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Selyamet II Giray (reigned 1740–1743, lived 1691–1751) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. His four-year reign was relatively uneventful. He was described as honest, gentle, pious and inclined to charity and good works. He was the youngest son of Selim I Giray and thus the last of the six brothers who ruled for most of the period 1699–1743. His son Maqsud Giray became khan in 1767.

During the second reign of his brother Qaplan I Giray (1713-1715) he was Or-Beg or governor of Perekop. During the first reign of his brother Meñli II Giray (1724-1730) he started as nureddin and was promoted to kalga in 1727. During Mengli's second reign (1737-1740) he was kalga. When Mengli died of natural causes in January 1740 he was promoted to khan with the support of the Crimeans and approval of the Turks. He appointed as kalga Azamat Geray, a son of his brother Ğazı III Giray. As nureddin he appointed Tokhtamysh Giray, a son of his brother and predecessor Mengli Giray.

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Just before he came to the throne Russia had invaded Crimea three times. (see Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)) Selyamet’s first task was to restore the Bakhchisaray Palace and associated mosques which the Russians had burned in 1736. In 1741 he went to Istanbul for consultations. In 1742 he replaced kalga Azamat with the future khan Selim II Giray, a son of his brother Qaplan. In foreign policy he had plans to resist Russia including a Swedish alliance (Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)), but the Ottomans forbad this for fear of another Russian war. In October-November 1743 was dethroned by the Turks because of Russian complaints that he had not released some prisoners. Some writers^[1] say that Selim II and his friends in Istanbul had something to do with this.

After various moves he settled near Yambol. He died there in 1751 and was buried near the local mosque.

Sources and notes

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, p 581.
• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, Chapter 4 http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke4.html (in Russian)
• Giray-Ilmi: Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/29.phtml?id=12949. (in Russian)
• Gaivoronsky: Short Biographies of Crimean Khans (in Russian) Гайворонский О. Созвездие Гераев. Краткие биографии крымских ханов. — Симферополь: Доля, 2003. — ISBN 966-8295-31-5

[*****[Category:Crimean Khans]]

<<sources, khan box suck box cats

Geography

Bakhchisarai

Kiev

Jassy

Or Kapi

Azov

Ochakov

Kaffa

Khotyn

Bender

Akkerman

are Turkish forts

The Ottoman Empire held forts along the north shore of the Black Sea and on the eastern side of the Balkans. Azov kept the Don Cossacks out of the Sea of Azov. Kaffa dominated the Crimean Khanate. Or Kapi behind the Perekop trenches guarded the entrance to Crimea. Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper kept the Dnieper Cossacks out of the Black Sea. Khotyn on the upper Dniester watched the Polish Commonwealth. The Turkish border was close to the current Ukrainian border along the Dniester. Polish claims extended to the Dnieper except for Kiev. Russia had a very vague border about 100 or more miles south of the current border. The semi-independent Zaporozhian Cossacks were along the Dnieper bend. The Crimean Khanate and its Nogai steppe allies raided Poland and Russia and sold the captives to the Turks at Kaffa.

Before 1735

In 1722 Russia and Turkey took advantage of Persian weakness to capture the northwest part of the Persian empire. Russia took the west side of the Caspian and the Ottomans got as far as Tabriz. Nader Shah slowly restored Persian power. By 1734 Persia was reconquering its land south of the Caucasus and it was clear that Russia could not hold its gains. In 1733 or 1734 the Turks ordered Crimea to send a force across the north Caucasus to attack the Persians. Eropkin on the Terek River tried to stop him and lost 55 men. The army went down the west shore of the Caspian as far as the Samur River, where it was recalled by Turkey for unexplained reasons.

1735: War starts

In 1735 the Crimean khan led 80000 men across the North Caucasus and south to Derbent. At the end of 1735 he heard of Leontev’s raid on Crimea and turned back. He spent time foraging in Kabardia and reached Crimea in the spring of 1736.^[1] Crimean interference in the Caucasus was one pretext for the war.

SamaraRiver

KonskaVoda

Perekop

Gozleve

Bakhchisarai

Kiev

Azov

Ochakov

Kinburn

Kammeny Zaton

Kaffa

Leontev's raid. = Turkish fort

In March 1735, by the Treaty of Ganja, Russia returned its gains to Persia and allied with Persia against Turkey. With Crimean troops away from the peninsula and the Turks tied down with Persia, Russia now had the opportunity for a surprise attack. General Münnich went south and found that his army would not be ready until next year. In order not to waste that year’s campaigning season he sent Leontev on a raid.

1735:Leontev's raid: Leontev set off on 1 October 1735, far too late in the season. He started near the Samara River and marched south, east of the Dnieper bend. At Konska Voda he killed about 1000 Nogais and stole their livestock. He turned west with the river and on 16 October reached the Russian fort of Kamenny Zaton about 10 days march from Perekop. Here he turned back because of the cold and the loss of 3000 horses. The next day a snowstorm killed another 1000 horses. By late November he was back where he started, having lost 9000 of his 40000 men and about 9000 horses.

1736: 1st Crimea, Azov, Kinburn

1736: Azov captured: Around 30 March 1736, Münnich and 5000 men besieged Azov. More soldiers arrived and on 7 April Muennich left to join the main force on the Dnieper. In May Peter Lacy took over and on 26 June the Turks surrendered on condition of safe passage. Lacy set off for Crimea, but turned back when he heard of Muennich's withdrawal.

1736: First Russian invasion of Crimea: In mid-April Muennich set off south with 54000 men and 8000 or 9000 carts following Leontiev’s route east of the Dnieper bend. On 4 May the Tatars were defeated at the Bela Zirka river near Kamenny Zaton and withdrew to Perekop. By 19 May Russia had 30000 troops facing Perekop. On 20 May the wall was breeched and on 22 May the 2254 Turks in the Or Qapi fort surrendered on parole.

Russia now entered Crimea for the first time. On 5 June they raided Gozleve for supplies. On 17 June ^[2] they captured Bakhchisarai. The khan’s palace was burned, either accidentally or deliberately. On 23 june they burned the kalga’s seat at Ak Mechet. Most of the Crimean army had scattered to the hills while the Turks withdrew to Kaffa. Muennich hoped to capture Kaffa before the Turks could send re-enforcements, but on 25 June he decided to withdraw. Dysentery had first been noted on 7 June. Soon a third of the army was sick and many of the rest weakened. There was not enough food, fresh water or fodder to support his army. By 18 July they were back on the Samara River. Half of the army had been lost, 2000 by fighting and the rest from disease. Because of the invasion Crimean khan Qaplan I Giray was replaced by Fetih II Giray.

1736: Kinburn captured: After Perekop was captured, Leontev and 13000 men were sent west to capture the fort on the Kinburn Spit south of Ochakov. The garrison was allowed to abandon the fort and cross to Ochakov on the opposite bank. ^[3] 250 Russian prisoners there were freed.

1737: 2nd Crimea, Ochakov

On 9 January 1737 Austria joined the war drawing Turkish troops away from the Black Sea. The Turko-Persian conflict had ended in September 1736, but it took time to move Turkish troops west. The plan for 1737 was for one army to capture the Turkish fort of Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper-Bug estuary while a second army invaded Crimea.

