Uniforms of the Grande Armée

Line Infantry

When in 1792 the War of the First Coalition commenced most of the infantry still wore the white coats of the ancient regime. Nine regiments wore dark blue coats and 14 wore red. Regiments were distinguished by different facing colours and white or yellow buttons. In 1793 all infantry were issued with blue coats with lapels, turnback skirts and waistcoat all in white and red collar and cuffs. The trousers were also white. Regiments were distinguished by their number on the buttons.^[3]

Officers

Until 1812, the generals’ uniforms consisted of a dark blue, double-breasted tunic, which featured a red collar and red lapels when in full dress, while an all-blue version was worn for daily duty. The buttons were gold-colored, and gold embroidery ran around the collar, lapels, and horizontal pocket flaps; this embroidery was single-strand for a General de Brigade and double-strand for a General de Division. In addition, golden epaulettes with heavy bouillon fringe were worn, bearing rank insignia consisting of two five-pointed stars for a General de Brigade, three stars for a General de Division, or crossed marshal’s batons within a ring of silver stars for a Marshal of France. A wide silk sash with gold stripes and gold tassels served as the official insignia; it was knotted on the left side and varied in color depending on rank: white for a Marshal, red for a General de Division, and light blue for a General de Brigade. The uniform was completed by a white waistcoat, white breeches, and high black boots. ^[4]

Colonels wore two gold or silver epaulettes with heavy bouillon fringe, as well as a gold sword knot. Majors also wore two epaulettes in gold or silver, but with fringe in the opposite colors, and a gold sword knot. The uniform of a battalion commander and that of a captain resembled that of a colonel, with only the left epaulette featuring fringe. The adjutant-major, had only the right epaulette adorned with fringe. The lieutenant’s epaulettes were the same as those of the captain but featured a single red line along the epaulette band, while second lieutenants had two red lines on their epaulette bands. Adjutants wore two white-and-yellow lines across the epaulette band, and their epaulette fringes were mixed with red. An exception was made for the officers of the Hussars and the Chasseurs à Cheval, who did not wear epaulets; their ranks were instead indicated by a corresponding number of gold or silver chevrons above the pointed lapels and around the elaborate leg knots of their Hungarian trousers. Unless otherwise specified, the belts and undergarments—consisting of vests and trousers—were white, while the gaiters were white in summer and black in winter.^[4]

Noncommissioned officers wore various stripes and fringes as rank insignia. A Maréchal des logis chef had epaulet fringes in a mix of red and gold-silver, as well as two gold-silver diagonal stripes on a red background on the lower sleeves. A Maréchal des logis was similar, but had only a single gold-silver stripe on the lower sleeves. The Fourrier wore a gold stripe on the left upper arm and two red stripes on an orange background on the lower sleeves. A Corporal also had two red stripes on an orange background on the lower sleeves. Years of service were generally indicated by red chevrons pointing upward on the left upper arm.^[4]

Light infantry

At the start of the Revolutionary Wars, the light infantry wore a dark green tunic cut in the infantry style, with horizontal pockets and white-metal buttons bearing the battalion number inside the loop of a hunting horn. The lapels were green, piped in the regimental color; collars, cuffs, and cuff flaps were either in the regimental color or green. Carabiniers wore red, fringed epaulettes, while chasseurs wore epaulettes in the tunic color, piped in the regimental color. Instead of the usual breeches and long gaiters, the light infantry wore short gaiters that reached only to the middle of the calf, usually with a curved upper edge and often decorated with colored trim and a tassel at the top. The officers’ greatcoats, introduced in 1792, were dark green with a collar in the regimental color.^[5]

Starting in 1793, the blue uniform was introduced for the light infantry in place of the previous green one, although the distinctive features that remained exclusive to the light regiments throughout this period were retained. The 1793 coat resembled that of the line infantry but featured a distinctive cut, including lapels whose lower edges tapered to a point, and almost without exception omitted the buttons and blind buttonholes found beneath the lapels of the line coat. The tunic was dark blue with dark blue lapels, cuffs, and skirts, all edged with white piping; the collar and the rectangular cuff flaps were scarlet, edged with blue (or white) piping, with the flaps bearing three (or occasionally four) buttons. Other forms of lapels were common, either the flapless version with vertical piping, as worn on many infantry coats, or pointed lapels. The lapel flaps were embroidered with insignia in the form of white hunting horns or red grenades for the Carabinieri. The buttons were made of brass, and the pockets were vertical, edged with white piping.^[6]

