User:Chumash11/Sand2

Kasei (火星) is the Japanese word for Mars. It may also refer to:

• Kasei Valles, a canyon on Mars
• Kasei, Kenya, a village in Kenya
• Kasei, Ghana, a village in Ghana

• Mitsubishi Kasei, a World War II aircraft engine used on many Japanese warplanes
• Kasei Station, a train station on the Fujikyuko Line in Tsuru, Yamanashi, Japan
• Toritsu-Kasei Station, a train station on the Seibu Shinjuku Line in Nakano, Tokyo, Japan

• Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin University, a private university in Tokyo
• Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin Junior College, a women's university in Tokyo, unrelated to Tokyo Kasei-Gakuin University despite the similar name
• Tokyo Kasei University, a private university in Tokyo

• Asahi Kasei, a Japanese chemical conglomerate
• Rakuto Kasei, a Japanese multinational chemical company
• Gunnm: Kasei Senki 銃夢 ～火星の記憶, Gunnm: Martian Memory in English, an action role-playing video game

• All pages with titles beginning with Kasei
• All pages with titles containing Kasei

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The marketing of electronic cigarettes is legal in some jurisdictions,^{[5][page needed]} and spending is increasing rapidly.^{[6][7][clarification needed]}

A 2014 review said, "the e-cigarette companies have been rapidly expanding using aggressive marketing messages similar to those used to promote cigarettes in the 1950s and 1960s."^[6] E-cigarettes and nicotine are regularly promoted as safe and beneficial in the media and on brand websites.^{[8][clarification needed]} While advertising of tobacco products is banned in most countries, television and radio e-cigarette advertising in some countries may be indirectly encouraging traditional cigarette smoking.^[6] There is no evidence that the cigarette brands are selling e-cigarettes as part of a plan to phase out traditional cigarettes, despite some claiming to want to cooperate in "harm reduction".^[6]

According to a 2014 review, e-cigarettes are aggressively promoted in the US, mostly via the internet, as a healthy alternative to smoking.^[9]

There are concerns of claims that e-cigarettes are harmless, or even beneficial, to the user.^{[duplication?][8]} E-cigarette companies commonly promote that their products contain only water, nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, and flavoring but this assertion is misleading.^[6] It contains varying levels of heavy metals in the vapor, including chromium, nickel, tin, silver, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum.^{[10][relevant?]} The assertion that e-cigarette emit "only water vapor" is false because the evidence indicates e-cigarette vapor contains possibly harmful chemicals such as nicotine, carbonyls, metals, and organic volatile compounds, in addition to particulates.^[11]

Medical claims are also made, including "pharmaceuticalization", comparing e-cigarettes to nicotine inhalers.^[12]

E-liquids and e-cigarettes^{[failed verification]} marketed as "nicotine-free" have been found to contain nicotine.^[13]

E-cigarette industry marketing strategy mostly targets the upper-middle class of people in trying to sell their products.^{[14][non-primary source needed]}

As of 2014, 39 countries containing 31% of the world's population have comprehensive e-cigarette advertising, promotion and sponsorship bans, and 19 countries containing 5% of the world's populations require products like e-cigarettes to be reviewed before being placed on the market.^{[5][page needed]} Easily circumvented age verification at company websites enables young people to access and be exposed to marketing for e-cigarettes.^[37]

E-cigarettes have been listed as drug delivery devices in several countries because they contain nicotine, and their advertising has been restricted until safety and efficacy clinical trials are conclusive.^[38] Since they do not contain whole tobacco, television advertising in the United States is not restricted.^[39] In the European Union, on the other hand, advertising and promotion of e-cigarettes and refill containers in print (newspaper, magazine, periodical), television, or radio media is prohibited by the European Commission's 2014 Tobacco Products Directive (incorporated in British law by the 2016 Tobacco and Related Products Regulations^[40]).^{[page needed]} Additionally, warning labels stating that the products contain nicotine and should not be used by non-smokers are mandatory, and a leaflet must be provided "with instructions for use and information on adverse effects, risk groups, addictiveness and toxicity".^{[41][relevant?]} However, billboard advertising, posters on domestic public transport, in the cinema, by leaflets or mail, and in trade media is still permitted.^{[40][page needed]}

The marketing of these flavored products were targeted at youths and people of color.^[42] San Francisco banned the sale of flavored nicotine products, including flavoured e-liquids, in 2018.^[43][44]

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) took a stand on the sale of flavored e-cigarettes in 2018.^{[45][relevant?]} The ban targeted the sale of flavored tobacco at certain establishments such as retail stores and gas stations.^{[46][relevant?]}

In some cases,^{[clarification needed]} regulations have not been explicit enough to prevent companies from marketing and selling e-cigarettes to minors,^{[7][needs update]} particularly on the internet.^{[47][non-primary source needed]}

• Nicotine marketing