1737:Capture of Ochakov: In early April Mǔnnich left the Kiev area with about 70000 men. On 30 June they reached Ochakov which now had 20000 defenders. Fighting began the next day and on 3 July heated shot set the town on fire. The fire spread to the powder magazine which blew up killing thousands of Turks. This caused the Turks to surrender the same day.

Muennich left 8000 men to hold the fort and returned with the rest of the army to Poltava. In October the Ottomans tried to retake the fort. All of their attempts failed and on 30 October they withdrew. (Next spring plague appeared in the fort and was reported in Moldavia, Wallachia, Poland and Zaporozhia. It increased and in September 1738 Ochakov and Kinburn were evacuated to escape the plague and because the weakened troops would not be able to resist if the Turks came back.)

Perekop Isthmus

Henichesk Strait

Chongar

Bakhchysarai

Karasubazar

Kaffa

Sea of Azov

X=crossing points

1737: Second invasion of Crimea: The goal was to prevent the Crimeans from supporting Ochakov, damage Crimea as much as possible and capture the Turkish fort of Kaffa if possible. On 3 May 1737 Peter Lacy set out from the Mius River near Taganrog, about 50km west of Azov. Around 320 small boats with supplies and Don Cossacks followed along the coast. On 23 May the two forces joined at what is now Mariupol about 100km further west. On 28 June a Turkish fleet caught the Azov flotilla near Henichesk. After two gun duels they were driven off (1 July). Soon after a storm destroyed most of the flotilla along with its food and ammunition.

Instead of attacking the 60000 Tatars waiting at Perekop Lacy built a pontoon bridge out of water casks and crossed the Henichesk Strait onto the Arabat Spit starting on 2 July. Khan Fetih headed south toward the far end of the spit, but Lacy again outflanked him by crossing to the mainland near the Salhyr River, causing the Crimeans to disperse. Lacy went southwest and on 14 July burned Karasubazar.Three days later he chose to withdraw^[4]. He had lost most of his supplies with the flotilla, the Tatars were regrouping, there was not enough fresh water and fodder, and sickness was starting to appear. On 23 July he crossed the Henichesk Strait and a month later reached "Molochnye Vody"^[5]. Because of the invasion the Turks replaced Khan Fetih II with Mengli II.

1738: 3rd Crimea, western campaign

Planning started in November 1737. The goal for 1738 was to tie down the Crimeans while Münnich attacked along the Dniester to support the Austrians.

1738: Third invasion of Crimea: Peter Lacy started from Vol’chye Vody (location?) with an army about the same size as the previous year. On 19 May he met the supply fleet at what is now Berdiansk on the Azov coast (see Azov fleet below). Lacy learned that Mengli and 30000 men were waiting behind Perekop and that Turkish troops had garrisoned Or Kapi. They rested at Molochnye Vody. Instead of attacking Perekop, Lacy chose to cross the Sivash by wading at low tide, possibly near the Chongar Strait. They turned west and got between Perekop and the khan’s army. They blasted Or Kapi with mortars^[6] which surrendered around the beginning of July. They turned south, but on 6 July they decided to go home. There was little food or fodder because the Crimean interior had been trashed the previous year, supplies with the Azov fleet had been lost (below), and disease was beginning to appear. They stopped a Tatar attack on 9 July, rested at Perekop for a month, ruined Perekop as much as they could and returned to Molochnye Vody.

Azov fleet: Peter Bredal with a rebuilt Azov fleet, supplies and 4000 Don Cossacks, met Lacy’s army on 19 May. On 23 May more Don Cossacks arrived with their own boats. On 25 May Bredal was caught by a much larger Turkish fleet and blockaded at ‘Cape Vissarion’ (location?). The blockade was broken when the Turks unwisely pursued 3 escaping sloops. On 6 June they were again caught at ‘Cape Fedotov’, probably on the long sand spit just east of Henichesk Strait. They hauled their boats across the sand spit and reassembled near Henichesk where they were again caught on 16 June. They landed their guns, built a shore battery and burned their boats. There was a 2-day artillery duel but the Turks chose not to land, perhaps because they lacked marines. The loss of the supply fleet forced Lacy to withdraw from Crimea.

1738: Western campaign: The goal was for Muennich to lead the main army to the Dniester and attack the border forts at either Khotin or Bender. On 17 April he crossed the Dnieper south of Poltava and in late June crossed the Bug. He reached the Dniester but on 6 August abandoned the campaign because of Turkish resistance and because of reports of plague west of the river.

1739: 4th Crimea fails, western campaign, war ends

1739: Failed invasion of Crimea: Levashev was supposed to march from Azov but an epidemic forced him to halt at the Miuss River. He later returned to Azov because a fire had destroyed the Azov arsenal and granary. Bredal could not sail from Azov because of disease and a shortage of ships. Lacy left Izium on 10 May. His force was weakened because much had been transferred to the western campaign. In July he learned that the Turks had sent troops and a fleet and that Levashev had turned back. He marched toward Perekop, saw that there was no hope and returned to the Ukrainian line, which he reached on 24 August.

1739: Western campaign: Muennich planned to capture Khotin to take pressure off the Austrians, who were doing poorly. He left Kiev in late April and crossed Polish territory because the land was better and the Poles were too weak to interfere. He won the Battle of Stavuchany in August, took Khotin and marched south to Jassy. There he learned that Austria had signed a separate peace which made his position untenable. On 23 September he was ordered to return to Russian territory.

1739: Treaties: The war was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade with Austria in September and the Treaty of Niš (1739) with Russia in October. All three parties wanted out because the war was costing more than anything they might gain. Russia was also worried about the looming Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743). Russia kept nothing more than a demilitarized Azov, but it had demonstrated that it could reach Moldavia and was now a serious threat to Crimea. In the next war Russia took Crimea and briefly occupied Bucharest.

Note on the Austro-Turkish war

Since there is currently no Wikipedia article on the parallel Austro-Turkish war, this is a brief summary. ^[7] Austria hoped to gain land in the Balkans while the Turks were tied down with Russia. The border was then about 100km south of Belgrade in land gained in 1717. In 1737 Austria went south, captured Nish but soon gave it up. In 1738 the Turks advanced and took places in Serbia and on the Danube. In 1739 Austria crossed the Danube, fought at Grocka and fell back to the Danube. Belgrade was under siege by the Turks when talks began. Austria gave up Belgrade, Serbia south of the Danube and western Wallachia which was perhaps more than the military situation required. The war was poorly managed. Next year the War of the Austrian Succession began.

1730–1737

1730 Qaplan I Giray was appointed for the third time. In 1736 Russia made its first invasion of Crimea and burned the capital. For this Qaplan was replaced by Fetih II Giray (fall 1736). In 1737 Russia invaded again and Fetih was replaced by Mengli who had proven himself strong during his first reign.

Second reign and death (1737–1740)

He was appointed khan in late summer of 1737. As kalga he chose his brother, the future Selâmet II Giray. As nureddin he appointed Salih, who soon died and was replaced by Halim Giray, a son of his brother Saadet IV Giray. Halim became khan in 1756. In February 1738 he raided the Russian frontier without much success. In the summer of 1738 the Russians invaded Crimea for the third time (see below). As usual, they soon withdrew. In February 1739, as the war was winding down, Istanbul sent an envoy to ask his advice. Among other things, he suggested that Azov be abandoned because it was too distant to control. ^[1] In the summer of 1739 a Russian army tried to invade Crimea from Azov but was forced to turn back. Mengli grew ill, was taken to Bakhchisarai and died on 9 January 1740.

