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List of non-metropolitan counties

The following list shows the original thirty-nine counties formed in 1974, subsequent changes in the 1990s, and further changes since then.

  Current
  Planned abolition
  Abolished non-metropolitan county
  Abolished non-metropolitan county and associated ceremonial county
More information Non-metropolitan county 1974, Changes 1995–1998 ...
Non-metropolitan county 1974[1] Changes 1995–1998 Changes 2009 Changes 2019 and 2020s
Avon (6 districts)[a] 1996: North West Somerset[3] (unitary)
2005: Renamed North Somerset[b]		 None None
1996: Bath and North East Somerset[3] (unitary) None None
1996: South Gloucestershire[3] (unitary) None None
1996: City of Bristol[3] (unitary) None None
Bedfordshire (4 districts) 1997: Bedfordshire[5] (3 districts) Bedford[6] (unitary) None
Central Bedfordshire[6] (unitary) None
1997: Luton[5] (unitary) None None
Berkshire (Royal County)[7]
(6 districts)		 1998: The county council was abolished, with each of the six district councils in the county becoming unitary authorities. The Royal County of Berkshire was not abolished.[8] None None
Buckinghamshire (5 districts) 1997: Buckinghamshire[9] (4 districts) None 2020: Buckinghamshire (unitary)
1997: Milton Keynes[9] (unitary) None None
Cambridgeshire (6 districts) 1998: Cambridgeshire[10] (5 districts) None None
1998: Peterborough[10] (unitary) None
Cheshire (8 districts) 1998: Cheshire[11] (6 districts) Cheshire East[12] (unitary) None
Cheshire West and Chester[12] (unitary) None
1998: Halton[11] (unitary) None None
1998: Warrington[11] (unitary) None None
Cleveland (4 districts) 1996: Hartlepool[13] (unitary) None None
1996: Middlesbrough[13] (unitary) None None
1996: Redcar and Cleveland[13] (unitary) None None
1996: Stockton-on-Tees[13] (unitary) None None
Cornwall (6 districts) None Became unitary[14] None
Cumbria (6 districts) None None 2023: Cumberland (unitary)
2023: Westmorland and Furness (unitary)
Derbyshire (9 districts) 1997: Derby[15] (unitary) None None
1997: Derbyshire[15] (8 districts) None None
Devon (10 districts) 1998: Devon[16] (8 districts) None None
1998: Torbay[16] (unitary) None None
1998: Plymouth[16] (unitary) None None
Dorset (8 districts) 1997: Dorset[17] (6 districts) None 2019: Dorset (a unitary from 5 districts)[18]
1997: Bournemouth[17] (unitary) None 2019: Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole (unitary from 2 unitaries and Christchurch district)[18]
1997: Poole[17] (unitary) None
Durham (8 districts) 1997: Durham[19] (7 districts) Became unitary[20] None
1997: Darlington[19] (unitary) None None
East Sussex (7 districts) 1997: East Sussex[21] (5 districts) None None
1997: Brighton and Hove[21] (unitary) None None
Essex (14 districts) 1998: Essex[22] (12 districts) None None
1998: Southend-on-Sea[22] (unitary) None None
1998: Thurrock[22] (unitary) None None
Gloucestershire (6 districts) None None None
Hampshire (13 districts) 1997: Hampshire[23] (11 districts) None None
1997: Portsmouth[23] (unitary) None None
1997: Southampton[23] (unitary) None None
Hereford and Worcester (9 districts) 1998: Herefordshire[24] (unitary) None None
1998: Worcestershire[24] (6 districts) None None
Hertfordshire (10 districts) None None None
Humberside (9 districts) 1996: East Riding of Yorkshire[25] (unitary) None None
1996: City of Kingston upon Hull[25] (unitary) None None
1996: North Lincolnshire[25] (unitary) None None
1996: North East Lincolnshire[25] (unitary) None None
Isle of Wight (2 districts) 1995: Became unitary[26] None None
Kent (14 districts) 1998: Kent[27] (12 districts) None None
1998: The Medway Towns[27] (unitary)
1998: renamed Medway		 None None
Lancashire (14 districts) 1998: Lancashire[28] (12 districts) None None
1998: Blackburn with Darwen[28] (unitary) None None
1998: Blackpool[28] (unitary) None None
Leicestershire (9 districts) 1997: Leicestershire[29] (7 districts) None None
1997: Leicester[29] (unitary) None None
1997: Rutland[29] (unitary) None None
Lincolnshire (7 districts) None None None
Norfolk (7 districts) None None None
North Yorkshire (8 districts) 1996: North Yorkshire[30] (7 districts) None 2023: North Yorkshire (unitary)
1996: York[30] (unitary) None None
Northamptonshire (7 districts) None None 2021: North Northamptonshire (unitary)
2021: West Northamptonshire (unitary)
Northumberland (6 districts) None Became unitary[31] None
Nottinghamshire (8 districts) 1998: Nottinghamshire[32] (7 districts) None None
1998: Nottingham[32] (unitary) None None
Oxfordshire (5 districts) None None None
Salop (6 districts)

1980: renamed Shropshire

 1998: Shropshire (5 districts)[33] Became unitary[34] None
1998: The Wrekin[33] (unitary)

1998: Renamed Telford and Wrekin

 None None
Somerset (5 districts) None None 2019: Somerset (4 districts through merger)[35]
2023: Somerset (unitary)
Staffordshire (9 districts) 1997: Staffordshire[36] (8 districts) None None
1997: Stoke-on-Trent[36] (unitary) None None
Suffolk (7 districts) None None 2019: Suffolk (5 districts through mergers)[37][38]
Surrey (11 districts) None None None
Warwickshire (5 districts) None None None
West Sussex (7 districts) None None None
Wiltshire (5 districts) 1997: Wiltshire[39] (4 districts) Became unitary[40] None
1997: Thamesdown[39] (unitary)
1997: Renamed Swindon		 None None
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Sugden family tree

  • Joshua Sugden, married unknown woman.
    • Orton Sugden, son of Joshua Sugden and an unknown woman, married unknown woman.
      • Joseph Sugden, son of Orton Sugden and an unknown woman, married Margaret Oldroyd (1913-1963).
        • ..... (see below)

It is unknown where Paul Sugden fits into the tree, as he was either Jacob Sugden's first or second cousin. It would be presumably be either:

      • unknown Sugden, sibling of Joseph and child of Orton
        • Paul Sugden

or

    • unknown Sugden, sibling of Orton and child of Joshua
      • unknown Sugden
        • Paul Sugden

The rest

  • Joseph Sugden, married Margaret Oldroyd (1913-1963).
    • Jacob Sugden, son of Joseph and Margaret Sugden, married Annie Pearson (1945-1972).
      • Peggy Sugden, daughter of Jacob and Annie Sugden, married Matt Skilbeck (1965-1973).
        • Sam Skilbeck, son of Peggy and Matt Silkbeck.
        • Sally Skilbeck, daughter of Peggy and Matt Silkbeck.
      • Jack Sugden, son of Jacob and Annie Sugden, married Pat Merrick (1982-1986), Sarah Connolly (1994-2000) and Diane Blackstock (2004-2009).
        • Jackie Merrick, biological son of Jack and Pat Sugden, adoptive son of Tom Merrick, married Kathy Bates (1988-1989).
        • Robert Sugden, son of Jack and Pat Sugden, married Chrissie White (2015-2016), Aaron Dingle (2018-2020), and Kev Townsend.
          • Sebastian White, son of Robert Sugden and Rebecca White.
        • John Sugden, son of Jack and Barbara, married Aaron Dingle (2025).
        • Victoria Sugden, daughter of Jack and Sarah Sugden, married Adam Barton (2015-2018).
          • Harry Sugden, son of Victoria Sugden and Lee Posner.
        • Andy Sugden, biological son of Billy Hopwood and Trisha Hopwood, adoptive son of Jack and Sarah Sugden, married Katie Addyman (2004-2007, 2014-2015) and Jo Stiles (2008-2009).
          • Sarah Sugden Jr., daughter of Andy Sugden and Debbie Dingle.
          • Jack Sugden Jr., son of Andy Sugden and Debbie Dingle.
        • Daz Eden, biological son of Billy Hopwood and Denise Eden, foster son of Jack and Diane Sugden, pseudo-step sibling and ex of Victoria Sugden
      • Joe Sugden, son of Jacob and Annie Sugden, married Christine Sharp (1974-1976) and Kate Hughes (1989-1991).
    • Edward Sugden, son of Joseph and Margaret Sugden.

Russian phonology / orthography

Consonant phonemes

More information Labial, Velar ...
Labial Dent. Alv.
Postalv.		 Velar
grp. hard soft grp. hard soft grp. hard soft
Nasal М m mʲ Н n nʲ
Stop voiceless П p pʲ Т t tʲ К k kʲ
voiced Б b bʲ Д d dʲ Г ɡ ɡʲ
Fricative voiceless Ф f fʲ С s sʲ Х x xʲ
voiced В v vʲ З z zʲ - (ɣ) (ɣʲ)
Approximant Л ɫlʲ
Trill Р r rʲ
Close


More information Palatal, soft ...
Dent. Alv.
Postalv.		 Dent. Alv.
Postalv.		 Palatal
soft hard soft
Affricate (t͡sʲ) Ц t͡s Ч t͡ɕ
Fricative voiceless Ш ʂ Щ ɕː
voiced Ж ʐ (ʑː)
Approximant Й j
Close

Vowels

Hard: А Э Ы О У Soft: Я Е И Ё Ю

Kennedy Family tree

知否?知否?应是绿肥红瘦 The Story of Minglan Cast

Main

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
Sheng MinglanSheng Hong's sixth child and fourth daughter, by his concubine Wei Shuyi. wife of Gu Tingye
Gu TingyeThe second son of the Marquis of Ningyuan, by his second wife, Lady Bai.
Close

Kaifeng - Sheng household

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
Old Master Sheng(Deceased, never shown) Old Madam Sheng's husband, Sheng Hong's father.
He placed third in the Hanlin Academy examination.
Old Madam ShengMatriarch of the Shengs. The only daughter of the Marquis of Yongyi. Sheng Hong's legal mother and Big Madam Wang's mother-in-law.
She adopted Sheng Hong, who is the son of her husband's concubine, Lady Chun, after the death of her biological son, and treated him as her own. She takes a particular liking to the intelligent and gentle Minglan, and raises her after her mother's death. Old Madam Sheng is often irritated by Sheng Hong's inability to control the women of his household or give his official wife due respect. Old Madam Sheng is an adept player at manipulations, able to easily side-step malicious schemes and get her way gracefully, but prefers to stay out of the way and live quietly.
Master Sheng/

Sheng Hong

 Current head of the Sheng family. The father of Hualan, Changbai, Changfeng, Molan, Rulan and Minglan.
He puts his favorite concubine, Lin Qinshuang, over the rest of his family, thus straining his relationship with his adoptive mother and wife. He is tactful and sensitive, but dislikes confrontation and turns helpless and ineffectual at the conflicts between his wives, often choosing the path easiest for him. He is fond of all of his children, but easily swayed by compliments into playing favorites or neglecting some. Often believing surface evidence over the truth makes him particularly susceptible to manipulation and favoritism. The Sheng family's public reputation is of greatest importance to him, and he will sacrifice his children to uphold it.
Big Madam Sheng/