In addition to their shoulder straps, the Chasseurs also wore green epaulettes; the Carabiniers retained their red epaulettes. Vests were blue, often with white piping (including the pocket edging), and the legwear remained the same as before: dark blue breeches with short gaiters. To better meet the tactical demands of skirmish combat, the long coat was replaced in 1799 with a variant featuring shorter skirts. Officers generally retained the long skirts of the earlier coat. The short tunic remained dark blue, with a scarlet collar and lapels; pointed lapels, as worn by some regiments, were either blue or scarlet. The piping was white, with the same insignia on the lapels as before.^[7]

The white-metal buttons featured a hunting horn and the regiment number. In addition to blue shoulder straps with white piping, hunters often continued to wear green epaulettes; carabiniers retained their red epaulettes. The dark blue vest (often double-breasted) sometimes had white piping. Some regiments wore white linen gaiters in the summer, and on campaigns, loose-fitting trousers were common either dark blue (for winter) or white, chamois-colored, or light gray-ochre (for summer) which were worn over the gaiters.^[8]

The voltigeurs wore chamois-colored collars (piped in red or white) and occasionally had other variations in their insignia, such as yellow or chamois-colored cuff flaps or pointed cuffs. Their epaulettes were combinations of yellow, green, or red, with gaiter tassels in the same colors; yellow hunting horns were embroidered on the skirts. The officers’ uniforms resembled those of the enlisted men, but had long coat skirts. The officers’ buttons and lapel insignia were silver-colored; their silver braided epaulettes were identical to those of the line infantry: Colonel thick cord fringe on both shoulders; Major as Colonel, but with gold-embroidered fields; Chef de Bataillon as Colonel, but with fringe only on the left shoulder; Captain with silver fringe only on the left shoulder; Capitaine Adjudant-Major with braided fringe only on the right shoulder; Lieutenant like the Captain, but with a red stripe on the field; Second Lieutenant with two red stripes; Adjudant-Sous-Officier with red fields featuring two silver stripes and mixed red and silver fringe only on the left shoulder.^[9]

The gorget appeared in both gold-plated and silver versions, with the emblems usually made of contrasting metal and depicting the regiment number, the eagle, or the hunting horn; for the Carabiniers, they depicted a grenade or a grenade and a horn. Sergeants and higher ranks wore rank insignia made of silver braid on a red background, silver trim on the lapel badges and epaulet fields, as well as silver threads in the epaulet fringes, shako cords, and saber tassels; occasionally, they also wore insignia on the epaulette field, such as silver grenades for the Carabiniers.^[10]

The last change to the dress regulations came in 1812. From that point on, the uniform consisted of a dark blue tunic with short blue skirts and dark blue lapels closed to the waist, as well as pointed cuffs piped in white. The pockets were piped in white, and the collar was piped in red and blue, with the exception of the Voltigeurs, whose chamois-colored collars were piped in blue. The lapel insignia were red grenades (for the Carabiniers) and white (for the Chasseurs) or yellow hunting horns (for the Voltigeurs). The Carabiniers retained red epaulettes, while the shoulder straps for the Chasseurs were dark blue with white piping and chamois-colored with blue piping for the Voltigeurs. The blue breeches were worn with knee gaiters that were straight-cut at the top; the vest was dark blue.^[11]

Carabiniers

The corps of Carabiniers was a group of heavy cavalry originally created by Louis XIV. From 1791 to 1809, their uniforms consisted of a blue coat with a blue piped red collar, red cuffs, lapels and turnbacks with white grenades, red epaulettes with edged white straps, red cuff flaps for the 1st Regiment, blue piped red for the 2nd; pewter buttons, a white waistcoat, buff breeches, high boots, a black bearskin cap, white cords, a red patch with a white cross, a red plume, metal white chin scales from 1809, yellow-buff edged white belts, white gauntlet gloves, blue cloaks, and white sheepskin edged red. They wore white long gaiters for service on foot and blue overalls for undress.