Military during second reign

For the first part of the war see Fetih I Giray.

1738: Third invasion of Crimea: Planning started in November 1737. The goal for 1738 was to tie down the Crimeans while Münnich attacked along the Dniester. Peter Lacy started from Vol’chye Vody (location?) with an army about the same size as the previous year. On 19 May he met the supply fleet at what is now Berdiansk on the Azov coast (see Azov fleet below). Lacy learned that Mengli and 30000 men were waiting behind Perekop and that Turkish troops had garrisoned Or Kapi. They rested at Molochnye Vody ^[1] Instead of attacking Perekop, Lacy chose to cross the Sivash by wading at low tide, possibly near the Chongar Strait. They turned west and got between Perekop and the khan’s army. They blasted Or Kapi with mortars^[2] which surrendered around the beginning of July. They turned south, but on 6 July they decided to go home. There was little food or fodder because the Crimean interior had been trashed the previous year, supplies with the Azov fleet had been lost (below), and disease was beginning to appear. They stopped a Tatar attack on 9 July, rested at Perekop for a month, ruined Perekop as much as they could and returned to Molochnye Vody.

fooie

1738: Azov fleet: Peter Bredal with a rebuilt Azov fleet, supplies and 4000 Don Cossacks, met Lacy’s army on 19 May. On 23 May more Don Cossacks arrived with their own boats. On 25 May Bredal was caught by a much larger Turkish fleet and blockaded at ‘Cape Vissarion’ (location?). The blockade was broken when the Turks unwisely pursued 3 escaping sloops. On 6 June they were again caught at ‘Cape Fedotov’, probably on the long sand spit just east of Henichesk Strait. They hauled their boats across the sand spit and reassembled near Henichesk where they were again caught on 16 June. They landed their guns, built a shore battery and burned their boats. There was a 2-day artillery duel but the Turks chose not to land, perhaps because they lacked marines. The loss of the supply fleet forced Lacy to withdraw from Crimea.

1738: Western campaign: The goal was for Muennich to lead the main army to the Dniester and attack the border forts at either Khotin or Bender. On 17 April he crossed the Dnieper south of Poltava and in late June crossed the Bug. He reached the Dniester but on 6 August abandoned the campaign because of Turkish resistance and because of reports of plague west of the river.

crup

1739: Failed invasion of Crimea: Levashev was supposed to march from Azov but an epidemic forced him to halt at the Miuss River. He later returned to Azov because a fire had destroyed the Azov arsenal and granary, Bredal could not sail from Azov because of disease and a shortage of ships. Lacy left Izium on 10 May. His force was weakened because much had been transferred to the western campaign. In July he learned that the Turks had sent troops and a fleet and that Levashev had turned back. He marched toward Perekop, saw that there was no hope and returned to the Ukrainian line, which he reached on 24 August.

1739: Western campaign: Muennich planned to capture Khotin to take pressure off the Austrians, who were doing poorly. He left Kiev in late April and crossed Polish territory because the land was better and the Poles were too weak to interfere. He won the battle of Battle of Stavuchany in August, took Khotin and marched south to Jassy. There he learned that Austria had signed a separate peace which made his position untenable. On 23 September he was ordered to return to Russian territory.

1739: Treaties: The war was ended by the Treaty of Belgrade with Austria in September and the Treaty of Niš (1739) with Russia in October. A few months later Mengli died. The Russians kept nothing more than a demilitarized Azov, but they had demonstrated that they were now a serious threat to Crimea.

Boing

Fetih II Geray (reigned 1736-1737, lived 1696-1746) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. During his brief reign Russia invaded Crimea for the second time. He was the eldest son of Devlet II Giray, one of the six brothers who held the khanship for most of the period 1699-1743. His son was future khan Selim III Giray. His brothers were future khans Arslan Giray and Qırım Giray.

During the third reign of his uncle and predecessor Qaplan I Giray he was nureddin until 1735 when he became kalga on the death of Adil Giray. In 1734 he led a raid across to the Caspian Sea. In the summer of 1736 Russia invaded Crimea for the first time and burned the capital, for which Qaplan was removed.

reign

He became khan around August or September 1736. The Turks made him khan because of his success in 1734 and possibly because of connections in the Ottoman court. As kalga and nureddin he appointed his brothers Arslan and Mahmud. Since Bakhchisarai had been burned he established himself at Karasubazar. In revenge for the Russian invasion, in October he raided the Russian borders. In December the Don Cossacks and Kalmyks seriously defeated the Kuban Horde. Kalmyks later joined in the second Russian invasion. The Turks apparently made another retaliatory raid and took 30000 prisoners.^[3]

In July 1737 Russia invaded Crimea for the second time and burned Karasubazar (below). For this Fetih was deposed, possibly in August. He retired to the village of Chakilli near Vize northwest of Istanbul. He died in 1746 and was buried near the local mosque.

Military

This was part of the Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739). In 1735 a raid toward Crimea failed. In 1736 Russia captured Azov, captured Kinburn across the river from Ochakov and invaded Crimea. On 9 January 1737 Austria joined the war. This made it difficult for the Ottomans to support the Black Sea coast. The plan for 1737 was for one army to capture the Turkish fort of Ochakov at the mouth of the Dnieper while a second army invaded Crimea. See map in Qaplan I Giray.

Capture of Ochakov: In early April Mǔnnich left the Kiev area with about 70000 men. By the time they crossed the Southern Bug the baggage train had 40000 vehicles, 10000 oxen, 2000 camels and 50000 horses. On 30 June they reached Ochakov which now had 20000 defenders. Fighting began the next day and on 3 June heated shot set the town on fire. The fire spread to the powder magazine which blew up killing thousands of Turks. This caused the Turks to surrender the same day.

Muennich left 8000 men to hold the fort and returned with the rest of the army to Poltava. In October the Ottomans tried to retake the fort. All of their attempts failed and on 30 October they withdrew.

mop

Perekop Isthmus

Henichesk Strait

Bakhchysarai

Karasubazar

Kaffa

Sea of Azov

X=crossing points

voot

Second invasion of Crimea: The goal was to prevent the Crimeans from supporting Ochakov, damage Crimea as much as possible and capture the Turkish fort of Kaffa if possible. On 3 May 1737 Peter Lacy set out from the Mius River near Taganrog, about 50km northwest of Azov and 400km east of Perekop. (Russia had captured Azov the previous year.) Around 320 small boats with supplies and Don Cossacks followed along the coast. On 23 May the two forces joined at what is now Mariupol about 100km further west. Instead of attacking the 60000 Tatars waiting at Perekop he built a pontoon bridge out of water casks and crossed the Henichesk Strait onto the Arabat Spit (2-16 July). Fetih headed south toward the far end of the spit, but Lacy again outflanked him by crossing to the mainland near the Salhyr River, causing the Crimeans to disperse. Meanwhile the Turkish fleet caught the Azov flotilla near Henichesk, but they were driven off (1 July). A few days later a storm destroyed most of the flotilla along with its food and ammunition. Lacy went about 65km southwest and on 13 July burned Karasubazar. Three days later he chose to withdraw. He had lost most of his supplies with the flotilla, the Tatars were regrouping, there was not enough fresh water and fodder, and sickness was starting to appear. He crossed the Henichesk Strait on 23 July and reached Molochnye Vody^[4] a month later.

sores

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 579-580 (biography)
• Davies, Brian, Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe, 2011, Chapter Five (military)

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vootie

Mengli II Giray (1678–1740) was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate (1724–1730 and 1737–1740). He was a son of khan Selim I Giray and thus one of the six brothers who were khans during most of the period from 1699 to 1742. He was said to be intelligent, a lover of literature and involved with the Sufi order. He funded mosques and madrassas in Crimea, Budjak and Istanbul. During his first reign he brought back under control the Crimean nobles and then the Nogais in Budjak and the Kuban region.