Wang Ruofu

 Sheng Hong's official wife. The mother of Hualan, Changbai and Rulan.
Her explosive temper hides her reasonable and kind side, and also causes her husband to avoid her or assume she is the villain in situations. Wang Ruofu has reason to be resentful: she spent the early years of her marriage struggling alone with a baby while her husband was far away on business, and when he returned, he made Lin Qinshuang his concubine. Wang Ruifu has spent her entire life being second to everyone except her children, as both her husband and her own mother and family preferred others over her. Though she does not mind Wei Shuyi, Wang Ruofu openly hates Lin Qinshuang. Wang Ruofu has a very direct, proud nature, which makes her a poor match for Lin Qinshuang's skilled manipulations. She often finds her plans to finally oust her husband's concubine flipped by Lin Qinshuang's hand into making Wang Ruofu look bad. She is a very devoted mother to her children and longs for her husband's undivided attention, becoming happy and cheerful when she has it. Minglan bears her no deep grudges and thinks of her as a simple, childish person. She is easily manipulated by others and is later manipulated by her sister Madame Kang to antagonize Minglan and is even tricked into giving Old Mrs. Sheng poisoned pastries. She is punished by being sent to live with her relatives in her hometown to meditate on her actions, though does grow to realize the foolishness of her actions and accepts this as a chance to reflect and grow.
Lin QinshuangSheng Hong's favorite concubine. The mother of Changfeng and Molan.
She has a gentle and weak appearance, but is particularly vicious and good at scheming, thus allowing her to establish and secure her position in the household. Despite being a former servant of Old Madam Sheng, she was able to seduce and manipulate Sheng Hong into accepting her as his concubine. When given temporary control of the household management and budget, Lin Qinshuang embezzled Wei Shuyi's allotment, and her later actions regarding Wei Shuyi's natal care contributed to her [Wei Shuyi's] death from an oversized fetus. Lin Qinshuang frequently uses tactics such as bribing or framing servants, planting false evidence, dramatic crying, and pretending to be ill to escape the consequences of her scheming. Her life goal is to see her daughter Sheng Molan marry into nobility, and she uses multiple schemes to make that happen. It winds up being a hollow victory; Lin Qinshuang ends up penniless after giving Molan the majority of the properties she had wheedled from Sheng Hong as a dowry, and is forbidden from attending her own daughter's wedding or contacting Molan again. The underhanded and shameful methods used to secure the marriage also reveal her true, manipulative nature to her husband, and after letting out a lifetime of resentment for always having to placate and simper, she is severely beaten for damaging the Sheng family's public reputation and exiled to a rural farm. Minglan later visits her to reveal that she purposely tempted the mother-daughter pair into their shameful plot and then exposed them as revenge for her mother's murder. Lin Qinshuang dies from her wounds a few days later.
Wei ShuyiSheng Hong's lesser concubine. Minglan's biological mother.
Unlike her husband's official wife or other concubine, Wei Shuyi has no powerful family connections or wealth to aid and protect her, nor deep affection from her husband. She is from a poor family who needed her to become a concubine to aid with medical expenses and debts. Wei Shuyi is a gracious, long-suffering woman who dislikes causing fuss or drawing attention to herself, preferring neglect over the negative consequences of standing out. She taught Minglan how to ride horses and play pot-arrows. She often tries to teach Minglan the benefits of accepting what is given without demanding more, and to hide talents in order to pass without notice. She dies giving birth to Minglan's stillborn younger brother, the victim of Lin Qinshuang's scheme.
Sheng HualanSheng Hong's first child and eldest daughter, by his wife Wang Ruofu. The mother of Zhuang and Shi. Hualan is gentle and very caring towards all of her siblings. Her marriage into a household of a much higher status is a source of contention between her mother and father, since her mother (rightfully) disapproved of the marriage while her father fought for it. She is Wang Ruofu's closest child as she frequently consoles and advises her mother during her many trips back home to avoid her household. Though Hualan's husband is kind, she is treated poorly by her mother-in-law, who sometimes separates her from her children and then neglects the children to the point of abuse or injury.
Sheng ChangbaiSheng Hong's second child and eldest son, by his wife Wang Ruofu.
He is knowledgeable and well-learnt, but remains humble and down-to-earth nonetheless. He puts his family's interest over his own welfare, and is seen as a dependable sibling and son. Unlike his father, however, he cares more for honor and justice than his family's reputation and will uphold the law against his own scheming relatives, proving to be a fair and just person. He has a reputation for being one of the most intelligent and upright men in the capital. Friends with Gu Tingye, and on fond terms with all of his little sisters, especially close and appreciative of Minglan and her intelligence.
Hai ZhaoyunSheng Changbai's wife. Quan's mother. Like her husband, she is intelligent and sensible. She is on good terms with Sheng Minglan and Sheng Rulan but strongly dislikes Sheng Molan.
Sheng QuanSheng Changbai's first child and son, by his wife Hai Zhaoyun.
Sheng ChangfengSheng Hong's third child and youngest son, by his concubine Lin Qinshuang.
Changfeng nearly causes a disaster for the Sheng clan at Hualan's wedding when he gets drunk and gambles away the bridal gifts. A somewhat simple and gaudy person, he is easily discouraged in the face of hardship or embarrassment, and favors partying and drinking with his higher-status friends over advancing himself. His saving grace is his loyal devotion to his family. As such, he is very loyal to his mother and goes to great lengths to save her. Fatherhood and distance from his mother and sister reform him into enjoying a quiet life utterly besotted with his children.
Lady LiuSheng Changfeng's wife.
Sheng MolanSheng Hong's fourth child and second daughter, by his concubine Lin Qinshuang. Liang Han's wife.
The most academic and artistic of the sisters, Molan is studious and enjoys composing poetry. Molan was raised by her mother to stand out and always strive to be the best. Despite being her father's favorite daughter, Molan is deeply insecure due to her status as a child of a concubine, and can become cruel, violent, and vengeful when denied of what she wants, and frequently believes that others are slighting her. She often uses her mother's underhanded tactics to antagonize her sisters and gain her father's favor. Desperate to improve her social status (and with the help of her mother), Molan seduces Liang Han and carries on an illicit dalliance with him, an action that nearly jeopardizes the entire Sheng family, and is hastily married off to Liang Han to salvage the family's reputation. She continues to emulate her mother's methods after marriage in hopes it would secure her husband's favor, but eventually learns that such tactics come with both consequences and a shelf life, as well as limited effectiveness on more intelligent men compared to her father. Her schemes sour her marriage, and she faces many difficulties and hardships from her choice to enter a high up family due to duplicitous means.
Sheng RulanSheng Hong's fifth child and third daughter, by his wife Wang Ruofu. Wen Yanjing's wife.
Childish, pampered, and impetuous, she has a security her half-sisters do not share. Exactly like her mother, but without life's disappointments, she is honest and forthright, and her pride does not allow her to back down when she feels she is in the right, even if it means more suffering for herself. After witnessing the difficult time her oldest sister Hualan has from marrying up, Rulan lacks ambition and wants to live an easy, happy life enjoying things. Rulan is fairly close to Minglan, but actively rejects Molan. Though she normally has a kind heart, she enjoys maliciously needling Molan about their respective statuses, especially when Molan calls attention to Rulan's lack of intelligence or skill. Sheng Rulan falls in love with and soon marries Wen Yangjing, a kind man from a lower station who is devoted to and loves her.
Wen YanjingSheng Rulan's husband. Sheng Hong's student and a high-scoring scholar. Despite his lower status and having a bossy mother, he is a good man devoted to Rulan.
Mother FangOld Madam Sheng's personal maidservant.
SuqinOld Madam Sheng's maidservant.
DongrongSheng Hong's servant.
Mother Liu JiaYinxing's mother.
Wang Ruofu's personal maidservant.
CaihuanWang Ruofu's maidservant.
Zhou XueniangLin Qinshuang's personal maidservant.
She is faithful to her mistress, Lin Qinshuang, and uses all means to ensure her status, no matter how underhanded or unorthodox it may seem. Through Lin Quanshuang, Zhou enjoys power and prestige as a favored servant and confidential schemer for many years. She is eventually sold after Lin Qinshuang's downfall, though she and Rulan eventually cross paths again.
Liu XiaodieWei Shuyi's servant.
She is framed for theft by Lin Qinshuang. Wei Shuyi manages to save Xiaodie from being beaten to death, instead having her dismissed from the household, and gives Xiaodie a precious token in farewell.
ZhulouLin Qinshuang's servant, later sent to serve Wei Shuyi.
LümengLin Qinshuang's servant, later sent to serve Wei Shuyi.
HanniuSheng Changbai's servant.
YanghaoSheng Changbai's servant.
LanghaoSheng Changbai's servant.
YunzaiSheng Molan's servant.
LuzhongSheng Molan's servant.
Mother Cui Ru'anOld Madam Sheng's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
XiaotaoSheng Minglan's personal maidservant, closest companion and confidant.
The two girls are of close age and grow up together. She eventually marries Shitou, the personal servant of Gu Tingye.
DanjuSheng Minglan's maidservant. She is eventually married off to an ordinary man.
CuiweiOld Madam Sheng's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan. Becomes one of Minglan's most-trusted companions and her chief maidservant.
Jiu'erWang Ruofu's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan. Becomes one of Minglan's most-trusted companions.
YinxingMother Liu's daughter.
Wang Ruofu's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
Ke'erSheng Changfeng's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
Mei'erSheng Changfeng's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
Lady GuanHead of Kitchen.
Lady WeiWei Shuyi's younger sister.
She convinces Old Madam Sheng and Wang Ruofu to care for an orphaned Minglan, and is very paranoid of the Sheng family's intentions, (rightly) convinced they had a hand in her sister's death.
Zhuang Xuejiu
Momo KongAn imperial etiquette tutor brought in to instruct the Sheng daughters in feminine graces and imperial court manners.
Close

Youyang - Sheng household

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
Sheng HuaizhongOld Master Sheng's elder brother. The father of Sheng Wei and Sheng Shu.
The elder Old Mrs.Sheng Huaizhong's wife. The mother of Sheng Wei and Sheng Shu.
Sheng WeiSheng Huaizhong's eldest son. The father of Changsong, Shulan, Changwu and Pinlan.
The master of the eldest branch of the Sheng family.
Lady LiSheng Wei's wife. The mother of Changsong, Shulan, Changwu and Pinlan.
Sheng ChangsongSheng Wei's eldest son, by his wife Lady Li.
Sheng ShulanSheng Wei's elder daughter, by his wife Lady Li. Sun Zhigao's ex-wife.
Sheng ChangwuSheng Wei's second son, by his wife Lady Li.
Sheng PinlanSheng Wei's younger daughter, by his wife Lady Li.
Sheng ShuSheng Huaizhong's daughter.
Sun ZhigaoSheng Shulan's ex-husband.
Mrs. SunZhigao's mother.
Close

Gu household - Cheng Garden

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
Zhu ManniangGu Tingye's unofficial mistress during his early youth. The mother of Shurong and Shuchang.
Despite her lowly birth and occupation as a street performer, 16 year old Gu Tingye is willing to defy his father and live outside his family home with her and the two children she eventually bears him. Manipulative, guileful and utterly shameless, she favors using grand emotional gestures the emotionally-starved Gu Tingye wishes to believe are sincere, with the ultimate goal of becoming the next official lady of the Gu family. When she believes Gu Tingye has been disinherited, with limited (though not insubstantial) wealth and status left, she embezzles the remaining valuables and properties and reveals herself to be a pathological liar. Gu Tingye throws her out, but she escapes in the night, taking their toddler son Shuchang as insurance. Manniang occasionally returns to torment Gu Tingye, attempting to extort him for money or a position as a concubine in exchange for news of his son. It is eventually revealed that the young Shuchang died of illness before he could reunite with his father and sister, buried in a shallow grave and covered by a pile of soil by Manniang. Manniang completely blames Gu Tingye for the death of their son and the way her life has turned out, willingly becoming a tool of his relatives for money because she knows it will hurt him. As the years pass, she becomes more unhinged and shameless, going so far as shouting lies in the street, and even attempts to assassinate him. Gu Tingye eventually puts her under house arrest in a remote village. Her final act of vengeance includes attempting to stab Minglan's infant son Gu Shutuan, but is thwarted by Granny Chang, who kills her in self-defense.
Qian FengxianGu Tingye's unwanted concubine whom his aunt arranged for him, though Gu Tingye never touched her or showed any form of interest. Her real identity is that of a spy arranged and sent by Lady Qin to infiltrate Cheng Garden and drive a wedge between Gu Tingye and Minglan, while giving information to the Marquis Manor (where Lady Qin and the Gu relatives reside). She tires of her life of neglect, which makes her even more susceptible to her mother-in-law's bribes, and tries to poison Sheng Minglan and kill Gu Tuan (2nd son of Gu Tingye) during Gu Tuan'er's full-moon celebration, but is captured by Shi Tou.
Gu ShurongGu Tingye's first child and only daughter, by his mistress Zhu Manniang. A bright and intelligent child, she is favored by her father and travels with him during his early military career. For her sake, Gu Tingye returns to settle in the capital and attempts to find a legal wife, so his daughter has the opportunity to learn from the best scholars and a chance at a good marriage. Shurong is confused and heartbroken that her mother Manniang did not choose to take her, and eventually comes to view Minglan, who treats her kindly and with affectionate attention, as her real mother. Gu Tingye's insistence on the fair treatment of his concubine-born daughter is a source of attraction and respect to Minglan, who wishes her own father held the same attitude.
Gu ShuchangGu Tingye's second child and eldest son, by his mistress Zhu Manniang. His mother stole him away from his father when he was a toddler, which grieves Gu Tingye deeply as he searches for his son. His father spends years and countless resources trying to find him, and allows Manniang to extort him in order to get news of Shuchang, only discover the child had tragically died from an illness shortly after being taken.
Gu ShutuanGu Tingye's third child and second son, by his wife Sheng Minglan. Even as a baby, his birth was eventful, occurring during a fire, and many attempts have been made on his young life.
Granny ChangGu Tingye's wet nurse.
Gu Tingye is extremely fond of Granny Chang, who reciprocates. Granny Chang was formerly a close personal servant of Gu Tingye's mother, and came with her when she married into the Gu family. After her mistress's death, she appoints herself as Gu Tingye's childhood protector. He purchases her a house and servants to care for her in her old age. Gu Tingye later installs his mistress, Manniang, and children into her household and places his children in her care. Granny Chang is unimpressed with Manniang and easily sees through her acts and manipulations. By contrast, she quickly grows deeply fond and protective of Gu Tingye's wife, Sheng Minglan and treats her with utmost respect. Despite her old age, she has a fiery temper and is not afraid to be rude to and even act physically against those who threaten her loved ones.
Shi TouGu Tingye's servant and closest, most-trusted companion. A stalwart and simple warrior, he is loyal and faithful to Gu Tingye but knows to give advice to his master and is his close confidante. He likes Xiaotao, Minglan's close maid.
Lady CheShitou's third sister-in-law.
Supervisor TuGu Tingye's subordinate and leader of his personal guard troop, later sent to serve and protect Sheng Minglan.
Mother DiaoThe younger Lady Qin's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
Mother LaiMingyue's mother.
The younger Lady Qin's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
MingyueMother Lai's elder daughter.
The younger Lady Qin's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
Mother TianFourth Aunt's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
Mother HuaFifth Aunt's servant, later sent to serve Sheng Minglan.
Wang Wu's wife.
XiaocuiZhu Manniang's servant.
Ba LaofuThe manager of Heishan Farmstead.
Close

