • Auguste Vaillant was guillotined.
 [1]
12 February 1894 Café Terminus bombing
  • Émile Henry
  • Attempted to assassinate President Sadi Carnot to avenge Vaillant but failed, choosing instead to detonate his bomb in a Parisian café.
  • A founding act of modern terrorism, one of the first indiscriminate attacks in history.
  • 1 dead, 17 injured.
 [1][13]
15 February 1894 Greenwich Observatory bombing United KingdomGreenwich [17][18]
20 February 1894 20 February bombings France Paris
  • Sought to avenge Ravachol and Henry, who was his friend.
  • Bomb trapped two rooms and asked the police to come.
  • 1 dead (the concierge), 1 injured (a police officer)
 [5]
23 February 1894 Trial of Léon Léauthier
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Léon Léauthier sentenced to life in penal labor.
 [1]
15 March 1894 Madeleine bombing
  • Désiré Pauwels
  • Pauwels went to the Madeleine church with a bomb but blew himself up with it. He probably committed suicide shortly afterwards.
  • 1 dead, Pauwels, 0 injured.
  • Shift from ‘person-based’ terrorism to ‘location-based’ terrorism
 [5][6]
4 April 1894 Foyot bombing [19]
27 April 1894 Trial of Émile Henry
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Émile Henry sentenced to death.
 [1]
19 May 1894 1894 Marseille stabbing France Marseille
  • Nat stabbed a bourgeois on the Quai des Augustins in Marseille to avenge Henry's death sentence.
  • 0 dead, 1 injured.
 [20]
21 May 1894 Execution of Émile Henry France Paris
  • French state
  • Émile Henry is guillotined.
 [1]
24 June 1894 Assassination of Sadi Carnot France Lyon
  • Caserio stabbed and killed the President of the French Republic, Sadi Carnot.
 [1]
24-26 June 1894 1894 anti-Italian riots
  • Following Caserio's assassination, ethnic violence targeting Italians erupts in the city of Lyon.
  • Over the two next days, dozens of Italian owned properties and buildings are ransacked, pillaged or burned down.
 [21]
26 July 1894 Trial of Théodule Meunier France Paris
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Théodule Meunier sentenced to life in penal labour.
 [1]
28 July 1894 Third loi scélérate ('villainous law')
  • French state
  • French lawmakers
  • Ban on anarchist propaganda and press.
 [1][15]
2 August 1894 Trial of Sante Geronimo Caserio France Lyon
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Sante Geronimo Caserio sentenced to death.
 [1]
3 August 1894 Trial of Célestin Nat France Marseille
  • French state
  • French justice system
  • Célestin Nat sentenced to 20 years in penal labour.
 [22][23]
16 August 1894 Execution of Sante Caserio France Lyon
  • French state
  • Caserio was guillotined.
 [22][24]
22 October 1894 Massacre of anarchist convicts France Salvation Islands
  • French state
  • French colonial and concentrationary administration
  • Organization of a plot within the Île Saint-Joseph penal colony to assassinate the anarchist convicts.
  • The massacre resulted in 12 deaths among the prisoners and 4 among the guards. Among the anarchists, Charles Simon and Léon Léauthier were killed.
 [1][25]
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