Cuirassiers

The Carabiniers wore the white uniform of the ancient regime with red epaulettes, blue cuffs and collar and blue turnback skirts embroidered with dark blue grenade badges that were replaced by white in 1808. From 1809 onwards the Carabiniers were issued with a cuirasses with a thin layer of brass covering the steel. By then the old uniform with a white, single-breasted tunic with blue collars, and turnbacks. To distinguish them, the cuffs were of different colors: red cuffs edged sky blue for the 1st and sky blue cuffs and flaps edged white for the 2nd regiment.^[12][13] The cuirassiers initially were issued with a blue coat with red epaulettes yellow collar, cuffs and turnback skirts. By 1809 a dark blue single-breasted tunic was introduced with red epaulettes for troopers and silver for officers. Collars cuffs and turnbacks were in different colors according to their regiment. They also were issued with cuirasses of polished steel.^[14]

Dragoons

The Dragoons were issued with a green coat, white trousers and white waistcoat. Regiments were distinguised by the color of the lapels cuffs and collar. While officers wore silver or golden epaulettes troopers only wore shoulder straps piped in the regimental color.^[15] When in 1812 the coat were replaced by a short jacket, groups of six regiments were each assigned a color. 1st to 6th Regiment were scarlet, 7th to 12th crimson, 13th to 18th rose, 19th to 24th yellow and 24th to 30th aurore.^[16]Each tunic had seven pewter buttons on each lapels embossed with the regimental number. The dragoons were also issued with a green single-breasted surtout. Sometimes it was decoreated with the regimental color.^[17] To protect their riding breeches, dragoons wore coarse grey or green trousers known as pantalons. They were often made of unbleached fabric with similarly colored cloth-covered buttons along the length of the outside of the leg and regimental coloured piping or lace.^[18]

Chevaux-légers lanciers

The uniform of the light cavalry (or Chevaux-légers) of the line consisted of a green coat with turnbacks and lapels of the regimental facing color, which could be crimson, red, blue, pink or yellow. The collar and cuffs were of the facings color, the green shoulder straps and the breeches were piped with the facing color. The uniform comprised pewter buttons, black boots, a brass helmet with a brass crest supporting a woolen crest named chenille (caterpillar, in French), a sealskin turban, black leather visor, brass chin scales and red epaulettes for elite companies.

Hussars

The hussars uniform consisted of a short shell-jacket, the dolman in the color according to their regiment. Hussars wore also a second jacket slung on the left shoulder the pelisse. In Winter the pelisse were worn over the dolman. Whilst the dolman could be fastened completely using eighteen semi-circular buttons and their corresponding lacing loops, the pelisse could only be fastened using the top five laces. As a rule, both garments were fitted with a five-button placket; the only exceptions were the Second, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth and Tenth Regiments, whose uniforms had a three-button placket.^[19]

A double-layered cord was used to secure the pelisse on the shoulder; this ran across the right-hand side and was fastened to a toggle on the opposite side of the neck. In day-to-day service, soldiers combined the dolman or pelisse with a sleeveless, single- or double-breasted waistcoat worn underneath, often featuring further embellishments. For fatigue or stable duty, there was also a dark green linen jacket, which was likewise fastened with a single or double row of buttons and featured loop fastenings in places. From 1812 onwards, a narrow lace was attached to the left shoulder of the dolman and pelisse to hold the webbing in place. The waistcoat was single-breasted, with ten fabric-covered buttons.^[20] Officers did not wear epaulettes; instead, their rank was indicated by gold chevrons on the cuffs, the thighs and the shako.^[21]

The riding breeches were in the close-fitting Hungarian style and featured decorative elements such as bow designs, trefoil patterns or Hungarian knots on the outer sides and on the front fly, which concealed the buttons.^[22]To protect the valuable breeches from premature wear and tear, overalls made of canvas were worn. These overalls were made in blue, grey, green or red and could be opened along the sides using eighteen bone or pewter buttons. To increase their durability, they featured leather reinforcements on the insides and at the hems. From 1812 onwards, dark green overtrousers with eighteen dark-coloured bone buttons and leather trim became the official standard. Some variants made it easier to put them on over riding boots thanks to calf buttons, whilst other designs adapted the leather trim to match the shape of the boot shaft.^[23]

An oversized cape, large enough to envelop both the rider and his horse, served as protection against the weather. Due to its unwieldiness, this cape was later replaced by a capote. This greatcoat featured an integrated shoulder cape and had the advantage that the girth system could be fastened over it. Both the cape and the capote were dark green. Officers wore similar styles of coat, but when on foot they generally opted for a double-breasted overcoat.^[20]