Gu household - Ningyuan manor

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
Gu YankaiThe father of Tingyu, Tingye and Tingwei.
The Marquis of Ningyuan.
With a surly, military, and unyielding disposition, Gu Yankai was very in love with his first wife, but bent to family pressure to divorce her and marry the much wealthier Lady Bai. He comes to bear a life-ling grudge for this after his beloved first wife dies as a result of the divorce. He takes his resentment out on Lady Bai, and later her son, Gu Tingye. The only one of his brothers considered a gentleman, he disliked shows of wealth and impropriety, which made him a poor match for his second wife, who was from an ostentatiously wealthy, merchant family. He believes the absolute worst of Gu Tingye in any situation, regardless of explanation, and treats his son with abusive cruelty.
The elder Lady QinGu Yankai's first wife and childhood sweetheart. Tingyu's mother.
Her husband's family took advantage of her poor physical health to force him to divorce her. She kills herself due to their pressure.
Lady BaiGu Yankai's second wife. Tingye's mother.
Lady Bai was from a very wealthy merchant family who had only recently become lesser nobility. Her excellent reputation and massive dowry made her a target to the aristocratic Gu family, who had significant debts. Her parents initially refused their matches since the Gu sons offered had very poor reputations as gambling womanizers, and the only son of the family they'd consider worthy of Lady Bai, Gu Yankai, was already married. Lady Bai's family was persuaded to arrange a match between Lady Bai and the newly, and conveniently, widowed Gu Yankai, but the marriage was an unhappy one. Lady Bai was mocked for being lower class, and her husband ignored and resented her unwitting role in the death of his first wife, her merchant background, and the power her family's money had over his family. Lady Bai was unaware that the sole reason her husband married her was for her dowry, and demanded a divorce once she learned the truth behind his mistreatment. She went into labor over the upset and died before she was granted a divorce, along with her unborn child.
Lady Qin The YoungerGu Yankai's third wife. Tingwei's mother.
She married her late sister's husband shortly after the death of Lady Bai. She carefully cultivates a reputation for having the temperament of a bodhisattva and is sure to always keep her hands clean of wrongdoing. Though she appears even-handed among her stepsons, and has a calming influence on her raging husband, she privately favors her own (far less accomplished) son's advancement over his two older half-brothers. As a child, Gu Tingye genuinely believed his stepmother loved him, but later learns she was the primary source of the extensive smear campaign against him, and that she purposefully encouraged him to take part in damaging indulgences. She becomes Gu Tingye's major antagonist in adulthood, as she attempts to ruin his reputation and have him thrown from power so her son can be Marquis instead. She eventually kills herself, and dies screaming of her resentment that she was second place to her sister in her husband's eyes her entire life, never once getting to do what she wanted or live freely, and that her son is worthless, rendering her life's efforts for nothing.
Gu TingyuGu Yankai's sickly eldest son, by his first wife, the elder Lady Qin. Shuxian (娴)'s father.
Though he presents himself as virtuous man, he resents Gu Tingye and was raised by his aunt to villainize Lady Bai for usurping his mother. However, Tingyu is one of the few people who surpasses Gu Tingye's intelligence, and logic wins out: knowing that Gu Tingye will certainly outlive him to become the next marquis, and having a deep love for his wife and daughter, Tingyu makes a deal with his brother, offering support in exchange for a promise that Gu Tingye will watch out for his family after his death.
Lady ShaoGu Tingyu's devoted wife. Gu Shuxian's mother.
Gu Shuxian (娴)Gu Tingyu's only child and daughter, by his wife Lady Shao. A smart girl and favorite of her father. After her father's death, she keeps her mother out of the Gu family's infighting and becomes friends with her cousin, Gu Tingye's daughter Rong'er, receiving lessons on household and account management from Minglan.
Gu TingweiGu Yankai's third son, by his third wife, the younger Lady Qin. Xian (贤)'s father. Unlike his scheming mother, he is a genuine and amiable person, and was not involved with his mother's attempts at defaming his two half-brothers. He is not bright or clever like his brothers, and favors easy pleasures, exhibiting little ambition. He is also ultimately the only family relative of Gu Tingye's from the Ningyuan Manor who genuinely cares for him and the only one who maintains a genuine and friendly relationship with Gu Tingye, who reciprocates his little brother's affection. Gu Tingwei's lack of ambition and achievement eventually cause his mother to snap and kill herself when she realizes her son will never appreciate or realize all of the sacrifices she made for his sake.
Lady ZhuGu Tingwei's wife.
Third AuntGu Yankai's third younger sister.
Fourth UncleGu Yankai's fourth younger brother. Tingbing's father.
The master of the fourth branch of the Gu family.
Fourth AuntThe fourth master's wife. Tingbing's mother.
Gu TingbingThe fourth master's second son.
Gu Tingbing's wife.
Fifth UncleGu Yankai's fifth younger brother. Tingdi's father.
The master of the fifth branch of the Gu family.
Fifth AuntThe fifth master's wife. Tingdi's mother.
Gu TingdiThe fifth master's son.
Gu Tingdi's wife.
Mother Xiang Ji'anThe younger Lady Qin's servant.
YouqingGu Tingyu's servant.
ZhuiqueGu Tingye's servant.
HongxiaoGu Tingye's servant.
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Bai household

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CharacterIntroduction
Bai TingyuLady Bai's cousin.
The eldest son of the second branch of the Bai family. The Bai family is a recently ennobled family of wildly wealthy merchants. Gu Tingye inherited a substantial portion of the Bai family's immense wealth from his mother's father, as well as receiving a large part of his late mother's very generous dowry. Since childhood, Gu Tingye's Bai relatives have sent assassins to kill him and take back the Bai family fortune.
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Qi household

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CharacterIntroduction
The Duke of QiQi Heng's father.
The Princess PingningA descendant of the previous emperor, the wife of the Duke of Qi, and Qi Heng's mother.
Having been raised by the Empress Dowager, she is an elegant and proud elitist who looks down on anyone beneath her. She is the dragon guarding her only son, Qi Heng, and believes no one is good enough for him, especially not poor concubine-born Sheng Minglan from a lowly scholarly family. Yet despite her perceived arrogance and stern demeanor, she is also the most cautious in regards to social circles and political factions, and most of her cruel actions are done to protect her family (though at the expense of her son's heart). After a series of violent tragedies and extreme situations, her views eventually soften.
Qi HengThe second male lead. The only child of the Duke of Qi, by his wife, the Princess Pingning.
Minglan's childhood sweetheart and one of Gu Tingye's close friends.
An earnest, handsome gentleman with a genuine, amiable nature and sincere soul, Qi Heng is considered the capital's most desirable bachelor, to his eventual sorrow. From his privileged vantage point, Qi Heng can be somewhat oblivious to the inconvenience and plight of others, though never maliciously. Qi Heng is bound to his family and social norms in ways Gu Tingye will never be. Qi Heng is often guilty of underestimating Minglan and is frequently surprised when he sees her true nature under the idealized view he has of her. In their youth, Qi Heng obstinately pursues a relationship with Minglan despite her more realistic view on their circumstances, and promises to marry her, a promise she is reluctant to believe but eventually decides to trust. Though a health scare finally earns him his mother's reluctant permission to propose to Minglan, he ends up being forced to marry a princess who took a fancy to him when her parents hold his family hostage until he agrees, causing him to break his promise to marry Minglan. Fortunately for him, he is quickly freed from this marriage when his wife and her family are executed in a failed violent coup. He then studies hard to pass the civil exam, having made a deal with his mother that she allow him to marry Minglan if he passes. However, he is too late, as Minglan has already been betrothed to Gu Tingye during the wait, causing Qi Heng to miss out a second time. As an imperial official, he begins to antagonize Gu Tingye under the claim that he does not approve of his reforms and policies, though it is apparent that it is done out of jealousy and resentment, wallowing in self pity over not having been able to marry Minglan. He marries for a second time, and though their relationship is initially not a loving one, the pair suit each other and become supportive. Eventually, he falls in love with his second wife and moves on from Minglan, repairing his friendship with Gu Tingye. He is but a tragic figure who is an upholder but at the same time a victim of a Confucian society.
The Princess JiachengQi Heng's first wife.
Having fallen in love with Qi Heng at first sight, the princess' family indulges her by using kidnapping and threats of force to ruin her other romantic rivals and to forcibly secure Qi Heng's hand in marriage. Her entire family and herself are violently executed after a coup on the imperial family.
Shen HezhenQi Heng's second wife. Kind, calm, and intelligent, she is insecure and hurt, but understanding, about her husband's continued affections for Sheng Minglan. She quietly supports him, and slowly he comes to realize that he loves and appreciates her.
BuweiQi Heng's servant and companion.
He often gets roped into Qi Heng's machinations to see Minglan. He dies from caning by the Princess Pingning for helping his master see Minglan, an act that could anger the Prince Yong and thereby jeopardize the entire Qi household. Qi Heng is severely disturbed by the loss of his close friend and spirals into a sickness he nearly dies from, which alarms and frightens his mother into softening a little.
Lady Shen's servant.
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He household

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CharacterIntroduction
Lady ZhuangLongtime friend of Old Mrs. Sheng, Lady Zhuang is an expert in medical matters.
He HongwenLady Zhuang's only grandson. One of Minglan's suitors.
Hongwen is an excellent doctor and intelligent man. He has a calm, solicitous, and gentle personality, which makes him Old Mrs. Sheng's preference amongst Minglan's potential suitors, and he has held a quiet and firm affection for Minglan since childhood. While Minglan likes him and thinks they would have a decent, calm life together, she finds He Hongwen too amiable. His amiableness causes him to get steam rolled into agreeing to things which would make others suffer, such as agreeing to take his unfortunate cousin, Cao Jinxiu, in as a concubine even before his main marriage occurred. His thoughts were on how to help someone who was in need, without thinking of how it would effect his wife. Though he eventually grows a spine and realizes he had many other options besides marrying his cousin himself, his lack of initial decisiveness and complicated relatives rendered him unappealing in Minglan's eyes, and their tentative engagement talks are broken off, despite his continued wish to marry her. After witnessing Minglan's marriage procession to another man, a saddened He Hongwen decides to go on a multi-year learning journey to gather medicinal herbs and increase his medical knowledge.
Cao JinxiuHe Hongwen's maternal cousin. She has loved He Hongwen since childhood. The Cao family were physically branded as traitors and driven from the capital, though they are eventually pardoned. Jinxiu was a general's concubine when she was sent to He Hongwen, unwittingly introducing an engagement-ending conflict and buying Gu Tingye time to return and propose himself. With her fallen status and large brand on her face, she clings to He Hongwen and, desperate and infatuated, begs him to take her in as a concubine as soon as he is married so she has a way to live. Her pitifulness puts Minglan in an uncomfortable position she resents being in, making her look bad if she does not agree.
Madam CaoJinxiu's mother. Frequently guilts and extorts money and support from her sister, He Hongwen's mother. An arrogant, "choosy beggar" type, Mrs. Cao strongly pushes He Hongwen to accept her daughter as a concubine in order to save herself, and plays a large part in ruining He Hongwen's engagement to Minglan.
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Yuan household

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CharacterIntroduction
Yuan WenchunThe eldest son of the Count of Zhongqin.
Yuan Wenchun's wife.
Yuan WenshaoThe second son of the Count of Zhongqin. The father of Zhuang and Shi.
Yuan ZhuangYuan Wenshao's first child and daughter, by his wife Sheng Hualan. She gets hurt while trying to save her younger brother Shi.
Yuan ShiYuan Wenshao's second child and son, by his wife Sheng Hualan. Under his grandmother's machinations, he was taken away from Hualan and often neglected by his nannies, and was nearly burned by hot coals on one occasion.
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Yu household

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CharacterIntroduction
The Grand PreceptorMaster Yu's father. Yu Yanran's grandfather, who helped raise her. He loves his granddaughter, and is reluctant to agree to Gu Tingye's marriage proposal, due to his terrible reputation. He eventually comes to believe Gu Tingye is a good, upright person, and is persuaded to allow the engagement.
Old Master YuGrand Preceptor Yu's wife. Master Yu's mother. Yu Yanran's grandmother, who faints from anger at the insult offered to her granddaughter by Zhu Manniang.
Master YuGrand Preceptor Yu's son. The father of Yanran and Yanhong.
The master of the eldest branch of the Yu family. He handed off raising his eldest daughter to his parents after the death of his first wife. Greedy, and not that close to the girl, he plans to sell her off to Gu Tingye when he expresses interest, despite Gu Tingye's appallingly terrible reputation.
Lady FangMaster Yu's second wife. Yanhong's mother. She and her husband treat Yu Yanran poorly in favor of their other two children.
Yu YanranMaster Yu's first child and eldest daughter, by his first wife Lady Fan.
She is Minglan's best friend in youth. Raised by her grandparents and known for being extremely kind and amiable, Yu Yanran becomes a target for the young Gu Tingye as a possible marriage candidate. Gu Tingye's motives are largely selfish: he is attempting to find a respectable main wife, since getting married would enable him to finally give his outside mistress, Manniang, and existing children official statuses and respectability, and he believes the shy Yu Yanran is malleable and pleasant enough to accept and get along. Yu Yanran is intimidated and quite afraid of Gu Tingue, and does not wish to marry him, though she is eventually persuaded to consider him. Gu Tingye's plans are thwarted by his mistress, Manniang, when she causes an emotional scene at Yu Yanran's home, loudly wailing to be accepted as a concubine and using their children to intimidate the girl and insult the Yu family. Minglan is disgruntled by Gu Tingye's selfish reasons for pursuing her friend, and assists the quiet girl in driving Manniang off without hurting her reputation. After the scene, the ruined marriage talks are canceled.
Master Yu's second child and only son, by his second wife Lady Fang.
Yu YanhongMaster Yu's third child and younger daughter, by his second wife Lady Fang. She is arrogant and a good polo player.
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Liang household