He was born in 1678 on the isle of Rhodes during his father’s first exile. In 1704–1707 he was nureddin under his brother Ğazı III Giray. In 1707–1708 and 1713–1715 he was kalga during the first two reigns of his brother Qaplan I Giray. When Qaplan quit he settled at Kadykey near Silistra.

First Reign 1724–1730

When Draft:Saadet IV Giray gave up the throne there was talk of reappointing Qaplan, but Mengli was chosen (September-October 1724 = muharram 1137AH)

His kalgas were Safa, a brother of Saadet IV, then Adil and then Salyamet. The last two were Mengli's brothers. His first nureddin was Selyamet, who was later promoted to kalga, then Salih, a son of Saadet IV.

His first task was to regain control of the nobles who has been disobedient during the previous reign.^[1] Before reaching Crimea he sent ahead letters confirming most of them in their current positions, as if nothing had happened. He slowly built up alliances. When the Turks called for Crimean troops to fight the Persians (below) he sent many of the malcontents, including Safa and many of the Shirins. When they were surrounded by Turkish troops he sent an order to liquidate them. Several were hung and Safa was exiled to Chios, and later to Yambol. The next problem was a man called Jan Timur.^[2]. After various meneuvres he was summoned to the palace (October 175). Forewarned, he and his friends fled to the Turks at Azov, and then to the Circassians. With his main enemies out of the way he redistributed fiefs and offices to create an obedient nobility.

In 1725 Istanbul requested 10,000 Crimean troops to fight the Persians.^[3] They went under the command of kalga Safa, nureddin Selyamet and Mengli’s son Tokhtamysh. Readily available sources do not say what they did. This was during the Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727) when the Persian ruler tried to regain the northwest part of their empire which had been taken by the Turks. They crossed the Bosporus in July-August 1725 and returned via Trabzond toward the end of 1726. Some seem to have remained since in mid-September 1727 kalga Adil Gray was removed for refusing to lead troops against Persia. See "Note on Crimeans fighting Persians" at bottom.

When Jan Timur fled to Circassia he was protected by Bakht Giray, the warlord son of Devlet II. An army was sent and Vakht made a partial submission (year uncertain). ^[4] When Adil was removed he went first to an estate near Yambol and then raised a rebellion among the Budjak Nogais in favor of the restoration of Qaplan I. The revolt was suppressed by the local Turkish governors and Adil was forgiven and retired to his estate. This ended about March 1728. ^[5]

In May 1729 Mengli went to Istanbul where he was congratulated by the Sultan for restoring order in Crimea.^[6] In November 1730 Mengli was deposed. The sources do not explain why but all agree that his deposition was connected with the coup that overthrew sultan Ahmad III. ^[7] Mengli went into exile at Rhodes.

Second reign and death

Pending

Note on Crimean troops against Persia

This seems to be the first time since 1637 that the Ottomans demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia. Such campaigns were always unpopular because of the long distance and small chance of loot. For reference, the Turks demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia in, at least: 1551 Sahib, 1584 Mehmed II, 1616 Canibek, 1624 Mehmed III, 1637 Canibek, 1637 Inayet, 1725 Mengli, 1732 Qaplan I (Crimean initive against Persian vassals in Dagestan).

This is a summary of what was happening in Persia. In 1722 an Afghan called Mahmud Hotak rebelled and made himself Shah of Persia. The deposed Shah’s son Tahmasp II organized a weak resistance. The Russians and Turks took advantage of Persian weakness and invaded. Tahmasp sought their support against Mahmud. In June 1724, about four months before Mengli became khan, the two powers signed a treaty in which Russia took the west side of the Caspian and Turkey took approximately modern Georgia and Armenia. Tahmasp’s general Nader Shah began to restore Persian power. About nine months before Mengli was dethroned Nader's encroachment on Turkish territory led to the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735).

Sources

• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, Chapter 2, Paragraphs 13 through 30: http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke2.html
• Giray-Ilim: Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/29.phtml?id=12949.
• Giray family tree: Oleksa Gaivoronsky «Повелители двух материков», Kiev-Bakhchisarai, second edition, 2010, volume 2, endpaper

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vootie

This was loaded about 15jan. Some footnote-counter removed most of it. 07apr mods here if footnotes needed. Mengli II Giray (1678–1740) was twice khan of the Crimean Khanate (1724–1730 and 1737–1740). He was a son of Selim I Giray and thus one of the six brothers who were khans during most of the period from 1699 to 1742. He was said to be intelligent, a lover of literature and involved with the Sufi order. He funded mosques and madrassas in Crimea, Budjak and Istanbul,

He was born in 1678 on the isle of Rhodes during his father’s first exile. In 1704–1707 he was nureddin under his brother Ğazı III Giray. In 1707–1708 and 1713–1715 he was kalga during the first two reigns of his brother Qaplan I Giray. When Qaplan quit settled at Kadykey near Silistra.

First Reign 1724–1730

When Saadet IV Giray gave up the throne there was talk of reappointing Qaplan, but Mengli was chosen (September-October 1724 = muharram 1137AH)

His kalgas were Safa, a brother of Saadet IV, then Adil and then Salyamet. The last two were Mengli's brothers. His first nureddin was Selyamet, who was later promoted to kalga, then Salih, a son of Saadet IV.

His first task was to regain control of the nobles who has been disobedient during the previous reign. Before reaching Crimea he sent ahead letters confirming most of them in their current positions, as if nothing had happened. He slowly built up alliances. When the Turks called for Crimean troops to fight the Persians (below) he sent many of the malcontents, including Safa and many of the Shirins. When they were surrounded by Turkish troops he sent an order to liquidate them. Several were hung and Safa was exiled to Chios, and later to Yambol. The next problem was a man called Jan Timur. After various meneuvres he was summoned to the palace (October 1725). Forewarned, he and his friends fled to the Turks at Azov, and then to the Circassians. With his main enemies out of the way he redistributed fiefs and offices to create an obedient nobility.

