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Governance
Governance is the act of governing. It relates to decisions that define expectations, grant power, or verify performance. It consists of either a separate process or part of management or leadership processes. These processes and systems are typically administered by a government.
In the case of a business or of a non-profit organisation, governance relates to consistent management, cohesive policies, guidance, processes and decision-rights for a given area of responsibility. For example, managing at a corporate level might involve evolving policies on privacy, on internal investment, and on the use of data.
To distinguish the term governance from government; "governance" is what a "government" does. It might be a geo-political government (nation-state), a corporate government (business entity), a socio-political government (tribe, family etc.), or any number of different kinds of government, but governance is the physical exercise of management power and policy, while government is the instrument (usually collective) that does it. The term government is also used more abstractly as a synonym for governance, as in the Canadian motto, "Peace, Order and Good Government".
History
Etymology and definition
The word governance is derived from the Greek verb κυβερνάω [kubernáo] which means to steer and was used for the first time in a metaphorical sense by Plato. It then passed on to Latin and then on to many languages.[1]
The World Bank defines governance as
- the exercise of political authority and the use of institutional resources to manage society's problems and affairs.[2]
The Worldwide Governance Indicators project of the World Bank defines governance as
- The traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised.[3] This considers the process by which governments are selected, monitored and replaced; the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies and the respect of citizens and the state of the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them.
An alternate definition sees governance as
- the use of institutions, structures of authority and even collaboration to allocate resources and coordinate or control activity in society or the economy.[4]
English-speakers sometimes erroneously confuse the term governance with the term government.
According to the United Nations Development Programme's Regional Project on Local Governance for Latin America:
Origin
Research underway.
Variants of governance
Research underway.
Processes and governance
Governance may be carried out by an organisational body of any size; form one person to all of humanity. It may function for diverse purposes, for good or evil, for profit or charity. Examples of governance's purpose may include the smooth, efficient operation of a system or to ensure that a given set of objectives are achieved with a minimum of undesirable results. Philosopher Nayef Al-Rodhan said that "A good governance paradigm... limits excesses of human nature and ensures an atmosphere of happiness and productivity by promoting reason and dignity" [5]
A government hoping to achieve this aim might consist of a set of inter-related official positions exercising coercive power that assures, on behalf of the governed, a worthwhile pattern of good results while avoiding an inauspicious pattern of bad circumstances, by making decisions conducive to the afore-described objectives.
Politics provides a means by which the governance process operates. For example, people may choose expectations by way of political activity; they may grant power through political action, and they may judge performance through political behavior.
With this conception of governance, one can apply the it to states, corporations, [non-profit organisations], NGOs, partnerships and other associations, project-teams and to any number of humans engaged in some purposeful enterprise.
References
- see document on etymology prepared by the European Commission at http://ec.europa.eu/governance/docs/doc5_fr.pdf
- World Bank, Managing Development - The Governance Dimension, 1991, Washington D.C. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/03/07/000090341_20060307104630/Rendered/PDF/34899.pdf
- Bell, Stephen, 2002. Economic Governance and Institutional Dynamics, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, Australia.
- Al-Rodhan, Nayef. Sustainable History and the Dignity of Man: A Philosophy of History and Civilisational Triumph. Berlin: LIT, 2009, p. 27.