Horse Chasseurs

Until about 1805, all regiments wore the dolman, at least for full dress. This dolman featured three rows of pewter buttons and thirteen to eighteen rows of braid, and was richly trimmed with white braid along the seams, the collar, and the lapels. Officers wore the dolman with five rows of buttons and silver braid, sometimes complemented by a pelisse. From 1806 onward, the dolman was replaced by the conventional coat with turnbacks in the regimental color and usually embroidered with a green hunting horn. Unlike the dolman, this coat had no white braid on the collar and lapels; instead, it was piped in the opposite color. Officers’ ranks were indicated by epaulettes.^[24]

Beginning in 1808, the Kinski, a single-breasted coatee, appeared; it was fastened with nine pewter buttons and piped along the chest in the regimental color. By 1813, another coatee similar to the Kinski followed, but with additional flaps. Under their coats, the hunters wore sleeveless vests, which were officially supposed to be white in summer and green in winter, although before 1812 many unofficial, sometimes double-breasted variants in scarlet or other colors were worn. For stable duty, the enlisted men had a short, green stable jacket at their disposal.^[24]

Infantry

Marines

Main article: Sailors of the Imperial Guard

Marines wore a blue coat called paletot (identical to a Hussar dolman). The coat had a blue collar piped with aurore. The pointed cuffs were scarlet, laced aurore for men, while NCOs had mixed scarlet and gold. Lace and piping also adorned both sides of the coat, forming a double spearhead. The coat featured fifteen horizontal rows of double braid, embroidered with trefoils or crows feet aurore for the men and corporals and mixed scarlet and gold for NCOs. Brass scale shoulder straps were worn on a scarlet lining. The buttons initially carried an anchor with a bundle of rods superimposed. As part of the Garde Imperial a crowned eagle appeared.^[37]

The waistcoat was scarlet with three rows of fifteen brass or gold buttons. For undress a blue blouse were issued. It featured a blue collar and pointed cuffs laced aurore. For full dress, black leather boots were worn. For undress, shoes were worn with grey or black gaiters in winter and white gaiters in summer. A blue double-breasted greatcoat were also issued.^[38]

Cavalry

Heavy Cavalry

Main article: Grenadiers à Cheval de la Garde Impériale

The uniform of the heavy cavalry consisted of a blue tunic with brass buttons coined with the imperial eagle. The cuffs were scarlet and the turnback skirts had white lapels. The turnbacks were embroided with aurore grenades. Initially they wore trefoil epaulettes that were replaced b aurore fringkess epualettes. On the right shoulder the also wore an aurore aiguilette. In order to save the coat a surtout with rounded dark blue cuffs were worn. Until 1808 the surtout had seven copper buttons after that date it had ten. The epaulettes and aiguilettes were the same as for the coat. For fatigues and off duty the grenadiers wore the dark blue stable jacket.^[39]

Initially, the grenadiers were issued the cavalry cape (Manteau trois-quarts), which was made of white fabric with a slight hint of sky blue. The collar was dark blue, and the front opening as well as the back slit were lined on both sides with scarlet serge. From 1813 onward, the grenadiers received a sleeved coat (Manteaucapote) to which a short shoulder cape was attached. It was the same color as before, but was decorated with a strip of dark blue braid on the shoulder cape and all other outer edges. Further decoration consisted of Aurore lace with a fringed tassel around the three uniform buttons on the shoulder hood. The coat itself was fastened with six fabric-covered buttons. When in full dress they wore deerskin breeches while in undress or other duties they wore breeches made from sheep-leather. When on march white canvass overalls were worn in order to save the riding breeches. By 1813 these overalls had become grey. For stable duty, overalls of rough, undyed cloth were adopted.^[40]

Medium Cavalry

Main article: Dragons de la Garde Impériale

The full-dress tunic was of a dark green cloth, with dark green collar, white lapels and cuff-slashes, and scarlet cuffs and turnbacks. The skirt of the uniform featured false pockets with scarlet piping, while the flaps were embroidered with Aurore grenade insignia on white linen backing, fastened with copper buttons. On both shoulders were fringeless aurore epaulettes, with an additional aurore aiguillette on the right side. For daily service, dragoons wore the surtout, a single-breasted coat in a similar cut as those of the Grenadiers' uniform. It had a green collar and green cuffs alongside copper buttons, Its simulated pockets, turnbacks and epaulettes were identical to the full-dress tunic. By 1809, it was replaced by a coatee, which was often still referred as surtout, which was identical to the full-dress tunic but made from cheaper cloth. ^[41][42]