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CharacterIntroduction
Lady WuThe wife of the Count of Yongchang. Liang Han's mother.
Bright, sincere, and bold, Lady Wu adores Minglan and earnestly desires to have Minglan marry into her house as the official wife of her sixth son, Liang Han, despite Minglan's concubine-born status. Her motives are primarily selfish: she enjoys Minglan's company, and knows her son, Liang Han, is not as desirable as he seems on the surface, needing a sensible and smart woman to manage his complicated courtyard affairs. Even after news of her son's affair with Sheng Molan, Lady Wu attempts to push for Minglan, informing the Sheng family that she would only allow her son to save Molan's reputation if Minglan marries over as the main wife, and Molan as a concubine. Minglan's grandmother manages to protect her and prevent this from happening.
Liang HanThe sixth child and youngest son of the Count of Yongchang, by his wife Lady Wu. Husband of Sheng Molan
Liang Han enjoys poetry and flirtation, which draws him to the coquettish and artistic Sheng Molan, over his mother's choice of the sensible and athletic-seeming Sheng Minglan. Liang Heng meets Sheng Molan in secret, carrying on an illicit dalliance. Despite this, he genuinely cares for Molan and agrees to take her as his main wife when their affair is discovered. Their initially doting marriage turns sour as unsavory truths come out about Molan's mother and their schemes. Molan, who primarily targeted Liang Han because of his high family status, ignored the other realities which came from reaching so high, such as his womanizing, many concubines, her lack of training in running a household, his unlikelihood of ever inheriting, and the low opinion of her in-laws from her methods. Molan finds that the underhanded tricks which worked for her concubine mother in a small household do not work as well when one is in the position of main wife of a huge one, and, quickly tiring of his wife's demanding poutiness and paranoid victimhood, Liang Han soon collects new women and begins to neglect her.
Chun KeLiang Han's concubine. She is killed by Sheng Molan using the same method as her mother used to kill Wei Shuyi, over-nourishment in pregnancy leading to an oversized fetus. Liang Han suspects Molan's
QiujiangSheng Molan's servant, whom she mistreats.
FurongSheng Molan's servant, whom she mistreats.
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Wang household

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CharacterIntroduction
Wang YouThe father of Shiping, Ruoyu and Ruofu.
He served as the Imperial Tutor, and was buried in the Imperial Ancestral Temple.
Old Madam WangWang You's wife. The mother of Shiping, Ruoyu and Ruofu. She blatantly and blindly favors her psychotic older daughter Lady Kang (Wang Ruoyu), which harms her younger daughter Madam Sheng (Wang Ruofu). Despite Ruoyu's horrific behavior and attempt to kill Minglan and her newborn son, Old Madam Wang files an official grievance and demands the Emperor issue punishment on Gu Tingye, which leads to a major catalyst in Gu Tingye's fall from imperial favor.
Wang ShipingWang You's first child and only son, by his wife Old Madam Wang.
Madam WangWang Shiping's wife.
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Kang household

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CharacterIntroduction
Kang HaifengThe father of Jin, Yun'er and Zhao'er. He has long given up on ever controlling his wife, and now stays out of it as he indulges in his weaker concubines and neglects his small horde of children.
Wang Ruoyu/Madam KangKang Haifeng's official wife. Elder sister of Wang Ruofu (Minglan's legal mother). The legal mother of Jin and Yun'er. A complete suck-up to those in higher positions, she becomes best friends with Gu Tingye's stepmother Madam Qin, and follows her every word. Madam Kang is a cruel, manipulative woman who is jealous of her sister Ruofu's as well as her niece Minglan's higher statuses and happy marriages, especially due to her own unhappy marriage with a husband who frequently chooses the company of concubines, and is willing to sabotage their peaceful lives just to make herself feel better. Kang has a reputation for killing servants and abusing her husband's lesser concubines and concubine-born children, doing things such as arranging young 14 year old concubine-born daughters to marry 70+ year old men with full harems, selling them to brothels, refusing them medicine, and giving them insufficient funds/food. Her hold is such that she is able to terrify one such daughter, Kang Zhao, into what is essentially a suicide mission. In order to gain control over the Sheng family, she manipulates her own sister Wang Ruofu into giving poisoned pastries to Old Madam Sheng (Minglan's grandmother and Wang Ruofu's mother-in-law) claiming they would make her slightly sick and lose the energy to intervene in household affairs, when in reality they were strong enough to kill, had she ingested more. She feels no remorse for any of her actions, relying on her status as the daughter and wife of an official to protect her, and is even willing to blame her sister and relatives for her actions to escape penalty. After escaping imprisonment (with the help of her other niece Molan and Gu Tingye's stepmother younger Lady Qin), she tries to murder Gu Tingye and Minglan's firstborn son during a fire that breaks out in their manor but is murdered by Gu Tingye in self-defense. Her death is the catalyst for a case against Gu Tingye that grows bigger due to his influence in court and connection with the emperor.
Kang JinKang Haifeng's son, by his wife Wang Ruoyu.
Kang Zhao'erKang Haifeng's neglected concubine-born daughter, by his unfavored concubine, Lady Su. With little power or influence, Zhao is forced by her legal mother Lady Kang to go on a suicide mission to first become a concubine of Gu Tingye and then cause a scandal by killing herself to discredit the Gu family. If Zhao'er does not comply, her mother's life will be in danger due to Lady Kang's control and her little sister will be sent to a brothel. Eventually Minglan discovers this plot and gives the girl two options: become Gu Tingye's concubine, or marry a poor scholar. In either case, her family will be snuck out to safety. Zhao'Er immediately chooses the second option as she understands that no one would willingly be a concubine rather than a main wife, and she and her family escape Madame Kang's clutches.
Mother QiWang Ruoyu's servant.
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Imperial household

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
The Empress DowagerThe Emperor's mother.
The Emperor
Noble Consort Rong
The Prince of YongThe Princess of Jiacheng's father.
The Princess Consort of YongThe wife of the Prince of Yong. The Princess of Jiacheng's mother.
The Prince of Yan
Zhao ZongquanThe father of Ceying and Zhao Yong.
The new Emperor.
Shen CongyingZhao Zongquan's wife. Ceying's mother.
The Empress.
Noble Consort LiuZhao Zongquan's concubine. Zhao Yong's mother.
Zhao CeyingZhao Zongquan's elder son, by his wife Shen Congying.
The Prince of Huan.
Zhao YongZhao Zongquan's younger son, by his concubine Noble Consort Liu.
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Shen household

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CharacterIntroduction
Shen CongxingShen Congying's younger brother. A close friend of Gu Tingye, he was instrumental in the war for the current emperor. He loved his first wife who died protecting the empress, and, grieving the loss, took his wife's younger sister, Zou, in as his concubine. This leads to many conflicts, as most view this as a disrespectful thing to do, and his extreme guilt towards his first wife results in him allowing Zou to get away with scandalous behavior. The Emperor decrees Shen Congxing must enter a political marriage with Zhang Guifan, the daughter of a highly decorated general. He is unwilling, and their marriage is rocky, as he grieves his first wife and overly indulges his concubine. His bad marriage is a major source of political instability, and Gu Tingye and Minglan are tasked by the Emperor and Empress to improve their relationship. Eventually, he grows to love his second wife, and after he is made to realize how much he has made his wife suffer and how badly he has strayed, he exiles his concubine and tries to win his wife back.
The elder Lady ZouShen Congxing's first wife. During the war, she pretended to be the Empress, in order to die in her place.
Zhang GuifenShen Congxing's second wife, the only child of a General Zhang. Incredibly loved by her parents, Guifen is beautiful, cold, and accomplished. She was unwilling to enter her political marriage decreed by the Emperor, and dislikes her husband from the start, falling into depression over her fate. Initially at odds with Minglan due to her intervention in a fight between herself and her husband's concubine, Zou Ping, Zhang Guifen soon becomes close friends with Sheng Minglan, and Minglan even helps protect her against Zou Ping's machinations. She is highly skilled in polo, and with Minglan's suggestion, works to improve her marriage and make the best of her life. She leaves her husband, returning home with her parents after giving birth to Shen Conxing's son, and he works to win her back and restore their good relationship.
Zou PingShen Congxing's concubine, younger sister of the Elder Lady Zou. A petty, childish woman who uses her relation to her husband's first wife to monopolize his affections and get away with behaviors normally never tolerated in a concubine, such as causing scenes and demanding to attend functions like a main wife. After she engages in a dangerous trick which endangers the life of a pregnant Zhang Guifen to ensure she keeps her husband's favor, her husband is forced to see her for the liability she really is, and exiles her from the family.
Shen YuzhenShen Congying's younger sister, who hates Zou Ping.
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Zhang household

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CharacterIntroduction
The Duke of State YingGuifen's father.
The Duchess Consort of State YingThe wife of the Duke of State Ying. Guifen's mother.
Mother FanZhang Guifen's servant.
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Imperial court

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
Eunuch LiThe new Emperor's servant.
QingyunA eunuch.
RuichuA palace maid.
Eunuch ZhuThe Empress Dowager's servant.
Mother SuShen Congying's servant.
Han ZhangThe Grand Chancellor.
Duan ChengyongA general and friend of Gu Tingye. He is falsely accused of rape and murder, and unable to enter the salt market as a result.
Geng JiechuanA general.
Xie PingdeGu Tingye's superior.
Shen GuotaoHezhen's father.
An official.
Imperial Physician Zhao
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Other

More information Character, Introduction ...
CharacterIntroduction
Prostitute WeiGu Tingye's confidante.
Yunniang
Rong FeiyanNoble Consort Rong's younger sister.
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Korean phonology

Revised Romanization of Korean#Conversion process + Revised Romanization of Korean#Linguistic characteristics + Revised Romanization of Korean#Reversible variant Hangul orthography - try to find English translation of current Hangeul matchumbeop (한글 맞춤법). If not found, I have to go line by line for the Korean one. Korean phonology#Consonants Korean phonology#Loss of vowel length contrast Hangul#Letters Hangul#Letter design


Korean syllable structure is (C)[(G)V](C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, optional glide /j, w, ɰ/ with non-optional core vowel, and optional final coda /p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, l/.

With 19 possible initial consonants, 21 possible medial vowels (including possible glide), and 28 possible final consonants (of which one corresponds to the case of no final consonant), there are a total of 19 × 21 × 28 = 11,172 theoretically possible Hangeul syllable blocks (Korean: 글자; RR: geulja; lit. 'letter'). However, the majority of these theoretically possible syllables do not correspond to syllables found in actual Korean words or proper names.

Differences and innovations from traditional analysis

  • In modern Standard Korean, in multisyllabic words the second syllable has high pitch that gradually comes down in subsequent syllables. The first syllable may have pitch as high as the second if it starts with a tense ㅃ, ㅉ, ㄸ, ㄲ, ㅆ /p͈, t͈ɕ, t͈, k͈, s͈/ or an aspirated ㅍ, ㅊ, ㅌ, ㅋ /pʰ, tɕʰ, tʰ, kʰ/ consonant, as well as ㅅ, ㅎ /sʰ, h/, or lower rising pitch if it starts with plain ㅂ, ㅈ, ㄷ, ㄱ /p, tɕ, t, k/ or a sonorant ㅁ, ㄴ, ㄹ /m, n, r/, including silent ㅇ, i.e. a vowel.
  • As early as 2004, researchers have posited that pitch and voicing are the actual distinguishing features between modern Korean consonants rather than the standard but seemingly ill-defined "tense" vs "lax" theory. A 2013 study by Kang Yoon-jung and Han Sung-woo which compared voice recordings of Seoul speech from 1935 and 2005 found that in recent years, lenis consonants (ㅂㅈㄷㄱ), aspirated consonants (ㅍㅊㅌㅋ) and fortis consonants (ㅃㅉㄸㄲ) were shifting from a distinction via voice onset time to that of pitch change, and suggests that the modern Seoul dialect is currently undergoing tonogenesis. Kim Mi-Ryoung (2013) notes that these sound shifts still show variations among different speakers, suggesting that the transition is still ongoing. Cho Sung-hye (2017) examined 141 Seoul dialect speakers, and concluded that these pitch changes were originally initiated by females born in the 1950s, and has almost reached completion in the speech of those born in the 1990s. On the other hand, Choi Ji-youn et al. (2020) disagree with the suggestion that the consonant distinction shifting away from voice onset time is due to the introduction of tonal features, and instead proposes that it is a prosodically conditioned change.
  • Several dialects outside Seoul retain the Middle Korean pitch accent system. In the dialect of Northern Gyeongsang, in southeastern South Korea, any syllable may have pitch accent in the form of a high tone, as may the two initial syllables. For example, in trisyllabic words, there are four possible tone patterns:
    • 메누리 ménuri [mé.nu.ɾi] 'daughter-in-law'
    • 어무이 eomú-i [ʌ.mú.i] 'mother'
    • 원어민 woneomín [wʌ.nʌ.mín] 'native speaker'
    • 오래비 órébi [ó.ɾé.bi] 'elder brother'

The following changes have been observed since the mid-20th century and by now are widespread, at least in South Korea.

