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Pythonidae
The sandbox is well organized, which is good overall. The sections are titled well and that helps frame the information each section contains. I think you could provide more detailed information connecting the research articles to your overall purpose, further embellishing both the sandbox and references.
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| Pythonidae | |
|---|---|
| Indian python (Python molurus) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Suborder: | Serpentes |
| Superfamily: | Pythonoidea |
| Family: | PythonidaeFitzinger, 1826 |
| Synonyms | |
| |
The Pythonidae, commonly known simply as pythons, from the Greek word python (πυθων), are a family of nonvenomous snakes found in Africa, Asia, and Australia. Among its members are some of the largest snakes in the world. Eight genera and 31 species are currently recognized.
Contents
Distribution and habitat[edit]
Pythons are found in sub-Saharan Africa, Nepal, India, Sri Lanka, Burma, southern China, Southeast Asia, and from the Philippines southeast through Indonesia to New Guinea and Australia.
In the United States, an introduced population of Burmese pythons, Python molurus bivittatus, has existed as an invasive species in the Everglades National Park since the late 1990s.
Conservation[edit]
Many species have been hunted aggressively, which has greatly reduced the population of some, such as the Indian python, Python molurus.
Behavior[edit]
Black-headed python, Aspidites melanocephalus (this is a photo)
Most members of this family are ambush predators, in that they typically remain motionless in a camouflaged position, and then strike suddenly at passing prey. Attacks on humans, although known to occur, are extremely rare.
Feeding[edit]
Pythons use their sharp, backward-curving teeth, four rows in the upper jaw, two in the lower, to grasp prey which is then killed by constriction; after an animal has been grasped to restrain it, the python quickly wraps a number of coils around it. Death occurs primarily by cardiac arrest.
Larger specimens usually eat animals about the size of a house cat, but larger food items are known; some large Asian species have been known to take down adult deer, and the African rock python, Python sebae, has been known to eat antelope. In 2017, there was a recorded case of a human devoured by a python in Sulawesi, Indonesia. All prey is swallowed whole, and may take several days or even weeks to fully digest.
Contrary to popular belief, even the larger species, such as the reticulated python, P. reticulatus, do not crush their prey to death; in fact, prey is not even noticeably deformed before it is swallowed. The speed with which the coils are applied is impressive and the force they exert may be significant, but death is caused by cardiac arrest. Python skull (this is a photo)
Reproduction[edit]
Pythons are oviparous, that is, they lay eggs. This sets them apart from the family Boidae (boas), most of which bear live young (ovoviviparous). After they lay their eggs, females typically incubate them until they hatch. This is achieved by causing the muscles to "shiver", which raises the temperature of the body to a certain degree, and thus that of the eggs. Keeping the eggs at a constant temperature is essential for healthy embryo development. During the incubation period, females do not eat and leave only to bask to raise their body temperature.
Captivity[edit]
Most species in this family are available in the exotic pet trade. However, caution must be exercised with the larger species, as they can be dangerous; rare cases of large specimens killing their owners have been documented
Poaching (New Section) Amanda
Poaching of pythons is a lucrative business with the global python skin trade being an estimated 1 billion USD as of 2012[1]. Pythons are poached for their meat, mostly consumed locally as bushmeat and their skin, which is sent to Europe and North America for manufacture of accessories like bags, belts and shoes[2]. The demand for poaching is increased because python farming is a very expensive[3].
The effect of poaching on the community?
Africa
Python poaching in Africa occurs for bushmeat, usually for local use, and for skin, which is traded internationally for accessories. In Cameroon bushmeat markets, the African Rock Python is commonly sold for meat and is very expensive at 175 USD[4]. The poaching of the pythons is illegal in Cameroon under their wildlife law, but there is little to no enforcement. In Kenya, there has been an increase in snake farms to address the demand for snake skin internationally, but there are health concerns for the workers, and danger due to poachers coming to the farms to hunt the snakes[5].
