User:Agne27/Muscat

Along with the leaves in the canopy that conduct photosynthesis and clusters of grapes that provide the fruit/seeds, the roots of the grapevine are one of the most important organs in the plant. In addition to anchoring the plant into the ground, the roots absorb needed water and nutrients from the soil and is the location for the synthesis of important compounds such as growth hormones gibberellin (which can also be synthesis in the leaves and shoots) and cytokinins. As the vine enters the dormant phase of the growing season, the roots serve as important storage areas for reserves of carbohydrates that will be needed to sustain the vine through the beginning of next year's growth.^[1]

When vineyard pests such as phylloxera or nematodes feed on the roots of grapevines, they damage the vines by reducing the ability of the root system to absorb nutrients and water. They can also be vectors for viral grape diseases such as grapevine fanleaf virus which can further reduce the vigor of the vine as well as the yield and potential ripening ability. It if often the risk posed by these root-feeding pests that encourage vineyard owners to utilize resistant rootstocks.^[1]

While rootstock can have some influence on the yield, vigor and viability of a grapevine, it does not change the primary flavor characteristics of the scion (top part of the vine). So a Chardonnay or Merlot vine planted onto rootstock from a member of an American vine species, such as the Vitis labrusca variety Concord, will not "inherit" any of the characteristic "foxy" flavors or aromas of the Concord variety. Regardless of which rootstock variety is used, the grapevine will be recognized as a member of the scion variety (i.e. as a Chardonnay or Merlot vine).^[1]

While the process of grafting a scion vine onto an already planted rootstock has been known since at least the time of the Ancient Romans, this usually just a mean of propagation in the vineyard where a new vine variety was being "head grafted" onto an existing vine. The choice of rootstock was limited to what was already available and, in Europe at least, was almost always another member of the same Vitis vinifera family.^[1]

It wasn't until the phylloxera epidemic of the mid-19th century when the idea of grafting rootstock from different members of the Vitis family onto scions of vinifera varieties was considered as a viable option to combat the devastation of the root-eating louse. French grape growers Gaston Bazille and Leo Laliman were some of the first influential figures to recommend grafting in 1869 after noticing that American vine varieties succumbing the infestation like the European vinifera vines were. The French botanist Jules Émile Planchon was commissioned by the French government to find a solution to the phylloxera scourge. Planchon traveled to the United States where he met Charles Valentine Riley, an entomologist for the state of Missouri. Riley was able to confirm for Planchon that the louse that was damaging the European vine was the same variety that was native to the United State and of which the American vine varieties had developed a natural resistance too.^[1]

Riley was able to put Planchon and his colleague, Pierre-Marie-Alexis Millardet, in contact with several nursery growers in Missouri who helped shipped rootstocks of American varieties over to Europe. The Texas horticulturalist, T.V. Munson, also provided some assistance in identifying suitable rootstock varieties. Between 1873 and 1876, millions of American rootstock cuttings were shipped to France from species such as Vitis aestivalis, Vitis riparia and Vitis rupestris.^[1]

By 1880, around 2,500 hectares (6,200 acres) of French vineyards had been grafted over to American rootstock. In 1881, the International Phylloxera Congress based in Bordeaux, officially recognized the grafting of European vinifera vines to American rootstock as the best solution for dealing with phylloxera and soon the number converted vineyards rose to over 45,000 hectares (110,000 acres) by 1885. This rapid transition was aided by the work of French viticulturist Gustave Foëx who wrote a simplified manual on the grafting process and selecting rootstocks in 1882 that was widely disseminated among growers in the Languedoc wine region of France.^[1]

In viticulture, the rootstock is the bottom and largely below ground segment of the grapevine that contains the rooting system of the vine. It is grafted (joined) to the scion which is the top above ground segment that includes the fruiting parts of the vine. Where the rootstock and the scion meet is called the graft union. After grafting, the vine is identified by the scion variety.^[1]

The grafting process that joins the scion and rootstock together can be done by hand using a variety of methods (cleft grafting, green grafting, notch grafting or whip grafting) or by machine (often using an omega shape cut). The process can take place in the vineyard, such as the method of "head grafting" where the already planted scion is cut off and a new grape variety is grafted onto the existing rootstock. This method is usually only done as a means of replanting or switching over to a new scion variety when an existing vineyard is already planted to a suitable rootstock.^[1]

It is more common to see bench grafting taking place in the nursery on one year old vines known as rootlings. Here both the scion and rootstock are cut to expose the cambium which contains a zone of undifferentiated cells. With the exposed scion and roostock positioned opposite each other, and matching diameter, the two segments are joined in a graft union which is often secured by paraffin wax to protect the union as the cells of the callus develops and fuse the two segments. To insure that the grafting takes, this process often takes place in humid (90-100% relative humidity) and warm (24-30°C/75-86°F) conditions in the nursery.^[1]

While grafting has done much to improve viticulture from some hazards, poor hygiene in the grafting process and the use of diseased material has also done much to propagate the spread of several viral grape diseases (such as leaf roll virus), which rarely show symptoms as rootlings.