Lancers (or chevaux-légers)

Main article: 1st Light Cavalry Lancers Regiment of the Imperial Guard (Polish)

For parade, the Polish Lancers' uniform consisted of dark blue kurtkas, amaranth lapels and facings. They wore a singular epaulette and a white aiguillette was adorned across their shoulders. Their headgear was the iconic Czapka which was mainly amaranth with white cords and a white plume. The Sun-Burst Plate bore an "N" for Napoleon.

Infantry

The headdress for men and officers was the bicorne. It was worn either en bataille (crossways for battle) with a spherical pom-pon of company colour above a tricolour cockade, or en colonne (fore and aft for marching), where the cockade was secured by a yellow lace strip attached to a tunic button. Officers often added golden tassels to the ends, retaining the bicorne for off-duty wear even after newer models were introduced. A fatigue cap with golden piping served as undress headgear for officers. For better protection against weather and cavalry sabres, the shako was introduced by 1806/07. Constructed of felt, it was reinforced with leather bands at the top and bottom, featuring V-shaped side chevrons, a sturdy peak, and an adjustable rear buckle. ^[48]

The front displayed a copper regimental plate below a tricolour cockade, topped by a company-coloured pom-pon in round, flat, or carrot-shaped geometries. For formal occasions, the shako was embellished with cords and tassels, which were removed during campaigns. Elite companies like voltigeurs and grenadiers maintained specific variations, with red bands, plumes, or distinct chevron colours. By 1811, a new, slightly higher and more bell-topped shako was issued. This variant had no side chevrons, but chin-scales, and featured a built-in leather flap or couvre-nuque stitched into the headband. This flap remained folded inside when not in use but could be lowered to protect the ears and neck during inclement weather. The regimental plates had either a diamond shape or an eagle resting on a semi-circle.^[49]

Light Infantry

Initially, regulations specified a fur-crested tarleton helmet for chasseurs, constructed with a black leather skull and peak reinforced by metal side bands. It featured a tricolour cockade adopted on May 27, 1790, and an imitation fur band and crest. For full dress, this helmet was adorned with white plumes with a facing-coloured tip, which were replaced by similarly coloured pompons for ordinary wear. Due to its unpopularity, a standard bicorn hat was widely preferred as an alternative by both officers and other ranks. During this same early period, the carabiniers wore a distinct fur cap modeled after that of the Line grenadiers but distinguished by being shorter measures and by the complete absence of a frontal plate.^[5]

The introduction of the 1801 shako brought a standardized cap to the light infantry. This shako, which closely resembled the older mirliton cap but without its cloth wing, widened only slightly toward the top. It was constructed of black felt with leather upper and lower bands and a detachable peak fastened a short way up the body by hooks and eyes, though some regiments, like the 1st Léger, used versions made entirely of leather. It featured a front brass badge shaped like a hunting horn, a tricolour cockade secured on the left side by a loop of yellow or orange lace with two buttons, green cords with pendent 'raquettes' suspended around the cap, and a left-side drooping plume, which was dark green for chasseurs and scarlet for carabiniers. ^[8]

Carabinier shakos were sometimes further customized with scarlet upper and lower bands, scarlet or white cords, and a shako plate showing a hunting horn surmounted by a grenade. For full dress, however, carabiniers often retained their fur cap, worn without a plate but enhanced with a red plume, red or white cords, and a rear patch officially quartered red and blue with a white lace cross. Because front plates were often omitted, regiments seeking individuality frequently turned the cap around to display the plume and cockade at the front.^[8]

Officers' headdress was generally similar to the other ranks but were distinguished by silver plates, cords, and lace. The upper band of an officer's shako had silver laurel leaves or interlocking rings embroidered onto a black velvet backing, with cockades and plumes often fixed to the front. Officers' busbies and carabinier caps were heavily ornamented with silver, and they commonly substituted the shako with a bicorn hat. On campaign, this bicorn was worn alongside a single-breasted dark blue surtout. By the rank of sergeant and above, non-commissioned officers also incorporated shako cords intermixed with silver lace.^[50]