In 1725 Istanbul requested 10,000 Crimean troops to fight the Persians. They went under the command of kalga Safa, nureddin Selyamet and Mengli’s son Tokhtamysh. Readily available sources do not say what they did. This was during the Ottoman–Hotaki War (1726–1727). They crossed the Bosporus in July-August 1725 and returned via Trabzond toward the end of 1726. Some seem to have remained since in mid-September 1727 kalga Adil Gray was removed for refusing to lead troops against Persia. See "Note on Crimeans fighting Persians" at bottom.

When Jan Timur fled to Circassia he was protected by Vakht Giray, the warlord son of Devlet II. An army was sent and Vakht made a partial submission (year uncertain). When Adil was removed he went first to an estate near Yambol and then raised a rebellion among the Budjak Nogais in favor of the restoration of Qaplan I. The revolt was suppressed by the local Turkish governors and Adil was forgiven and retired to his estate. This ended about March 1728.

In May 1729 Mengli went to Istanbul where he was congratulated by the Sultan for restoring order in Crimea. In November 1730 Mengli was deposed. The sources do not explain why but all agree that his deposition was connected with the coup that overthrew sultan Ahmad III. Mengli went into exile at Rhodes.

Second reign and death

Pending

Note on Crimean troops against Persia

This seems to be the first time since 1637 that the Ottomans demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia. Such campaigns were always unpopular because of the long distance and small chance of loot. For reference, the Turks demanded Crimean troops to fight Persia in, at least: 1551 Sahib, 1584 Mehmed II, 1616 Canibek, 1624 Mehmed III, 1637 Canibek, 1637 Inayet, 1725 Mengli, 1732 Qaplan I (Crimean initive against Persian vassals in Dagestan).

This is a summary of what was happening in Persia. In 1722 an Afghan called Mahmud Hotak rebelled and made himself Shah of Persia. The deposed Shah’s son Tahmasp II organized a weak resistance. The Russians and Turks took advantage of Persian weakness and invaded. Tahmasp sought their support against Mahmud. In June 1724, about four months before Mengli became khan, the two powers signed a treaty in which Russia took the west side of the Caspian and Turkey took approximately modern Georgia and Armenia. Tahmasp’s general Nader Shah began to restore Persian power. About nine months before Mengli was dethroned Nader's encroachment on Turkish territory led to the Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735).

Sources

• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, Chapter 2, Paragraphs 13 through 30: http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke2.html
• Giray-Ilim: Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/29.phtml?id=12949.
• Giray family tree: Oleksa Gaivoronsky «Повелители двух материков», Kiev-Bakhchisarai, second edition, 2010, volume 2, endpaper

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

boop

Saadat IV Giray (reigned 1717–1724, lived 1662–1732) was a khan of the Crimean Khanate. Some older writers call him Saadet III, because they do not count Saadet III Giray. He was one of the six brothers who held power during most of the period from 1699 to 1742. His father was Selim I Giray and his son was khan Halim Giray. He was preceded by his uncle Devlet III Giray and followed by his brother Meñli II Giray. He was reported to be tall and handsome in his youth, but later became fat and much given to hunting. He seems to have been too mild and indecisive to keep his subjects under control.

He was Or-Bey or governor of Perekop from 1692 to 1699 and then nureddin and kalga until 1703. He was kalga during the second reign of Devlet II Giray (1709-1713). When Devlet was deposed Saadet retired to an estate near the village of Saraj-El near Yambol in what is now Bulgaria.

rain

Saadet replaced his uncle Devlet III Giray in 1717. He appointed as kalga and nureddin Inaet Giray and Safa Giray. Inaet died, Safa was promoted to kalga and Adil replaced him as nureddin. Adil resigned and was replaced by Islyam Giray. Inaet was a descendant of Selyamet I, Safa and Adil were the khan’s brothers and Islyam his nephew.

The readily available sources are old, poor and contradictory. The main problems of his reign were campaigns in the Balkans and Circassia and his quarrel with the Shirin clan.

His first task was to lead troops to the Balkans to help the Turks during the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718). Peace was concluded in July 1718 and Saadet returned to Crimea without fighting.

The second problem was a warlord called Bakht Giray, nicknamed 'the Mad Sultan', who was causing trouble north of the Caucasus and not paying tribute. The following account is from Giray-Ilim. He sent his son Salikh to sort things out. Salikh reported that some tribes were submissive and some not and suggested the dispatch of a Crimean army. The authors do not say if an army was sent. The next account is from Smirnov. The Turks sent him to suppress Bakht Giray, in part because Russia complained that Bakht was raiding the Russian border while Russia and Turkey were at peace. Smirnov finds one Turkish source which says that Salikh went first. He invaded Kabardia and spent about two years there without accomplishing much. Some of Smirnov's Turkish sources say he was captured and released, while others do not. He returned to Crimea and was overthrown.

When he returned to Crimea he had to deal with the clans. Khalim Giray says that the Shirins rebelled because they did not get a proper share of booty. Instead of violently suppressing them he voluntarily left the throne and went to Budjak where he announced his resignation to the Turks. Ilim adds that the problem started with a dispute over a betrothal. The quarrel spread to other clans, the khan’s attempted intervention only made things worse and he chose to resign. The French Wikipedia, citing a French journal, says that the Shirins attacked him in his palace.

He settled on his estate at Saraj-El and died in January 1732. He was buried in the courtyard of the Yambol mosque.

Sources

• Giray-Ilim, Rose Bush of Khans, compiled by Khalim Giray in 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions of obsolete material by Kemal Usenov, 2004. (As Saadat III) http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12918.
• Smirnov, Krimskoye Khanstvo b XVIII Beke, 1887, (As Saadat III). http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke.html

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Draft problem

In February someone moved this to draftspace on the grounds that it did not have adequate sources. The person apparently did not realize that the sources for inner Asian history are much poorer than those for modern Europe. I have read a great deal of Asian history. If better sources were readily available, I think I would have found them by now. The idea is to publish what information we have and improve it when improvements become possible. Also, we should have an article for each Crimean khan.

bop

Devlet III Giray (reigned 1716-1717, lived 1647-1717) was briefly khan of the Crimean Khanate. He was appointed in November 1716 and was removed in January or February of the next year. He was the son of Adil Giray (died 1659, nureddin under Islyam III and Mehmed IV) and grandson of Selâmet I Giray. Thus he was not one of the six sons of his cousin Selim I who ruled in the period 1699 to 1743. He was called Kara Devlet or Black Devlet and was reputed to be a man noble character.

From 1684 to 1692 he was kalga under three khans. When Safa Giray of Crimea was removed in 1692 Devlet followed him and settled in a village near Yambol. In 1715 or 1716 Qaplan I Giray was removed because of his failure to support the Turks at the time of the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718). The Turks appointed Devlet as a way of weakening the sons of Selim I. As kalga and nureddin he chose Bakhadyr, a son of Safa, and Makhsud, a son of either Devlet himself or Safa. After being appointed at Istanbul he was immediately sent to Budzhak. He sent Bakhadyr to Crimea to collect troops to support the Turks against Austria. The Turks had misjudged the Crimean mood. The beys disliked Devlet because of his association with the unpopular Safa and wanted another son of Selim. In order to avoid conflict with an important ally or vassal, the Turks removed Devlet and replaced him with Selim's son Saadet IV Giray. Devlet went to Yambol, where he died after a few months. His brief reign is somewhat similar to that of Saadet III Giray in 1691.