Pythons and Human Health (New Section) Hannah
While pythons are not venomous, they do carry a host of potential health issues for humans. Pythons are disease vectors for multiple illness, including Salmonella, Chlamydia, Leptospirosis, Aeromoniasis, Campylobacteriosis, and Zygomycosis. These diseases may be transmitted to humans through excreted waste, open wounds, and contaminated water[6][7]. A 2013 study found that Reptile-Associated Salmonella (RAS) is most common in young children who had been in contact with invasive pythons, with symptoms including "septicemia, meningitis, and bone and joint infection".[8]
Pythons are also integrated into some aspects of African health and belief use, often with the added risk of contacting zoonotic diseases. Python bodies and blood are used for African traditional medicines and other belief uses as well, one in-depth study of all animals used by the Yorubas of Nigeria for traditional medicine found that the African Python is used to cure rheumatism, snake poison, appeasing witches, and accident prevention.[9]
Python habitats, diets, and invasion into new areas also impacts human health and prosperity. A University of Florida Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences found that the Burmese Python, as an invasive species, enters new habitats and eats an increasing number of mammals, leaving limited species for mosquitoes to bite, forcing them to bite disease carrying hispid cotton rats and then infect humans with the Everglades Virus, a dangerous infection that is carried by very few animals[10]. While direct human-python interactions can be potentially dangerous, the risk of zoonotic diseases is always a concern, whether considering medical and belief use in Nigeria or when addressing invasive species impacts in Florida.
Traditional Use (New Section) Miranda
Africa
Clothing Use
Python skin has traditionally been used as the attire of choice for medicine men and healers.[11] Typically, South African Zulu traditional healers will use python skin in ceremonial regalia. [11]Pythons are viewed by the Zulu tradition to be a sign of power. This is likely why the skin is worn by traditional healers. Healers are seen as all powerful since they have a wealth of knowledge, as well as accesbility to the ancestors. [11]
Python Fat
Typically, species are attributed to healing various ailments based on their likeliness to a specific bodily attribute. For example, in many cultures, the python is seen as a strong and powerful creature. As a result, pythons are often perscribed as a method of increasing strength.[11]It is very common for the body fat of pythons to be used to treat a large variation of issues such as joint pain, rheumatic pain, toothache and eye sight.[12] Additionally, python fat has been used to treat those suffering from mental illnesses like psychosis[13]. Their calm nature is thought to be of use to treat combative patients. The fat of the python is rubbed onto the body part that is in pain. To improve mental illnesses, it is often rubbed on the temple.[12]
Python Blood
Python blood plays another important role in traditional medicine. Many believe that python blood prevent accumulation of fatty acids, triglycerides and lipids from reaching critically high levels.[12]Additionally, their blood has been used as a source of iron for people who are anemic, which helps reduce fatigue.[12][The sources were not specific on the way this blood is administered, however due to the use of snake blood in traditional treatments in other parts of the world for similar causes, it is likely that the patient drinks the blood in order to feel the effects.[14]
Python Venom
The venom in African rock pythons has been used to treat and prevent tumors[12] This theory has recently been brought into western medicine for trial and research. [15] . It has been found that components of snake venom such as LA2s, LAAOs, metalloproteases, disintegrins and other peptides have the ability to kill cancer cells quite effectively. [15]However, the largest hurdle remains that scientists are unable to direct the venom to just kill cancer cells. It has been found that the venom will kill perfectly healthy cells as well.[15] In this regard, future research is recommended by many.
Python Feces
The Sukumu Tribe of Tanzania have been known to use python feces in order to treat back pain. The feces are frequently mixed with a little water, placed on the back, and left for two to three days.[16]
Python Organs
In Nigeria, the gallbladder and liver of a python snake are used to treat poison or bites from other snakes.[9] The python head has been used to "appease witches". Many traditional african cultures believe that they can be cursed by witches. In order to reverse spells and bad luck, traditional doctors will prescribe python heads.[17] The head is also used to prevent potential accidents from happening. Additionally, if someone is seeking a marital partner, the head will be used to attract a wife or husband.
Folklore (New Section) Amanda
African Folklore
In northwestern Ghana, people see pythons as a savior and have taboos to prevent the snake from being harmed or eaten. Their folklore states that this is because a python once helped them flee from their enemies by transforming into a log to allow them to cross a river[18].