  • Contrastive vowel length has disappeared. Vowel length has subsequently become a prosodic feature of the language, used mainly for emphasis, and placed typically on the first syllable of the word.
  • The distinction between /e/ and /ɛ/ has disappeared, and speakers may employ several different strategies to distinguish the resulting homophones. For example:
    • 내가 /nɛ-ɡa/ "I-subject" and 네가 /ne-ɡa/ "you-subject" are now pronounced as [ne̞ɡɐ] and [niɡɐ] respectively, with the latter having changed its vowel
    • 새 잔 /sɛ tɕan/ "new glass" is pronounced with tensified [s͈] by some young speakers to not be conflated with 세 잔 /se tɕan/ "three glasses".

Some changes are still ongoing. They depend on age and gender, the speech of young females tends to be most innovative, while old males are phonologically conservative.

  • Plain stops in word-initial position are becoming as aspirated as "true" aspirated stops. They are still distinguished by their pitch, which indicates ongoing tonogenesis in Contemporary Seoul Korean. This is however contested by studies which explain this as a prosodic feature.
  • Some words experience tensification of initial plain consonants, in both native and Sino-Korean words. It is proscribed in normative Standard Korean, but may be widespread or occur in free variation in certain words. Examples:
    • 가시 /kasi/ "1) thorn; 2) worm" is pronounced 까시 /k͈asi/
    • 닦다 /tak̚t͈a/ "to polish" is pronounced 딲다 /t͈ak̚t͈a/
    • 조금 /tɕoɡɯm/ "a little" is pronounced 쪼금 /t͈ɕoɡɯm/, 쬐끔 /t͈ɕʷek͈ɯm/
  • Tensification is very common in Western loanwords: 배지 [p͈e̞t͈ɕi] "badge", 버스 [p͈ʌ̹s͈ɯ] "bus", 잼 [t͈ɕe̞m] "jam", although also proscribed in South Korea.

Consonants

Leading consonants

Called choseong, or "initials", there are 19 initial consonants, whereof one (ㅇ) is silent, and five (ㄲ, ㄸ, ㅃ, ㅆ, ㅉ) are doubled:

More information Basic jamo, Hangul ...
Basic jamo Hangul ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
Roman g/kndr/lmbs-/ngjchktph
Composite Hangul ㄲㄸㅃㅆㅉ
Roman gg/kkttbb/ppssjj
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Trailing consonants

Called jongseong, or "finals", there are 27 final consonants; with the additional case of no final consonant, there is a total of 28 possibilities:

More information Basic jamo, Hangul ...
Basic jamo Hangul ㄱㄴㄷㄹㅁㅂㅅㅇㅈㅊㅋㅌㅍㅎ
Roman gndr/lmbsngjchktph
Composite Hangul ㄲㄵㄺㅄㅆ
Roman kknjlgbsss
Hangul ㄳㄶㄻ
Roman gsnhlm
Hangul ㄼ
Roman lb
Hangul ㄽ
Roman ls
Hangul ㄾ
Roman lt
Hangul ㄿ
Roman lp
Hangul ㅀ
Roman lh
Close


Chart

More information Bilabial, Alveolar ...
Bilabial Alveolar Alveolo-
palatal		 Guttural
Nasal ㅁ /m/ ㄴ /n/ ㅇ /ŋ/[A]
Plosive/
Affricate		 plain ㅂ /p/ ㄷ /t/ ㅈ /t͡s/ or /t͡ɕ/ ㄱ /k/
tense ㅃ /p͈/ ㄸ /t͈/ ㅉ /t͡s͈/ or /t͡ɕ͈/ ㄲ /k͈/
aspirated ㅍ /pʰ/ ㅌ /tʰ/ ㅊ /t͡sʰ/ or /t͡ɕʰ/ ㅋ /kʰ/
Fricative plain ㅅ /s/ or /ɕ/ ㅎ /h/
tense ㅆ /s͈/ or /ɕ͈/
Liquid ㄹ /l/ or /ɾ/
Close
  1. [A]
    only at the end of a syllable

Assimilation and allophony

The IPA symbol ⟨◌͈⟩ (U+0348 ◌͈ COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /t͡ɕ͈/, /s͈/. Its official use in the extensions to the IPA is for "strong" articulation, but is used in the literature for faucalized voice. The Korean consonants also have elements of stiff voice, but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted glottis and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx.

/s/ is aspirated [sʰ] and becomes an alveolo-palatal [ɕʰ] before [j] or [i] for most speakers (but see North–South differences in the Korean language). This occurs with the tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (example: beoseot (버섯) 'mushroom').

/h/ may become a bilabial [ɸ] before [o] or [u], a palatal [ç] before [j] or [i], a velar [x] before [ɯ], a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a [h] elsewhere.

/p, t, t͡ɕ, k/ become voiced [b, d, d͡ʑ, ɡ] between voiced sounds.

/m, n/ frequently denasalize at the beginnings of words.

/l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and [l] or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/. A written syllable-final 'ㄹ', when followed by a vowel or a glide (i.e., when the next character starts with 'ㅇ'), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ].

Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before [j], and otherwise became /n/. However, the inflow of western loanwords changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or [l].

All obstruents (plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with no audible release, [p̚, t̚, k̚].

Plosive sounds /p, t, k/ become nasals [m, n, ŋ] before nasal sounds.

Hangul spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains the underlying, partly historical morphology. Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word.

The traditional prohibition of word-initial /ɾ/ became a morphological rule called "initial law" (두음법칙) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial /ɾ/ in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example,

  • "labor" (勞動) – north: rodong (로동), south: nodong (노동)
  • "history" (歷史) – north: ryeoksa (력사), south: yeoksa (역사)
  • "female" (女子) – north: nyeoja (녀자), south: yeoja (여자)

Vowels

Called jungseong, or "vowels", there are 21 medials/vowels.

More information back, front ...
back front front (iotated)
close (yin) open (yang) neutral close (yin) open (yang)
monophthongal ㅓ "eo" /ʌ/ㅜ "u" /u/ ㅡ "eu" /ɯ/ ㅏ "a" /a/ㅗ "o" /o/ . ㅣ "i" /i/ ㅔ "e" /e/ㅟ "wi" /y/ [wi]/[ɥi] ㅢ "ui" /ɰi/ [ɰi ~ i] ㅐ "ae" /ɛ/ㅚ "oe" /ø/ [we] .
palatal glide ㅕ "yeo" /jʌ/ㅠ "yu" /ju/ ㅑ "ya" /ja/ㅛ "yo" /jo/ ㅖ "ye" /je/. ㅒ "yae" /jɛ/.
labiovelar glide ㅝ "wo" /wʌ/ ㅘ "wa" /wa/ ㅞ "we" /we/ ㅙ "wae" /wɛ/
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The vowel ㅡ (eu) is considered both partially neutral and partially yin. This may be because in most varieties, LMK yang vowel ㆍ merged with ㅏ (a) in the first syllable of a word and ㅡ "eu" elsewhere.

Short vowel chart
Long vowel chart

In Korea, with the exception of older generations in certain regions, most people neither pronounce nor distinguish clearly between the two monophthongs 'ㅐ' (ae) and 'ㅔ' (e).

In Korea, with the exception of older generations in certain regions, most people pronounce the traditional front rounded monophthongs 'ㅟ' and 'ㅚ' as diphthongs. The official standard pronunciation guidelines acknowledge this variation by permitting both monophthongal and diphthongal pronunciations of these vowels. In a 2003 survey of 350 speakers from Seoul, nearly 90% pronounced the vowel ㅟ as [ɥi].

In South Korea, with the exception of older generations in certain regions, the distinction between long and short vowels has been completely neutralised in speech. Even amongst those few older speakers who retain the distinction, it is maintained only in the first syllable of a word and the phonetic contrast between a long vowel and a short vowel has shrunk to a mere 1.5:1; additionally, the number of words featuring long vowels has also reduced, excepting the retention of long vowels in some lower-frequency words. Despite this, the distinction is maintained in standard language norms for reasons of tradition and semantic differentiation.


  • Middle Korean had a full set of diphthongs ending in /j/, but these monophthongized into modern-day front vowels in Early Modern Korean (/aj/ > /ɛ/, /əj/ [ej] > /e/, /oj/ > /ø/, /uj/ > /y/, /ɯj/ > /ɰi ~ i/).[47]: 12  This is the reason why the hangul letters ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅚ etc. are represented as back vowels plus i.
  • The sequences /*jø, *jy, *jɯ, *ji; *wø, *wy, *wo, *wɯ, *wu/ do not occur, and it is not possible to write them using standard hangul. (While 워 is romanized as wo, it does not represent [wo], but rather [wʌ].)
  • The semivowel [ɰ] occurs only in the diphthong /ɰi/, and is prone to being deleted after a consonant.

Standard Wybykh (Ubykh) Phonology

More information Labial, Alveolar ...
Labial Alveolar Postalveolar Velar Uvular
apical sibilant lateral laminal
closed		 laminal apical
plain phar. plain lab. plain lab. plain lab. pal. plain lab. pal. plain lab. phar. phar. & lab.
Plosive/
Affricate		 voiceless p pˤ t tʷ t͡s ɬ t̠͡ʃ t͡ɕ t͡ɕʷ ʈ͡ʂ kʲ (k) kʷ qʲ q qʷ qˤ qˤʷ
voiced b bˤ d dʷ d͡z l d̠͡ʒ d͡ʑ d͡ʑʷ ɖ͡ʐ ɡʲ (ɡ) ɡʷ
ejective pʼ pˤʼ tʼ tʷʼ t͡sʼ ɬʼ t̠͡ʃʼ t͡ɕʼ t͡ɕʷʼ ʈ͡ʂʼ kʲʼ (kʼ) kʷʼ qʲʼ qʼ qʷʼ qˤʼ qˤʷʼ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ ʃʷ ɕ ɕʷ ʂ x χʲ χ χʷ χˤ χˤʷ
voiced (v) vˤ z ʒ ʒʷ ʑ ʑʷ ʐ ɣ ʁʲ ʁ ʁʷ ʁˤ ʁˤʷ
Close
More information Labial, Coronal ...
Labial Coronal
plain phar.
Nasal m mˤ n
Approximant w wˤ j
Trill/Aspirate h r
Close



  1. The three postalveolar series have traditionally been called "postalveolar", "alveolo-palatal", and "retroflex", respectively, and have been transcribed with their associated symbols.
  2. The laminal and apical postalveolar series are more accurately transcribed as /ʃ̻/ and /ʃ̺/, respectively.
  3. There is no standard IPA notation for the laminal-closed postalveolar series. They are transcribed ⟨ŝ⟩, ⟨ẑ⟩, ⟨t͡ŝ⟩, etc. by Catford, or sometimes as ⟨ʆ⟩, ⟨ʓ⟩, ⟨t͜ʆ⟩, etc.
  1. The velar stops /k/ /ɡ/ /kʼ/ and the labiodental fricative /v/ are only found in Turkish and Circassian loanwords.
  1. Out of the labials, the fricatives /v/ /vˤ/ /f/ are labiodental, the others bilabial.
  2. /tʷ, dʷ, tʷʼ/ are in free variation with [t͡p, d͡b, t͡pʼ].

The pharyngealised labial consonants /pˤ/ /pˤʼ/ are almost exclusively noted in words where they are associated with another pharyngealised consonant (for instance, /qˤʼaapˤʼa/ 'handful'), but are occasionally found outside this context (for example, the verb root /tʼaapˤʼ/ 'to explode, to burst').

The glottal fricative /h/ is mainly found in interjections and loans, with /hənda/ ('now') the only real native word to contain the phoneme.

Very few allophones of consonants are noted, mainly because a small acoustic difference can be phonemic when so many consonants are involved. However, the alveolopalatal labialised fricatives /ɕʷ ʑʷ/ were sometimes realised as alveolar labialised fricatives [sʷ zʷ].

The consonant /pˤ/ has not been attested word-initially, and /pˤʼ/ is found initially only in the personal name /pˤʼapˤʼəʒʷ/, but every other consonant can begin a word. Restrictions on word-final consonants have not yet been investigated; however, Ubykh has a slight preference for open syllables (CV) over closed ones (VC or CVC). The pharyngealised consonants /mˤ/ and /wˤ/ have not been noted word-finally, but this is probably a statistical anomaly due to the rarity of these consonants, each being attested only in a handful of words.

The alveolar trill /r/ is not common in native Ubykh vocabulary, appearing mostly in loan words. However, the phoneme carries a phonaesthetic concept of rolling or a repeated action in a few verbs, notably /bəqˤʼəda/ ~ /bəqˤʼərda/ ('to roll around') and /χˤʷəχˤʷəda/ ~ /χˤʷəχˤʷərda/ ('to slither').