Sources

Khalim Giray, Rose Bush of Khans, 1811, modernized Turkish with many additions by Ablyakim Ilim (before 1947), Russian translation with additions and deletions by Kemal Usenov, 2004. http://www.vostlit.info/Texts/Dokumenty/Krym/XV/Rozovyj_kust_chanov/index.phtml?id=12918.

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Second Reign (1713–1715)

When he replaced Devlet II he appointed as kalga and nureddin his brothers Meñli II Giray and Safa. His first task was to send Mengli to deal with the Kuban Nogais who had revolted under Bakhti Giray, the eldest son of his brother Devlet II. The Turks called him to fight in the Balkans. The beys resisted, there were delays and when he, or perhaps his brother Selyamet, arrived too late the Turks removed him. For the possibility that he was dethroned in 1716 rather than 1715, see the talk page.

1716–1738

Pending.

Was he dethroned in 1715 or 1716?

The problem is that 1715 contradicts the date of the Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718). These wikis give 1715: en:,ru:,tu:,uk: (15dec). These give 1716: fr: (dec), br:, ca: (nov). Howorth has 1715 as does Gaivoronsky’s family tree. All sources say Kara Devlet came to power in 1716, fr: and tu: giving December of that year. Smirnov says Kara Devlet was appointed at the end of Dhu Al Hajjah 1129. This Islamic month ended on 04dec1717, but elsewhere Smirnov speaks of his delay in the German war of 1128AH (1716), has a meeting to decide Qaplan’s fate on 02dec1716 and twice gives the transition year as 1716, so his Islamic year is probably off by one. Howorth says he was deposed because of the Turkish defeat at ‘Vardin’, which must be Petrovaradin. Ru: and those that follow it say the khan was late in reaching the Hungarian border. Ca: says that Selyamet rather than the khan went. Smirnov has the khan meet the retreating Turkish army south of Belgrade.

Given this, the most reasonable account seems to be: “The Turks declared war on Austria in April 1716 and called on the Crimeans for help. The beys resisted callup, there were delays and he, or Selyamet, arrived too late to help the Turks who were defeated at Petrovaradin in August 1716. The Turks blamed everyone in sight and after some delay removed Qaplan in late 1716.” However, this is not enough evidence to to change a date found in the major sources.

sore

• http://www.krimoved-library.ru/books/krimskoe-hanstvo-v-xviii-veke.html

First Reign (1707–1708)

He came to the throne in 1707 following the deposition of his brother Ğazı III Giray. His kalga and nureddin were his brothers Meñli II Giray and Maksud. Maksud soon died and was followed by Sahib, another brother. He sent Mengli to discuss things with the Circassians or Kabardians. Mengli was arrogant, the Kabardians attacked and killed many of his men, but Mengli escaped. Qaplan then led a large army against the rebellious Kabardians, including 3,000 Turks. The war was a disaster (Battle of Kanzhal, September 1708). He lost most of his men, including the Shirin and Mansur begs, was wounded in the arm and fled. For this, and perhaps because he had given asylum to some fleeing Cossacks^[1], he was deposed and exiled to Rhodes. His brother Devlet was restored.

1708–1713

Devlet’s second reign mostly involved the consequences of the Battle of Poltava. Devlet was removed and Qaplan restored partly due to his treatment of the exiled Swedish king.

CapSore

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 556,569,570, 571-572, 574-575
• Barasbi Bgazhnokov: victory or death section of ^[1] for battle of Khanzhal

1702–1709

• 1702: His father Selim I was restored for the fourth time.
• 1704: Selim's eldest son Ğazı III Giray became khan on his father's death.
• 1707: Selim's second son Qaplan I Giray became khan after Gazi's deposition.
• 1709: Devlet was restored after Qaplan's defeat in Circassia.

Second reign 1709-1713

Much of his second reign involved the conflicts between Peter the Great and Charles XII of Sweden. During the Great Northern War Ivan Mazepa revolted against Russia and Charles moved east to join him. Both were defeated at the Battle of Poltava in July 1709, about six months after Devlet came to the throne. Some of Mazepa’s Cossacks were settled in Crimean territory at Oleshky. Charles fled to Ottoman territory and tried to stir up a Swedish-Turkish-Crimean war against Russia. When the Turks failed to expel Charles, Peter invaded Moldavia (Pruth River Campaign of 1710). A Turkish army went north, 40,000 Tatars under Devlet’s son went northwest and Peter was surrounded. He was allowed to withdraw by signing a treaty in which he gave up Azov and smaller forts near the Sea of Azov (1711). Devlet continued to press for Turkish action against the growing power of Russia. In 1713 the Sultan ordered Devlet and Ismail Pasha to escort Charles to Poland (it is not clear to which faction). Charles refused and was captured (Skirmish at Bender). There was a shift in Turkish policy and Devlet was deposed (December 1713), partly because of his mistreatment of Charles at Bender.

One source(^[1]) says that in early 1711 Devlet’s son Mekhmed, Mazepa’s sucessor and some Swedes, Poles and Turkish soldiers raided around Bratslav, fought a number of battles and retreated to Bender at the approach of a Russian army. The same spring Devlet himself moved on Kharkov, was defeated, and returned to Crimea.

sore

Ho gitit

The Era of Selim's six sons (1699–1743)

In this period Istanbul regularly imposed and replaced Crimean rulers. According to one author ^[1] the Crimean begs were on the Turkish payroll. In 1699 Selim resigned and went on the Hajj. His eldest son Devlet II (first reign) became khan. In 1702 the Ottomans restored Selim (fourth reign). In 1704 his second son Gazi III became khan on his father’s death. In 1707 Qaplan (first reign) was enthroned by the Turks. In 1709 Devlet II (second reign) was restored after Qaplan was defeated by the Circassians. In 1713 Qaplan (second reign) was restored because Devlet mishanded the Swedish king after the battle of Poltava. In 1715 Saadet IV was enthroned. He was captured and released by the Circassians. In 1724 Mengli II followed and fought the Nogais. In 1730 Qaplan (third reign) was restored. Russia invaded Crimea, Qaplan was blamed and deposed. In 1736 Feti II Giray was enthroned. He was not one of the six brothers but the son of one of the brothers, Devlet II. He was deposed after 10 months because of a Russian victory. In 1737 Mengli was restored. He fought the Russians and died after two years. In 1739 Selyamet II was enthroned on Mengli’s death. In 1743 Selyamet was deposed, thus ending the era of the six brothers.

Sources and notes

• İnalcık, Halil. "GAZİ GİRAY III". TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi (in Turkish).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, page 565 (one paragraph)

[1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Canada and Siberia

Both Canada and Siberia are largely covered by Boreal Forest. Both were opened up by water-borne fur traders. In both countries the problem was to find streams that flowed in approximately the right direction and to find short portages to move from one river basin to the next. Both regions are flat. One can move from the Saint Lawrence to the Rockies or from the Urals almost to the Pacific with only a few short portages. In both countries furs were obtained by natives and exported by Europeans. In Siberia a band of armed Cossacks would enter a native village and demand yasak or tribute. In Canada furs were obtained by honest trade.