In Botswana, San ritual practices surrounding pythons date back 70,000 years. In San mythology this the python a sacred creature that is highly respected[19]. They believe that mankind was made by a python that went in between hills to create stream beds.
 | This is a user sandbox of Aguabreadlizard. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the place where you work on your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. Visit your Dashboard course page and follow the links for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
- McGrath, Matt (2012-11-28). "Concerns raised over python trade". Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- "Large snakes are on the menu at Cameroon's Nkoldongo bushmeat market". National Geographic Society Newsroom. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- "Snake Farms Could Tackle the Billion Dollar Black Market for Python Skin". Motherboard. 2014-04-02. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- "Large snakes are on the menu at Cameroon's Nkoldongo bushmeat market". National Geographic Society Newsroom. 2017-09-05. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- Njeru, Gitonga (2017-01-19). "The rising popularity of snake farms". Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- "Potential Zoonoses/Hazards Associated with Reptiles" (PDF). Cornell Center for Animal Resources and Education.
- Ebani, Valentina Virginia (August 2017). "Domestic reptiles as source of zoonotic bacteria: A mini review". Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine. 10 (8): 723–728. doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.07.020. ISSN 1995-7645. PMID 28942820.
- Sauteur, Patrick M. Meyer; Relly, Christa; Hug, Martina; Wittenbrink, Max M.; Berger, Christoph (June 2013). "Risk Factors for Invasive Reptile-Associated Salmonellosis in Children". Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases. 13 (6): 419–421. doi:10.1089/vbz.2012.1133. ISSN 1530-3667. PMID 23473215.
- "Wild animals in ethnozoological practices among the Yorubas of southwestern Nigeria and the implications for biodiversity conservation". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- Hoyer, Isaiah J.; Blosser, Erik M.; Acevedo, Carolina; Thompson, Anna Carels; Reeves, Lawrence E.; Burkett-Cadena, Nathan D. (October 2017). "Mammal decline, linked to invasive Burmese python, shifts host use of vector mosquito towards reservoir hosts of a zoonotic disease". Biology Letters. 13 (10): 20170353. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2017.0353. ISSN 1744-9561. PMC 5665769. PMID 28978755.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: article number as page number (link) - Moshoeu, Thibedi. "Reptiles sold as traditional medicine in Xipamanine and Xiquelene Markets Maputo Mozambique".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - Dasgupta, Subir Chandra; Gomes, Antony; Mukherjee, Sanghamitra (2017). "Zoo Therapeutic uses of Snake Body Parts in Folk & Traditional Medicine". Journal of Zoological Research. 1 (1): 1–9.
- "What do African traditional medical practitioners do in the treatment of mental disorders in Zimbabwe?". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- Fita, Dídac S; Neto, Eraldo M Costa; Schiavetti, Alexandre (2010-03-26). "'Offensive' snakes: cultural beliefs and practices related to snakebites in a Brazilian rural settlement". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 6: 13. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-6-13. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 2853519. PMID 20346120.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Li, Li; Huang, Jianzhong; Lin, Yao (2018-08-29). "Snake Venoms in Cancer Therapy: Past, Present and Future". Toxins. 10 (9): 346. doi:10.3390/toxins10090346. ISSN 2072-6651. PMC 6162746. PMID 30158426.
- Vats, Rajeev; Thomas, Simion (December 2015). "A study on use of animals as traditional medicine by Sukuma Tribe of Busega District in North-western Tanzania". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 11 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s13002-015-0001-y. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 4472419. PMID 25947365.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - "Wild animals in ethnozoological practices among the Yorubas of southwestern Nigeria and the implications for biodiversity conservation". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- Diawuo, Francis (2015). ""Exploring the African Traditional Belief Systems in Natural Resource Conservation and Management in Ghana."". search.ebscohost.com. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
- floor, Visiting address 6; Phone, Lucy Smiths houseBlindernProblemveien 7 0313 OSLO Norway Mail address Apollon P. O. Box 1076 Blindern NO-0316 Oslo Norway. "World's oldest ritual discovered. Worshipped the python 70,000 years ago - Apollon". www.apollon.uio.no. Retrieved 2019-03-14.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)