Type case layout

California Job

ffi fl 5/m 4/m ’ k e 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 $ £ – Æ Œ æ œ
j b c d i s f g ff 9 A B C D E F G
? fi 0 H I K L M N O
! l m n h o y p w , en
qd		 em
qd
z P Q R S T V W
x v u t 3/em
space		 a r ; : 2em qd
3em qd
q . - X Y Z J U & ffl

partially recognised states

States that are state parties within the United Nations System

|+====UN member states not recognised by at least one UN member state====

More information Name, Declared ...
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Armenia 1991 Armenia, independent since 1991, is not recognised by one UN member, Pakistan, which has a position of supporting Azerbaijan since the First Nagorno-Karabakh War. None Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
China 1949 The People's Republic of China (PRC), proclaimed in 1949, is the more widely recognised of the two claimant governments of China, the other being Taiwan (the Republic of China). The United Nations recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758). The PRC and the ROC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the One China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.[c] The states that recognise the ROC (11 UN members and the Holy See as of 15 January 2024) regard it as the sole legitimate government of China and therefore do not recognise the PRC. Taiwan (the Republic of China) considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of all of China, and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by the PRC. See also: One China. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
PRC's diplomatic relations dates of establishment
Cyprus 1960 The Republic of Cyprus, independent since 1960, is not recognised by one UN member (Turkey) and one non-UN member (Northern Cyprus), due to the ongoing civil dispute over the island. Turkey does not accept the Republic's rule over the whole island and refers to it as the "Greek Administration of Southern Cyprus". Northern Cyprus claims the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Israel 1948 Israel, founded in 1948, is not recognised by 28 UN members. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which enjoys majority international recognition as sole representative of the Palestinian people, recognised Israel in 1993. In January 2018 and October 2018, the Palestinian Central Council voted to suspend recognition of Israel, but this position has yet to be acted upon by Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas. Palestine considers itself to be the legitimate government of the West Bank, which is under Israeli occupation, and the Gaza Strip.
Syria considers itself to be the legitimate government of the Golan Heights, which is under Israeli occupation with limited recognition.		 Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
North Korea 1948 North Korea (officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, South Korea. South Korea considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea, and claims all territory controlled by North Korea. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
South Korea 1948 South Korea (officially the Republic of Korea), independent since 1948, is not recognised by one UN member, North Korea. North Korea considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of Korea, and claims all territory controlled by South Korea. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
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|+UN General Assembly observer states not recognised by at least one UN member state

More information Name, Declared ...
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Palestine 1988 Israel gained control of the Palestinian territories as a result of the Six-Day War in 1967, but has never formally annexed them. The State of Palestine (commonly known as Palestine) was declared in 1988 by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), which is recognised by a majority of UN member states and the UN itself as the sole representative of the Palestinian people. Since the end of the first Palestinian Intifada against Israel the Israeli government has gradually moved its armed forces and settlers out of certain parts of Palestine's claimed territory, while still maintaining varying degrees of control over most of it. The Palestinian National Authority (PNA), which performs limited internal government functions over certain areas of Palestine, was established in 1994. The 2007 split between the Fatah and Hamas political parties resulted in competing governments claiming to represent the PNA and Palestine, with Fatah exercising authority exclusively over the West Bank and enjoying majority recognition from UN member states, and a separate Hamas leadership exercising authority exclusively over the Gaza area (except for a short period from 2014 to 2016).[d] Palestine is currently officially recognised as a state by 157 UN member states, the Holy See, and the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. The remaining UN member states, including Israel, do not recognise the State of Palestine. The United Nations designates the claimed Palestinian territories as "occupied" by Israel, and accorded Palestine non-member observer state status in 2012 (see United Nations General Assembly resolution 67/19). Palestine also has membership in the Arab League, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and UNESCO. Israel regards the area claimed by Palestine as "disputed" territory (that is, territory not legally belonging to any state).[d] Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Israeli–Palestinian peace process, History of the State of Palestine
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Foreign relations, missions (of, to)

|+UN specialized agency member states not recognised by at least one UN member state

More information Name, Declared ...
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Cook Islands 1965 The Cook Islands became a state in free association with New Zealand in 1965. Although the Cook Islands are fully self-governing and behave as a sovereign state in international law, their constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Cook Islands nationals are New Zealand citizens, and the country's head of state is the Monarch of New Zealand. As of 2015, the Cook Islands had established diplomatic relations with 43 states, while the number as of May 2024 is at least 63 UN member states, as well as the Holy See, Kosovo, Niue and the European Union. Some countries establishing diplomatic relations such as the United States have recognized the Cook Islands as a fully sovereign state, while some such as France have not. The Cook Islands are a member of nine United Nations specialized agencies, and the United Nations currently classifies the Cook Islands as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and Niue. State in free association with
New Zealand, considered by some as having no sovereignty.		 Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status
Kosovo 2008 Kosovo declared its independence in 2008. It is currently recognised by 110 UN members, Taiwan, the Cook Islands and Niue. 8 other UN members have recognised Kosovo and subsequently withdrawn recognition. The United Nations, as stipulated in Security Council Resolution 1244, has administered the territory since 1999 through the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, with cooperation from the European Union since 2008. Kosovo is a member of two United Nations specialized agencies (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank Group), as well as the Venice Commission, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the International Olympic Committee, among others. Serbia claims Kosovo as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status
Niue 1974 Niue became a state in free association with New Zealand in 1974 after a constitutional referendum. Although Niue is fully self-governing and behaves as a sovereign state in international law, its constitutional status is different from that of a fully independent state, considering that all Niue nationals are New Zealand citizens, and the country's head of state is the Monarch of New Zealand. As of August 2024, Niue has established diplomatic relations with at least 28 UN member states, as well as the Cook Islands, Kosovo, and the European Union. Niue is a member of eight United Nations specialized agencies, and the United Nations currently classifies Niue as a "non-member state", a category unique only to it and the Cook Islands. State in free association with
New Zealand, considered by some as having no sovereignty.		 Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status
Close

Foreign relations, missions (of, to)

States that are not state parties within the United Nations System

|+Non-UN member states recognised by at least one UN member state

More information Name, Declared ...
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Abkhazia 1999 Abkhazia declared its independence in 1999. It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru), and two non-UN member states (South Ossetia and Transnistria). Two additional UN member states (Tuvalu and Vanuatu) had recognised Abkhazia, but subsequently withdrew their recognition. Georgia claims Abkhazia as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
Northern Cyprus 1983 Northern Cyprus declared its independence in 1983 with its official name being the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC). It is recognised by one UN member, Turkey. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Economic Cooperation Organization have granted Northern Cyprus observer status under the name "Turkish Cypriot State". United Nations Security Council Resolution 541 defines the declaration of independence of Northern Cyprus as legally invalid. The International Court of Justice stated in its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2010 that "the Security Council in an exceptional character attached illegality to the DOI of TRNC because it was, or would have been connected with the unlawful use of force". Cyprus claims the TRNC as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Cyprus dispute
Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1976 Morocco invaded and annexed most of Western Sahara, forcing Spain to withdraw from the territory in 1975. In 1976, the Polisario Front declared the independence of Western Sahara as the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR). The SADR is largely a government in exile located in Algeria, which claims the entire territory of Western Sahara, but controls only a small fraction of it. The SADR is recognised by 46 UN member states and South Ossetia. 38 other UN member states have recognised the SADR but subsequently retracted or suspended recognition, pending the outcome of a referendum on self-determination. The remaining UN member states, including Morocco, have never recognised the SADR. The SADR is a member of the African Union. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 recognised the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and recognised also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people. Western Sahara is listed on the United Nations list of non-self-governing territories. Other than Morocco and the United States, no state officially recognises Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara, but some states support the Moroccan autonomy plan. The Arab League supports Morocco's claim over the entire territory of Western Sahara. Morocco claims Western Sahara (including the area controlled by the SADR) as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition; Political status
South Ossetia 1992 South Ossetia declared its independence in 1992. It is currently recognised by 5 UN member states (Russia, Syria, Nicaragua, Venezuela, and Nauru), and three non-UN member states (Abkhazia, Transnistria and Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic). One additional UN member state (Tuvalu) had recognised South Ossetia, but subsequently withdrew its recognition. Georgia claims South Ossetia as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition
Taiwan 1912/1949 Taiwan (formally known as the Republic of China), enjoyed majority recognition as the sole government of China until roughly the late 1950s/1960s, when a majority of UN member states started to gradually switch recognition to the People's Republic of China (PRC). The United Nations itself recognised the ROC as the sole representative of China until 1971, when it decided to give this recognition to the PRC instead (see United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758). The ROC and PRC do not recognise each other's statehood, and each enforces its own version of the One China policy meaning that no state can recognise both of them at the same time.[c] The ROC is currently recognised by 11 UN members and the Holy See. All remaining UN member states, as well as the Cook Islands and Niue, recognise the PRC instead of the ROC and either accept the PRC's territorial claim over Taiwan or take a non-committal position on Taiwan's status. A significant number of PRC-recognising UN member states, as well as the Republic of Somaliland, nonetheless conduct officially non-diplomatic relations with the ROC, designating it as either "Taipei" or "Taiwan". Since the early 1990s, the ROC has sought separate United Nations membership under a variety of names, including "Taiwan". The People's Republic of China considers itself to be the sole legitimate government of all of China, and therefore claims exclusive sovereignty over all territory controlled by Taiwan. See also: One China. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
Political status
Close

|+Non-UN member states recognised only by other non-UN member states

More information Name, Declared ...
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Transnistria 1990 Transnistria (officially the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic) declared its independence in 1990. It is recognised by two non-UN members: Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Moldova claims Transnistria as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
International recognition, Political status
Close

|+Non-UN member states not recognized by any other state

More information Name, Declared ...
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Somaliland 1991 Somaliland declared its independence in 1991. It claims to be the legal successor to the State of Somaliland, a short lived sovereign state that existed from 26 June 1960 (when the British Somaliland Protectorate gained full independence from the United Kingdom) to 1 July 1960 (when the State of Somaliland united with Somalia to form the Somali Republic). It is not officially recognised by any state, though it maintains unofficial relations with several UN member states and the Republic of China (Taiwan). Taiwan and Somaliland have mutual representative offices in each other's countries, similarly to how Taiwan conducts relations with other countries that do not recognize it. On 1 January 2024, Ethiopia and Somaliland signed a memorandum of understanding giving Ethiopia access to the Red Sea via the port of Berbera in return for a potential recognition. Somalia claims Somaliland as part of its sovereign territory. Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
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Other entities with limited recognition of sovereignty

|+Political entities recognised as sovereign by at least one UN member state

More information Name, Declared ...
Name Declared Status Other claimants Further information
Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1113 The Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) is considered a sovereign non-state entity, as it claims neither statehood nor territory. First recognized as sovereign by Pope Paschal II in 1113, it has established full diplomatic relations with 113 UN member states as a sovereign subject of international law, and also maintains diplomatic relations with the European Union, the Holy See, and the State of Palestine. Additionally, it participates in the United Nations as an observer entity. Some states, such as San Marino, recognize SMOM as a sovereign state, rather than a sovereign subject of international law. Italy's Supreme Court of Cassation decreed on 6 June 1974 that SMOM "constitutes a sovereign international subject, in all terms equal, even if without territory, to a foreign state with which Italy has normal diplomatic relations". As Italy recognizes, in addition to extraterritoriality, SMOM sovereignty within its headquarters in Italy, Italian and SMOM sovereignty uniquely coexist without overlapping. None Foreign relations, missions (of, to)
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cy phonology

More information Labial, Coronal ...
Labial Coronal Dorsal Glottal
Nasal m̥ m n̥ n ŋ̊ ŋ
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Fricative f v θ ð χ h s
Trill r̥ r
Lateral ɬ l
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the glides j w ɰ? correspond with their respective vowels.


(tʃ) (dʒ) - loan words + optional variation on /tj/ /dj/

(ʍ) - optional variation on /χw/

(ç) - marginal optional variation on /hj/

(z) - optionally in English loan words only

(ʃ) - near universal variation on /sj/, and sometimes /s/ in the sequences /si/ and /is/




/ʃ/ definitely exists, but i think it may be a predictable universal manifestation of /sj/; i'm not sure. - as per Awbery in Routledge ed. 2, this is the case. it claims that /ʃ/ is a colloquial/"casual" variation on /sj/ reinforced by loan words, just like /tʃ/ and /dʒ/. it also indicates that in some dialects /s/ goes to /ʃ/ in proximity to /i/ always, i.e. in /si/ and /is/.

Members

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Cult

  • Cult, a religious or social group with socially deviant or novel beliefs and practices
  • Cult (religious practice), literally the "care" owed to God or gods and to temples, shrines, or churches
  • New religious movement, cult in a common modern sense
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  • Cult of personality, when an individual uses mass media, propaganda, or other methods, to create an idealized, heroic, and at times, worshipful image

Seanan external links

Seanan

October Daye (2009)

Books

Published by DAW Books.