Russian expansion into Siberia began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. Fifty seven years later they reached the Pacific. European settlement of Canada began in 1605 (Port Royal, Nova Scotia) and 1608 (Quebec City). Canada-based Europeans reached the Arctic Ocean in 1789 and the Pacific in 1793, both expeditions led by Alexander Mackenzie. For Siberian exploration see Siberian River Routes and its linked articles.

old

− Both Canada and Siberia were explored by Europeans mainly by river. Both regions have many navigable rivers with short portages between them. There are no serious barriers to water-borne travel east of the Rockies or from the Urals almost to the Pacific. The fur trade drove and financed both expansions (mostly beaver furs in Canada, sable and many others in Siberia). In both areas incomers obtained furs from the natives and exported them to Europe. In Siberia a band of armed Cossacks would enter a native village and demand yasak or tribute. In Canada furs were obtained through trade.

−

⚫↪ Russian expansion into Siberia began with the conquest of the Khanate of Sibir in 1582. In 1639 they reached the Pacific near Okhotsk. European settlement of Canada began in 1605 and 1608 (Port Royal, Nova Scotia and Quebec City). Canada-based Europeans reached the Arctic Ocean in 1789 and the Pacific in 1793, both expeditions led by Alexander Mackenzie). For details of Siberian travel see Siberian River Routes.

Siberia restored

Someone edited out the original reference to Siberia, apparently because it did not directly apply to Canada. The underlying theme of this article is how, in this case, geography influenced history. Comparison to Siberia is needed to show how similar geography did and did not produce similar results and also set up the problems faced by travelers in this type of country. This article was originally made as a companion to Siberian river routes.

1691-1692

He was followed by Saadet III Giray who was removed after less than a year. The next khan, Safa Giray of Crimea, was replaced by Selim at Crimean request. Saadet failed the Turks militarily and Safa was accused of drunkenness, among other things,

Third Reign (1692-1699)

His kalga was his son Devlet. His nureddin was Shahin, the son of his nephew Selyamet. His reign was dominated by three problems: fighting in the Balkans, raiding and fighting in Ukraine and the Russian capture of Azov.

In 1692 he was immediately called to fight in the Balkans. In September 1695 he was again called west and took part in the battle of Lippa or Lugos. (see de:Friedrich von Veterani)

During the Azov campaigns (1695–96) Peter the Great tried to capture Azov, the second campaign being successful. Russia held Azov until 1711.

The Crimeans raided Domanchov (1692), Poltava (1692,1693) and Pereiaslav (1694). In return the Cossacks raided Ochakov and Perekop. Following the Azov campaigns the Cossacks built forts near the mouth of the Don and Crimeans raided toward Lemburg (1697). Crimeans fought Poles at the Battle of Podhajce (1698).

It is not clear why Selim chose to leave the throne. He retired to an esate near Silivri. His departure roughly coincided with the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) which ended the Great Turkish War and the Treaty of Constantinople (1700) which ended Russian involvement in the same war.

1699-1702

During this time Selim suffered from gout and moved to various places near Istanbul in hope of a cure. Selim was followed by his son Devlet II Giray. Devlet was removed and replaced by his father (fourth reign) because of conflicts with his brothers and because of his provocative hostility to Russia.

Sources

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, p. 565
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.
• In the absence of a proper source in English, this is mostly extracted from the Russian Wikipedia which apparently follows Gaivoronsky. Howorth is old and has only one paragraph.

{1{DEFAULTSORT:Giray, Saadat III}} [1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

{1{Ottoman-bio-stub}} {1{Ukraine-bio-stub}}

Sources

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, p. 565
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.
• In the absence of a proper source in English, this is mostly extracted from the Russian Wikipedia which apparently follows Gaivoronsky. Howorth is old and has only one paragraph.

{1{DEFAULTSORT:Giray, Safa}} [1[Category:Crimean Khans]]

First reign (1671-1678)

When he was appointed in 1671 he was in retirement at 'Cholmek' near Yambol in modern in Bulgaria. It is said that he obtained the khanship by bribing vizier Kologi. His kalga and nureddin were his brother Selyamet and his cousin Safa.

He went to Kabardia to deal with something but was immediately called back to fight in the Polish–Ottoman War (1672–76). Howorth^[1] says that he and his two sons contributed to the capture of Kamenetz. He captured many prisoners in Pokutia and Volhynia but was forced to abandon them by Jan Sobieski. When the Nogais near Akkerman revolted against the Porte Selim forced them to move to Crimea, but they drifted back.

In 1676 the pro-Turkish Doroshenko was defeated at Chyhyryn by the Russians and forced to abdicate. In 1677 Turkish and Crimean troops were sent to re-take Chyryhin. The Russians barely won the siege, Selim received part of the blame and was removed. See Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681). He spent the winter in Kaffa and retired to Rhodes.

1678-1684

He was followed by Murad Giray and then Haci II Giray. In 1683 Murad was removed for his part in the Turkish defeat at Vienna. Haci was soon driven out by the Crimean nobles.

Second reign (1684-1691)

The Turkish disaster at Vienna led to the so-called Great Turkish War (1683-1699) in which all the neighboring powers ganged up to push the Turks south. Russia’s role was to send two expeditions against Crimea (Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689). Both failed due to supply problems, but they kept Crimean troops away from the main fighting in the west. In 1688 Selim defeated some Austrians. In 1689 he was again successful near Belgrade, but his son was killed. He chose to resign the khanship and make the pilgrimage to Mecca. On his return he settled at an estate called ‘Kazikui near Silivri’.

[1]

Sources

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 562-563
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.

[*[Category:Crimean Khans]]

Sources and footnotes

• Henry Hoyle Howorth, History of the Mongols, 1880, Part 2, pp. 563
• Олекса Гайворонский «Созвездие Гераев». Симферополь, 2003.^[2]

[*[Category:Crimean Khans]]

head

The Yudjá or Juruna are an Indigenous people of Brazil. They were formerly the major tribe along the Xingu River, but are now divided into two groups, a westernized northern group near Altamira, Para near the big bend of the Xingu and a more conservative group in the Xingu Indigenous Park at the headwaters of the Xingu in Mato Grosso. The southern group lives in two villages located near the mouth of the Maritsauá-Mitau River. They fish and raise crops, such as manioc.^[2]

spiks

Another source ^[3] has Yudja and and the extinct Arupaia (Arupai), Xipaia , Peapaia, Aoku (not identified), and Maritsawá.

boing

The Xingu River (/ʃiːŋˈɡuː/ sheeng-GOO; Portuguese: Rio Xingu, Portuguese pronunciation: [ʃĩˈɡu]) is a long north-flowing river in the eastern Amazon basin of Brazil. It is the easternmost major tributary of the Amazon. To the east is the Tocantins River, a small part of which may enter the Amazon. To the west is the Tapajos River.

It is about 2100km long, about as long as the Ohio River and its Allegheny tributary. Its basin is about 504,000 km², roughly the size of France, and makes up about 7.3 percent of the Amazon basin.^[1] Its average discharge is about 9,700 m³ /s, which contributes about 4-5% of the Amazon’s waters. Since it is a clearwater river flowing off the Brazilian Highlands it contributes relatively little sediment to the main river.