The first major change of the Empire period came with the 1806 shako, made of felt with black leather upper and lower bands, and occasionally a leather chevron on each side. Initially issued without chinscales, soldiers frequently added unofficial white metal chinscales with circular bosses displaying a hunting horn, or a grenade for carabiniers. The front of the 1806 shako featured a tricolour cockade above a diamond-shaped white metal plate embossed with an eagle and the regimental number, or other insignia. These plumes were shifted to an upright style, though older drooping types persisted until around 1807. These plumes were red for carabiniers, green or green with a red tip for chasseurs, and green and yellow or yellow and red for voltigeurs.^[51]

They could often replaced by similarly colored pompons, sometimes adorned with tufts. Shako cords remained red for carabiniers and were usually white for the other companies, as chasseurs rarely wore their earlier green cords. On campaign, these shakos were routinely covered with oilskin or linen protective covers. By 1810 another shako was introduced. It was slightly taller and more robust had no side chevrons, but chinscales. While cords and plumes were officially abolished, other ranks continued to wear colored pompons as before, while officers wore rank-specific plumes: white for colonels, red-over-white for majors, and red for a chef de bataillon, alongside rank-dependent shako lace. The official 1810 shako plate consisted of a white metal diamond bearing an embossed hunting horn or a grenade with the regimental number inside the loop.^[52]

Cavalry

By 1804, the Cuirassiers replaced the old bicorn with an steel helmet featuring a black fur turban extending over a brass-edged peak, a copper comb, and a flowing black horsehair crest, secured by brass chin scales and accented with a red plume on the left. The Carabiniers, who had adopted a bearskin cap in 1801 distinguished by a red top patch decorated with a white cross and a red plume on the left, were issued a yellow copper helmet complete with a red crest, copper comb, front and rear peaks, steel chin scales, and a steel front plate.^[53]

Introduced in 1804, the Dragoon helmet was constructed entirely of brass, featuring chin scales, a high comb, a flowing black horsehair crest, and a fur turban extending down over the peak. For parades, a plume was added to the left side, following highly specific regimental color codes ranging from solid red, white, or crimson to various bi-color combinations. The Lancers similarly wore a brass helmet, but with distinct front and rear peaks. Their comb was adorned with a Medusa's head over crossed lances on the front, supporting a black crest in a caterpillar form. While troopers wore brown fur turbans that did not cover the black, brass-edged peak, officers were distinguished by turbans made of leopardskin extending over the front.^[54]

The light cavalry, including the mounted Chasseurs and Hussars, relied primarily on the shako. The Chasseurs began introducing it in 1805, featuring a tricolour cockade, a regimental loop and button, and varying front plates. White chin scales were standard, with white cords added for ceremonial duties, and dark green plumes were typically tipped in the regimental facing color. For off-duty wear, they used a dark green fatigue cap (bonnet de police) trimmed in the facing color and marked with a white tassel alongside a hunting horn or regimental number.^[55]

The shako for hussars was fitted with a regimental button, loop, and tricolour cockade. Its peak was edged in the button color, and the chin scales were complemented by cords secured at the sides by hooks set into five-pointed stars. At the top, a pom-pon showed the squadron (sky blue for the second, dark yellow for the third, and violet for the fourth), while a plume was added for parades. Elite companies of the first hussar squadron stood out by wearing bearskin colpacks with a red bag, red pom-pon, plume, and cords, until a tall, cylindrical model came into general service across the hussar regiments in 1813.^[56]

The Mamluks’ headgear initially consisted of either the cahuk, a type of green, yellow, or red cap, or the tarbush, a flat, always red cap. Both styles were wrapped at the base with a shal, a white cotton turban. There was also a variant of the cahuk with side panels and an open crown, which was sometimes adorned with a brass crescent. Beginning in 1806, the cahuk replaced the tarbush, which was thereafter worn only with the dress uniform. By 1815, it had taken the form of a red shako without a visor. Its front was adorned with a tricolor cockade or a star above a crescent moon and featured a double tassel or pompon. A matching protective cover was also available for this further-developed cahuk. Around 1809, the Mamelukes were also issued a blue field cap featuring white and carmine-red piping and a stripe decorated with a crescent moon.^[44]