  1. Rosemary and Rue (September 1, 2009)
  2. A Local Habitation (March 2, 2010)
  3. An Artificial Night (September 7, 2010)
  4. Late Eclipses (March 1, 2011)
  5. One Salt Sea (September 6, 2011)
  6. Ashes of Honor (September 4, 2012)
  7. Chimes at Midnight (September 3, 2013)
  8. The Winter Long (September 2, 2014)
  9. A Red Rose Chain (September 1, 2015)
  10. Once Broken Faith (September 6, 2016)
  11. The Brightest Fell (September 5, 2017)
  12. Night and Silence (September 4, 2018)
  13. The Unkindest Tide (September 3, 2019)
  14. A Killing Frost (September 1, 2020)
  15. When Sorrows Come (September 14, 2021)
  16. Be the Serpent (August 30, 2022)
  17. Sleep No More (September 5, 2023)
  18. The Innocent Sleep (October 24, 2023)

Short fiction

  1. "Through This House." Home Improvement: Undead Edition. Ace Books. (August 2, 2011)
  2. "In Sea-Salt Tears." SeananMcGuire.com. (August 2012)
  3. "Rat-Catcher." A Fantasy Medley 2. Subterranean Press. (November 30, 2012)
    • Reprint: Lightspeed Magazine. (March 2016)
  4. "Never Shines the Sun." Chimes at Midnight. Print edition. DAW Books. (September 3, 2013)
  5. "Forbid the Sea." SeananMcGuire.com. (September 2013)
  6. "The Fixed Stars." Shattered Shields. Baen Books. (November 4, 2014)
  7. "No Sooner Met." SeananMcGuire.com. (January 2015)
  8. "Heaps of Pearl." SeananMcGuire.com. (January 2016)
  9. "Stage of Fools." Patreon. (June 1, 2016)
  10. "In Little Stars." Patreon. (August 1, 2016)
  11. "Full of Briars." DAW Books. (August 2, 2016)
  12. "Dreams and Slumbers." Once Broken Faith. (September 6, 2016)
  13. "The Voice of Lions." Patreon. (October 1, 2016)
  14. "The Act of Hares." Patreon. (January 1, 2017)
  15. "Shore to Shore." Patreon. (May 1, 2017)
    • Updated August 1, 2023 to reflect changed continuity
  16. "Instruments of Darkness." Patreon. (August 1, 2017)
  17. "With Honest Trifles." Patreon. (September 1, 2017)
  18. "Of Things Unknown." The Brightest Fell. (September 5, 2017)
  19. "In Deepest Consequence." Patreon. (December 1, 2017)
  20. "Write in Water." Patreon. (January 1, 2018)
  21. "Live in Brass." Patreon. (February 1, 2018)
  22. "These Antique Fables." Patreon. (April 1, 2018)
  23. "Jealous in Honor." Patreon. (June 1, 2018)
  24. "Quick in Quarrel." Patreon. (August 1, 2018)
  25. "Suffer a Sea-Change." Night and Silence. (September 4, 2018)
  26. "The Ambitious Ocean." Patreon. (October 1, 2018)
  27. "And Thrice Again." Patreon. (December 1, 2018)
  28. "Of Strange Oaths." Patreon. (April 1, 2019)
  29. "Sun Sets Weeping." Patreon. (June 1, 2019)
  30. "Dreams and Sighs." Patreon. (August 1, 2019)
  31. "Hope is Swift." The Unkindest Tide. (September 3, 2019)
  32. "Strangers in Court." Rosemary and Rue. 10th anniversary edition / 1st hardcover edition. DAW Books. (October 1, 2019)
  33. "Wishes and Tears." Patreon. (June 1, 2020)
  34. "Shine in Pearl." A Killing Frost. (September 1, 2020)
  35. "Poor Fancy's Followers." Patreon. (October 1, 2020)
  36. "Our Trial Patience." Patreon. (December 1, 2020)
  37. "Earth for Charity." Patreon. (April 1, 2021)
  38. "Mean and Mighty." Patreon. (September 1, 2021)
  39. "And With Reveling." When Sorrows Come. (September 14, 2021)
  40. "And Deeps Below." Patreon. (November 1, 2021)
  41. "Sacrifice Your Tears." Patreon. (February 1, 2022)
  42. "Into the Sea." Patreon. (May 1, 2022)
  43. "In Safety Rest." Patreon. (July 1, 2022)
  44. "Upon Your Honor." Patreon. (August 1, 2022)
  45. "Such Dangerous Seas." Be the Serpent. (August 30, 2022)
  46. "With Sweet Peace." Patreon. (September 1, 2022)
  47. "Like a Dream." Patreon. (November 1, 2022)
  48. "Give Sorrow Words." Patreon. (December 1, 2022)
  49. "Distinction of Place." Patreon. (June 1, 2023)
  50. "Notes of Sorrow." Patreon. (July 1, 2023)
  51. "Drown the Lamenting." Patreon. (September 1, 2023)
  52. "Candles and Starlight." Sleep No More. (September 9, 2023)
  53. "Doubtless and Secure." The Innocent Sleep. (October 24, 2023)
  54. "Fanes That Lie." Patreon. (November 1, 2023)
  55. "The Silver Sea." Patreon. (January 1, 2024)

InCryptid (2012)

Books

Published by DAW Books.

  1. Discount Armageddon (March 6, 2012)
  2. Midnight Blue-Light Special (March 5, 2013)
  3. Half-Off Ragnarok (March 4, 2014)
  4. Pocket Apocalypse (March 3, 2015)
  5. Chaos Choreography (March 1, 2016)
  6. Magic for Nothing (March 7, 2017)
  7. Tricks for Free (March 6, 2018)
  8. That Ain't Witchcraft (March 5, 2019)
  9. Imaginary Numbers (February 25, 2020)
  10. Calculated Risks (February 23, 2021)
  11. Spelunking Through Hell (March 1, 2022)
  12. Backpacking through Bedlam (March 7, 2023)
  13. Aftermarket Afterlife (March 5, 2024)
  14. Installment Immortality (March 11, 2025)

Short fiction

  1. "The Flower of Arizona." Westward Weird. DAW Books. (February 7, 2012)
  2. "One Hell of a Ride." SeananMcGuire.com. (February 2012)
  3. "No Place Like Home." SeananMcGuire.com. (April 2012)
  4. "Married in Green." SeananMcGuire.com. (March 2013)
  5. "Sweet Poison Wine." SeananMcGuire.com. (April 2013)
  6. "The First Fall." SeananMcGuire.com. (June 2013)
  7. "Bad Dream Girl." Glitter and Mayhem. Apex Book Company. (August 23, 2013)
  8. "Loch and Key." SeananMcGuire.com. (August 2013)
  9. "We Both Go Down Together." SeananMcGuire.com. (November 2013)
  10. "Red as Snow." Hex and the City. Fiction River / WMG Publishing. (December 2013)
    • Reprint: New York Fantastic (November 2017)
  11. "Black as Blood." SeananMcGuire.com. (January 2014)
  12. "Blocked." SeananMcGuire.com. (February 2014)
  13. "The Ghosts of Bourbon Street." SeananMcGuire.com. (March 2014)
  14. "Jammed." Games Creatures Play. Ace Books. (April 2014)
  15. "Stingers and Strangers." Dead Man's Hand. DAW Books. (May 13, 2014)
  16. "IM." SeananMcGuire.com. (June 2014)
  17. "Oh Pretty Bird." SeananMcGuire.com. (July 2014)
  18. "Bury Me in Satin." SeananMcGuire.com. (August 2014)
  19. "Third-Person Draft Chapter from Incryptid: Original Opening for Discount Armageddon." Altered Perceptions. Fearful Symmetry / Waygate Foundation. (October 2014)
  20. "Snakes and Ladders." SeananMcGuire.com. (October 2014)
  21. "White as a Raven's Wing." SeananMcGuire.com. (December 2014)
  22. "Broken Paper Hearts." SeananMcGuire.com. (February 2015)
  23. "The Star of New Mexico." SeananMcGuire.com. (June 2015)
  24. "Survival Horror." Press Start to Play. Vintage Books. (August 18, 2015)
  25. "The Way Home." SeananMcGuire.com. (October 2015)
  26. "Snake in the Glass." SeananMcGuire.com. (December 2015)
  27. "Swamp Bromeliad." SeananMcGuire.com. (February 2016)
  28. "Waking Up in Vegas." SeananMcGuire.com. (May 2016)
  29. "Tailed" with Kelley Armstrong. Urban Allies: Ten New Collaborative Stories. Harper Voyager. (July 26, 2016)
  30. "Sleepover." Shadowed Souls. Roc Books. (November 1, 2016)
  31. "My Last Name." SeananMcGuire.com. (January 2017)
  32. "The Lay of the Land." SeananMcGuire.com. (February 2017)
  33. "The Recitation of the Most Holy and Harrowing Pilgrimage of Mindy and Also Mork." Patreon. (April 1, 2017)
    • Reprint: Tricks for Free (March 6, 2018)
  34. "Balance." Urban Enemies. Gallery Books. (August 2017)
  35. "Target Practice." SeananMcGuire.com. (September 2017)
  36. "Follow the Lady." That Ain't Witchcraft. (March 5, 2019)
  37. "Take the Shot." Patreon. (October 1, 2019)
  38. "Winter Sunshine." Patreon. (November 1, 2019)
  39. "Off-Balance." Patreon. (January 1, 2020)
  40. "All That Glitters." Patreon. (February 1, 2020)
  41. "The Measure of a Monster." Imaginary Numbers. (February 25, 2020)
  42. "What Was I Meant to Do?" Patreon. (August 1, 2020)
  43. "What You Pay For." Patreon. (November 1, 2020)
  44. "What You Build." Patreon. (January 1, 2020)
  45. "Singing the Comic-Con Blues." Calculated Risks. (February 23, 2021)
  46. "By the Hand of the Forest." Patreon. (March 1, 2021)
  47. "By Any Other Name." Patreon. (May 1, 2021)
  48. "To Build a Better..." Patreon. (June 1, 2021)
  49. "Halfway Through the Wood." Patreon. (July 1, 2021)
  50. "School Belles." Patreon. (October 1, 2021)
  51. "Long Way From Home." Patreon. (January 1, 2022)
  52. "And Sweep Up the Wood." Spelunking Through Hell. (March 1, 2022)
  53. "How to Bake a Pie." Patreon. (October 1, 2022)
  54. "The Mysteries of the Stolen God and Where His Waffles Went." Backpacking Through Bedlam. (March 7, 2023)
  55. "Dreaming Of You In Freefall." Aftermarket Afterlife. (March 5, 2024)
  56. "Passing Grades in Penance." Patreon. (April 1, 2023)
  57. "No One Leaves For Good." Patreon. (June 1, 2024)

Ghost Roads (2014)

Ghost Roads takes place in the InCryptid universe.

Books

Published by DAW Books.

  1. Sparrow Hill Road (May 6, 2014)
  2. Girl in the Green Silk Gown (July 17, 2018)
  3. Angel of the Overpass (May 11, 2021)

Short fiction

  1. "Good Girls Go to Heaven." The Edge of Propinquity. (January 15, 2010)
    • Reprint: Sparrow Hill Road (2014)
  2. "Train Yard Blues." Coins of Chaos. Hades Publications. (September 30, 2013)
  3. "Last Call at the Last Chance." Patreon. (November 1, 2017)

Comics

  1. "The Girl In The Green Silk Gown" with art by B. Sabo. BSabo.com. (April 2018)

Velveteen (2012)

Collections

  1. Velveteen vs. the Junior Super Patriots. ISFiC Press. (November 9, 2012)
  2. Velveteen vs. the Multiverse. ISFiC Press. (August 23, 2013)
  3. Velveteen vs. the Season. ISFiC Press. (May 6, 2016)
  4. Velveteen vs. The Early Adventures. Subterranean Press. (2024)