The river can rise as much as five meters. High water is in Mar-Apr and low water is in Sep-Oct, although this varies with location. At Altamira in the period 1971-1995 the highest flow was 32,298 and lowest flow 808 m³/s. ^[2].

Description

Its mouth is about 420 km from the Atlantic. Ocean tides are felt about 100km up the Xingu. The lower river north of the Big Bend is very broad, at least at high water.

About 180km south of the mouth (in a straight line) is the Volta Grande or Big Bend where the river makes an S-curve. The Trans-Amazonian Highway crosses here. Near the highway is the Belo Monte Dam. The river drops a few hundred feet to the Amazon lowland and the numerous cataracts are a major divide for aquatic life. The rapids tended to block European expansion upriver.

About 270km south of the Amazon the Xingu's major tributary, the Iriri River, joins from the west. It flows north perhaps 500km before turning east to join the Xingu. To the west is the low Serra do Cachimbo which separates the basins of the Xingu and Tapajos.

South of the Big Bend it flows northward about 900km through undeveloped rainforest. The exception is a significant area of deforestation and development near São Félix do Xingu where the Fresco River comes in from the east. This is about 550km south of the mouth. About 900km south of its mouth in enters Pará from Mato Grosso. The headwaters of the Xingu in Mato Grosso was one of the last parts of Brazil to be reached by Europeans. For this see Xingu Indigenous Park.

It flows through the Amazonian rainforest except for some scrub-savanna at its headwaters. Around half of its basin is in conservation units. The areas of deforestation are along the Trans-Amazon highway, a projection from the east near São Felix do Xingu and on three sides of the headwaters area.

The only developed crossings appear to be the Trans-Amazon Highway and a dirt road with ferry in Mato Grosso west of São José do Xingu. The only notable towns are Porto de Moz near the mouth, Vitória do Xingu, Altamira, Para on the Big Bend and São Felix.

Historical tribes were, from north to south, the Apenqu at the mouth, the Taconyape, Juruna along most of the river, then the Kayapo and the tribes of the Xingu Indigenous Park.

Fish

The numerous rapids prevent most migratory fish from using the river. More than 450 fish species have been documented in the Xingu River Basin and it is estimated that the total is around 600 fish species, including many endemics.^[3] At least 193 fish species living in rapids are known from the lower Xingu,^[4] and at least 26 of these are endemic.^[5] From 2008 to 2018 alone, 24 new fish species have been described from the river.^[4][5][6] Many species are seriously threatened by the dam, which will significantly alter the flow in the Volta Grande rapids.^[4][7][8]

Sources and footnotes

• Smithsoniam Atals of the Amazon, 2003, Chapters 1,2,3 and 8.

Voot

The Bakairi are an indigenous people of Brazil. They speak the Bakairi language, one of the Cariban languages. They call themselves Kurâ, Bakairi being a Portuguese term of unknown origin. They currently live in the Santana and Bakairi Indigenous Territories of northern Mato Grosso, in the northern cerrado south of the Amazon rain forest. Like most native peoples, they were more numerous before European contact. In 1999 there were about 950 Bakairi, of whom 898 lived in the two Indigenous Territories. In 1965 only 261 were recorded.

History

According to the Bakairi, they first lived in the rainforest on the Teles Pires (a branch of the Tapajos) below its confluence with the Verde, a large left tributary which comes in west of Sinop, Mato Grosso about 1000km south of the Amazon, 400km north of Cuiaba and 200km west of the Xingu. Due to internal quarrels and conflict with their neighbors, mainly Kayabí, they moved south in three groups.

The small western group went south to 'Santana’ on the upper Arinos River, about 250km north of Cuiaba. They were first contacted in the early 18th century and began to work in mineral extraction. From 1847 they were involved with the General Directorate of Indians in Cuiaba and later began to work in rubber extraction where they seem to have been abused. In the 1920s and 1960s many moved east to the central group. In 1965 an Indigenous Post was established and is now the Santana Indigenous Territory or Territorio Kurâ Bakairi. They resisted assimilation. The first school was established in 1975.

The central group moved south to the headwaters of the Teles Pires about 150km east of Santana. They were first contacted by the Portuguese in the early 19th century and began working in agriculture and cattle raising. In 1889 a Captain Telles Pires took many Bakairi as paddlers to explore the river that now bears his name, but all of them died. The Bakairi Indigenous Territory was established here in 1920. It is about twice the size of the western Territory. Some Chavante moved from the Xingu to the Territory, outnumbering the Bakairi, but in 1974 they moved back to the Coluene River, branch of the Xingu.

The eastern and largest group moved to the upper Xingu northeast of the central group, an area almost unknown to Europeans. Here they lost contact with the other two groups. In 1884 Karl von den Steinen had some central Bakairi lead him to the eastern group on the Batavi River. Fifteen years later another German explorer, Hermann Meyer, found them on the Coliseu River (another branch of the Xingu) and judged them depopulated and corroded by the western Bakairi’s ‘civilization’. In 1923 they seem to have moved to the central Bakairi.

Sources

• John Hemming, Amazon Frontier, 1987, pp 400-415
• Povos Indigenas no Brasil: (in Portuguese) (paste to google translate).

[1[:Category:Indigenous peoples in Brazil]]

voot

In addition to rapids and mosquitoes, there were also Indians. The 1720 convoy was wiped out by unknown persons. In 1725 the Payaguá (a canoe people on the Paraguay) annihilated ^[3] a convoy with only two escaping. In 1728 they attacked some Bandeirantes and liberated their Paraesi captives. In 1730 they killed 400 people and captured 600 arrobas (900 kilos) of gold. They did not understand its value, threw much of it in the river and traded 150 kilos to Spaniards downstream. One Spaniard traded a tin plate for five pounds of gold. Some survivors of the 1730 raid walked overland to Camapuã. A 1733 convoy had only four survivors. Punitive expeditions failed until 1734 when an 842-man force destroyed a Payagua town.^[4] In 1735 they killed all but four of a convoy. Attacks declined as the gold ran out and because the Payagua quarreled with their Guayacuru or Mbayá neighbors, a horse people on both sides of the Paraguay.

Family

All subsequent Crimean khans were descended from Selyamet, except for five who were sons or grandsons of his brothers. Selyamet was the youngest of the many sons of Devlet I Giray (1551-1577). His brothers were khans Mehmed II Giray (1577-84, killed by Islyam), Islyam II Giray (1584-88, died naturally), Gazi II Giray (1588-1607, followed by Selyamet) and Fetih I Giray (1596, interrupting Gazi II) and Alp, Shakai Mubarek and five others who died early.

When he came to the throne he was the last surviving brother, so he had to deal with his nephews and their sons. These were, starting with Selyamet's brothers: Mehmed II (sons Murad, Safa, Saadet II Giray [sons Kumyk, Devlet, Mehmed III Giray and Shahin]), Gazi II (son Toqtamış Giray), Shakai Mubarak (sons Canibek Giray and Devlet).

His sons

• Kumyk: Probably poisoned by Russians in Astrakhan along with his uncle Murad
• Devlet: Nureddin under Gazi II; in 1601 planed to rebel but was killed.
• Shahin: Escaped after Devlet was killed, active until 1641.
• Mehmed III Giray: Escaped after Devlet was killed, killed Tokhtamysh, later khan.