User:Badger151/sandbox
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Reviews
Critics were unable to reach a consensus regarding Traveling Light, with some calling the music XXXXXXXXXXXXX but others labeling it YYYYYYYYYY. Most fell somewhere in between, and a common sentiment was that Traveling Light was not a bad first album, but Jaye had not yet lived up to her potential. "Can't Behave" was frequently listed as the best track,
HO Scale refs
most popular:http://www.trains.com/mrr/default.aspx?c=a&id=741
HO in Europe: [3]
HO in Australia: [4]
Refs
- Author. Flower-Powered Artist - July 2006. KGRL. July 2006. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- Johnson, Kent J. (Editor). Basic Model Railroading: Getting Started in the Hobby, p 6. Model Railroader Books. at Google Books. Retrieved 4 March 2010.
- NEM. standard 103, "Track Clearance Diagram for Curved Track". http://www.morop.eu/. 2004. Retrieved 4 March 2010. The table on page two uses HO, though the rest of the document uses H0. NOTE: the NEM, on the bottom of this document, notes that "[t]his English translation is not authoritative and is provided as a courtesy only. Only the French and German versions of the norms are original source documents." The French version may be found at , and the German version may be found at ; both use HO in their page-two tables. Similar use of HO may be found in standard 112, "Track Spacing" (the French and German versions do the same), and in standard 121, "Cog Railroads", HO appears in the discussion at the bottom of page 2, though this appears only in the English version of this standard.
History
Prior to the 1970s, ambulances were staffed with advanced first-aid level responders who were frequently referred to as "ambulance drivers." There was little regulation or standardized training for those staffing these early emergency response vehicles. However, after the release of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's "White Paper" on motor vehicle fatalities, a concerted effort was undertaken to improve emergency medical care in the prehospital setting.
Service Level
The lines between one level of care and the next are becoming increasingly blurred. Skills that were once reserved for physicians are now routinely done by paramedics, and skills once reserved for paramedics, such as defibrillation, are now routinely done by Basic Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs). There is also wide state-to-state and even county-to-county variation of what types of care providers at different levels are allowed to provide. That said:
- Certified first responder (CFR): CFRs, many of whom are volunteers, render very basic first aid , including oxygen administration to patients. Generally, a CFR cannot assume care for a patient while that patient is being transported.
- Emergency Medical Technician (EMT): EMT is used two different ways. Technically, an EMT is a person who has been certified (or licensed, in some states) to provide a stated level of care based on written protocols. EMTs may be divided into several groups, based on their level of certification:
- EMT Basic (EMT-B): Provides Basic Life Support (BLS) care, such as oxygen therapy, Splint (medicine), bleeding control, defibrillation with an AED, and light extrication (eg: removing a victim from a car, but not using the jaws of life.)
- EMT Intermediate (EMT-I): not found in all states. EMT-Intermediates provide BLS care with the addition of IV therapy, and often intubation.
- EMT Paramedic (see also Paramedics in the United States): EMT-paramedics provide all of the care provided by EMT Intermediates, plus manual defibrillation and advanced electrical therapy including transcutaneous pacing (fitting a temporary pacemaker to the patient's chest) and synchronized cardioversion (an advanced form of defibrillation), intubation, medication administration, pleural (chest) decompression, and more.
- EMTs other than EMT-Bs often prefer to be identified based on their level of certification, so an EMT-P might be called a paramedic or an EMT-P, but rarely an EMT. EMT, when used alone, may therefor also mean EMT-B.
Ambulance types
Ambulances in the United States are defined by federal KKK-1822 requirements, which define several categories of ambulances, althought most states have additional requirements that are added to meet their individual meeds:
- Type I Ambulances are based on the chassis-cabs of light duty pickup-trucks,
- Type II Ambulances are based on modern passenger/cargo vans, also referred to as Vanbulances,
- Type III Ambulances are based on chassis-cabs of light duty vans,
AD (Additional Duty) versions of both Type I and Type III designs are also defined. They include increased GVWR, storage and payload capacity. There are also fly-cars (which go by several names; see the fly-car page for details), which are large cars or SUVs. These units cannot provide patient transport, but are used variously by supervisors or as a source of additional personnel. In some communities the paramedics respond to emergency calls in their fly-car, while a BLS ambulance responds as well to transport the patient. Many companies who specialize in non-emergency patient transfers are creating their own vehicles, which are similar to ambulances and carry ambulance type equipment, but lack emergency lights and sirens.