Short fiction

  1. "Velveteen vs. The Isley Crawfish Festival." LiveJournal. (August 31, 2008)
  2. "Velveteen vs. The Coffee Freaks." LiveJournal. (September 15, 2008)
  3. "Velveteen vs. The Flashback Sequence." LiveJournal. (January 1, 2009)
  4. "Velveteen vs. The Old Flame." LiveJournal. (October 19, 2009)
  5. "Velveteen vs. The Junior Super Patriots, West Coast Division." LiveJournal. (January 28, 2010)
  6. "Velveteen vs. The Eternal Halloween, Part I." LiveJournal. (April 2, 2010)
  7. "Velveteen vs. The Eternal Halloween, Part II." LiveJournal. (April 7, 2010)
  8. "Velveteen vs. The Ordinary Day." LiveJournal. (December 26, 2010)
  9. "Velveteen vs. Patrol." LiveJournal. (May 4, 2011)
  10. "Velveteen vs. The Blind Date." LiveJournal. (April 14, 2011)
  11. "Velveteen vs. Blacklight vs. Sin-Dee, Part I." LiveJournal. (October 27, 2011)
  12. "Velveteen vs. Blacklight vs. Sin-Dee, Part II." LiveJournal. (November 8, 2011)
  13. "Velveteen vs. The Holiday Special." LiveJournal. (November 23, 2011)
  14. "Velveteen vs. The Secret Identity." LiveJournal. (December 14, 2011)
  15. "Martinez and Martinez v. Velveteen." LiveJournal. (February 29, 2012)
  16. "Velveteen vs. The Alternate Timeline, Part I." LiveJournal. (September 25, 2012)
  17. "Velveteen vs. The Alternate Timeline, Part II." LiveJournal. (November 21, 2012)
  18. "Velveteen vs. The Retroactive Continuity." LiveJournal. (December 5, 2012)
  19. "Velveteen Presents Victory Anna vs. All These Stupid Parallel Worlds." LiveJournal. (December 27, 2012)
  20. "Velveteen vs. The Uncomfortable Conversation." LiveJournal. (December 31, 2012)
  21. "Velveteen vs. Bacon." LiveJournal. (January 3, 2013)
  22. "Velveteen vs. The Robot Armies of Dr. Walter Creelman, DDS." LiveJournal. (January 10, 2013)
  23. "Velveteen vs. The Fright Night Sorority House Massacre Sleepover Camp." LiveJournal. (January 17, 2013)
  24. "Velveteen vs. Vegas." LiveJournal. (January 20, 2013)
  25. "Velveteen Presents Victory Anna vs. The Difficulties With Pan-Dimensional Courtship." LiveJournal. (January 25, 2013)
  26. "Velveteen vs. Legal." LiveJournal. (January 30, 2013)
  27. "Velveteen Presents Jackie Frost vs. Four Conversations and a Funeral." LiveJournal. (February 4, 2013)
  28. "Velveteen vs. Jolly Roger." LiveJournal. (February 11, 2013)
  29. "Velveteen vs. Everyone, Part I." LiveJournal. (February 21, 2013)
  30. "Velveteen vs. Everyone, Part II." LiveJournal. (February 25, 2013)
  31. "Velveteen vs. The Epilogue." LiveJournal. (March 1, 2013)
  32. "Velveteen vs. Hypothermia." LiveJournal. (December 24, 2013)
  33. "Velveteen vs. Santa Claus." LiveJournal. (June 30, 2014)
  34. "Velveteen vs. Global Warming." LiveJournal. (November 1, 2014)
  35. "Velveteen Presents the Princess vs. Public Relations." LiveJournal. (November 20, 2014)
  36. "Velveteen vs. The Thaw." LiveJournal. (January 21, 2015)
  37. "Velveteen vs. Balance." LiveJournal. (March 23, 2015)
  38. "Velveteen vs. Spring Cleaning." LiveJournal. (June 15, 2015)
  39. "Velveteen Presents Polychrome vs. The Court of Public Opinion and Not Punching Anyone." LiveJournal. (July 21, 2015)
  40. "Velveteen vs. The Melancholy of Autumn." LiveJournal. (September 27, 2015)
  41. "Velveteen vs. A Disturbing Number of Crows." LiveJournal. (October 27, 2015)
  42. "Velveteen vs. Trick or Treat." LiveJournal. (December 28, 2015)
  43. "Velveteen Presents Action Dude vs. Doing the Right Thing." LiveJournal. (February 25, 2016)
  44. "Velveteen vs. The Consequences of Her Actions." LiveJournal. (March 23, 2016)
  45. "Velveteen vs. Going Home Again." LiveJournal. (August 23, 2016)
  46. "Velveteen vs. Everything You Ever Wanted." LiveJournal. (November 8, 2016)
  47. "Velveteen vs. The Retroactive Continuity." LiveJournal. (January 17, 2017)
  48. "Velveteen Presents Jacqueline Claus vs. The Lost and Found." LiveJournal. (January 27, 2017)
  49. "Velveteen vs. Recovery." LiveJournal. (February 14, 2017)
  50. "Velveteen vs. Temptation." The Blog of Seanan McGuire. (December 25, 2017)
  51. "Velveteen vs. Dr. Darwin." Patreon. (October 1, 2023)
  52. "Velveteen vs. Gainful Employment." Patreon. (October 1, 2023)
  53. "Velveteen Presents the Princess vs. the Congressional Committee for Superhuman Oversight." Patreon. (December 1, 2023)
  54. "Velveteen vs. Evolution." Patreon. (March 1, 2024)
  55. "Velveteen vs. Extinction." Patreon. (May 1, 2024)
  56. "Velveteen vs. True Love's Kiss." Patreon. (August 1, 2024)
  57. "Velveteen vs. Velveteen vs. The Parliamentarian." Patreon. (September 1, 2024)

Indexing (2014)

Books

Published by 47North.

  1. Indexing (January 24, 2014)
  2. Indexing: Reflections (August 11, 2015)

Short fiction

  1. "Indexing." Book View Cafe. (September 2009)
    • Revised and expanded to form the basis of the Indexing novel.

Wayward Children (2016)

Books

Published by Tordotcom.

  1. Every Heart a Doorway (April 5, 2016)
  2. Down Among the Sticks and Bones (June 13, 2017)
  3. Beneath the Sugar Sky (January 9, 2018)
  4. In an Absent Dream (January 8, 2019)
  5. Come Tumbling Down (January 7, 2020)
  6. Across the Green Grass Fields (January 12, 2021)
  7. Where the Drowned Girls Go (January 4, 2022)
  8. Lost in the Moment and Found (January 10, 2023)
  9. Mislaid in Parts Half-Known (January 9, 2024)
  10. Adrift in Currents Clean and Clear (January 7, 2025)

Short fiction

  1. "Juice Like Wounds." Tor.com. (July 13, 2020)
    • Reprint: September/October 2020 Short Fiction Newsletter. Tor.com. (October 26, 2020)
  2. "In Mercy, Rain." Tor.com. (July 18, 2022)
  3. "Skeleton Song." Tor.com. (October 26, 2022)

Fighting Pumpkins (2020)

Collections

  1. Dying With Her Cheer Pants On: Stories of the Fighting Pumpkins. Subterranean Press. (October 30, 2020)

Short fiction

  1. "Dying With Her Cheer Pants On." Apex Magazine. (April 7, 2010)
    • Reprint: The Book of Apex: Volume 2 of Apex Magazine (December 1, 2010)
  2. "Gimmie a 'Z.'" Zombiesque. DAW Books. (February 11, 2011)
  3. "Turn the Year Around." Harvest Season. ISFiC Press. (November 14, 2014)
  4. "Fiber." Unbound. Grim Oak Press. (December 1, 2015)
  5. "School Colors." Little Green Men....Attack! Baen Books. (March 7, 2017)
  6. "The Golden Girls of Fall." Pop the Clutch: Thrilling Tales of Rockabilly, Monsters, and Hot Rod Horror. Dark Moon Books. (January 14, 2019)
  7. "Away Game." The Secret Guide to Fighting Elder Gods. Pulse Publishing. (April 22, 2019)
  8. "Tryouts." Dying With Her Cheer Pants On: Stories of the Fighting Pumpkins. (October 30, 2020)
  9. "Trial By Fire." Dying With Her Cheer Pants On: Stories of the Fighting Pumpkins. (October 30, 2020)
  10. "Compete Me." Dying With Her Cheer Pants On: Stories of the Fighting Pumpkins. (October 30, 2020)

Alchemical Journeys (2019)

Books

Published by Tor Books.

  1. Middlegame (May 7, 2019)
  2. Seasonal Fears (May 3, 2022)
  3. Tidal Creatures (June 6, 2024)
  4. Inkpot Gods (2026)
  5. Asphodel (2028)

Up-and-Under [as A. Deborah Baker] (2020)

Up-and-Under is published under the penname of A. Deborah Baker, a fictional character within the Alchemical Journeys series.

Books

Published by Tor Books.

  1. Over the Woodward Wall (October 6, 2020)
  2. Along the Saltwise Sea (October 12, 2021)
  3. Into the Windwracked Wilds (October 25, 2022)
  4. Under the Smokestrewn Sky (October 17, 2023)

Newsflesh [as Mira Grant] (2010)

Books

Published by Orbit Books.

  1. Feed (April 27, 2010)
  2. Deadline (May 31, 2011)
  3. Blackout (June 1, 2012)
  4. Feedback (October 4, 2016)

Collections

  1. The Rising. Orbit Books. (February 19, 2019)
  2. Rise: A Newsflesh Collection. Orbit Books. (June 21, 2016)

Short fiction

  1. "Everglades." The Living Dead 2. Night Shade. (September 1, 2010)
  2. "Countdown: A Newsflesh Novella." Orbit Books. (August 1, 2011)
  3. "Fed." Orbit Books. (May 16, 2012)
  4. "San Diego 2014: The Last Stand of the California Browncoats." Orbit Books. (July 11, 2012)
  5. "How Green This Land, How Blue this Sea." Orbit Books. (July 1, 2013)
  6. "The Day the Dead Came to Show and Tell." Orbit Books. (July 14, 2014)
  7. "Please Do Not Taunt the Octopus." Orbit Books. (July 14, 2015)
  8. "All the Pretty Little Horses." Orbit Books. (October 3, 2017)
  9. "Coming to You Live." Orbit Books. (March 13, 2018)

Parasitology [as Mira Grant] (2013)

Books

Published by Orbit Books.

  1. Parasite (October 29, 2013)
  2. Symbiont (November 25, 2014)
  3. Chimera (November 24, 2015)

Rolling in the Deep [as Mira Grant] (2015)

Books

  1. Rolling in the Deep. Subterranean Press. (April 6, 2015)
  2. Into the Drowning Deep. Orbit Books. (November 14, 2017)

Current state flags

Letters, numbers, punctuation, prosigns for Morse code and non-Latin variants

table

More information Character, Code ...
CharacterCode
À, à
Code shared with Å		 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ä, ä
Code shared with Æ, Ą		 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Å, å
Code shared with À		 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ą, ą
Code shared with Ä, Æ		 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Æ, æ
Code shared with Ä, Ą		 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ć, ć
Code shared with Ĉ, Ç		 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ĉ, ĉ
Code shared with Ć, Ç		 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ç, ç
Code shared with Ć, Ĉ		 ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
CH, ch
Code shared with Ĥ, Š		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Đ, đ
Code shared with É[e], Ę		 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ð, ð ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
É, é[e]
Code shared with Đ, Ę		 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
È, è
Code shared with Ł		 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ę, ę
Code shared with Đ, É[e]		 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ĝ, ĝ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ĥ, ĥ
Code shared with CH, Š		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ĵ, ĵ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ł, ł
Code shared with È		 ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ń, ń
Code shared with Ñ		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ñ, ñ
Code shared with Ń		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ó, ó
Code shared with Ö, Ø		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ö, ö
Code shared with Ó, Ø		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ø, ø
Code shared with Ó, Ö		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ś, ś ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ŝ, ŝ
Prosign for verified		 ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
Š, š
Code shared with CH, Ĥ		 ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Þ, þ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ü, ü
Code shared with Ŭ		 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ŭ, ŭ
Code shared with Ü		 ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Ź, ź ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ⓘ
Ż, ż ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ⓘ
Close

more info

Main article: Prosigns for Morse code
Exclamation mark [!]
While popular, on-air use of the above-suggested represenattaion is not yet universal as some amateur radio operators in North America and the Caribbean continue to use the older MN digraph ( ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ), copied over from American Morse landline code. The abbrevation MN or OE ,  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ , is shared with unofficial Ö, Ó, and Ø used in some non-Latin alphabets.
Ampersand [&]
The well-established standard abbreviation for "and" is E S, adapted from the code for ampersand in American Morse Code. The American Morse encoding for an ampersand ( ▄  ▄ ▄ ▄ ) was similar to ES ( ▄  ▄ ▄ ▄ ) and amateur radio operators have nearly universally carried over this use as an abbreviation for "and" (e.g. WX HR COLD ES RAINY the weather here is cold and rainy).

Diacritics and non-Latin extensions

Main article: Morse code for non-Latin alphabets

The typical tactic for creating Morse codes for diacritics and non-Latin alphabetic scripts has been to begin by simply using the International Morse codes used for letters whose sound matches the sound of the local alphabet. Because Gerke code (the predecessor to International Morse) was in official use in central Europe, and included four characters not included in the International Morse standard (Ä, Ö, Ü, and CH) it has served as a beginning-point for other languages that use an alphabetic script, but require codes for letters not accommodated by International Morse.

The usual method has been to first transliterate the sounds represented by the International code and the four unique Gerke codes into the local alphabet, hence Greek, Hebrew, Russian, and Ukrainian Morse codes. If more codes are needed, one can either invent a new code or convert an otherwise unused code from either code set to the non-Latin letter. For example:

  • Ñ in Spanish Morse is  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ , a language-specific code not used in either International or Gerke Morse.
  • For the Greek letter Ψ, Greek Morse code uses the International Morse code for Q,  ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ , which has no corresponding letter in modern Greek; Ψ and Q have no historical, phonetic, or shape relationship.

For Russian and Bulgarian, Russian Morse code is used to map the Cyrillic characters to four-element codes. Many of the characters are encoded the same as their latin-alphabet look-alikes or sound-alikes (A, O, E, I, T, M, N, R, K, etc.). The Bulgarian alphabet contains 30 characters, which exactly match all possible combinations of 1, 2, 3, and 4 dits and dahs (Russian Ы is used as Bulgarian Ь, Russian Ь is used as Bulgarian Ъ). Russian requires two more codes, for letters Э and Ъ which are each encoded with 5 elements.

Non-alphabetic scripts require more radical adaption. Japanese Morse code (Wabun code) has a separate encoding for kana script; although many of the codes are used for International Morse, the sounds they represent are mostly unrelated. The Japanese / Wabun code includes special prosigns for switching back-and-forth from International Morse:  ▄▄▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄ ▄▄▄  signals a switch from International Morse to Wabun, and  ▄ ▄ ▄ ▄▄▄ ▄  to return from Wabun to International Morse.

For Chinese, Chinese telegraph code is used to map Chinese characters to four-digit codes and send these digits out using standard Morse code. Korean Morse code uses the SKATS mapping, originally developed to allow Korean to be typed on western typewriters. SKATS maps hangul characters to arbitrary letters of the Latin script and has no relationship to pronunciation in Korean.

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