User:Michael C Price/mega

Bryce Seligman DeWitt, Quantum Mechanics and Reality, Physics Today,23(9) pp 30-40 (1970) GIF

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Lee Smolin: The Trouble with Physics: pg 77 Meanwhile, a great many theorists appear to believe in supersymmetry......... no wonder that so many theorists cannot imagine the world is not supersymmetric..... 78... The possible choices for a quantum theory of gravity would not be narrowed, because the leading theories are all consistent with the world's being supersymmetric. If the LHC does find supersymmetry, this would be one of the greatest achievements in the history of theoretical physics.

It is anticipated that the collider will either demonstrate or rule out the existence of the elusive Higgs boson, the last unobserved particle among those predicted by the Standard Model.^[1][2] Experimentally verifying the existence of the Higgs boson would shed light on the mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking, through which the particles of the Standard Model are thought to acquire their mass. In addition to the Higgs boson, new particles predicted by possible extensions of the Standard Model might be produced at the LHC.

More generally, physicists hope that the LHC will help answer key questions such as:^[3]

• Is the Higgs mechanism for generating elementary particle masses in the Standard Model indeed realised in nature?^[4] If so, how many Higgs bosons are there, and what are their masses?
• Are electromagnetism, the strong nuclear force and the weak nuclear force just different manifestations of a single unified force, as predicted by various Grand Unification Theories?
• Why is gravity so many orders of magnitude weaker than the other three fundamental forces? See also Hierarchy problem.
• Is supersymmetry realised in nature, implying that the known Standard Model particles have supersymmetric partners?
• Are there additional sources of quark flavour violation beyond those already predicted within the Standard Model?
• Why are there apparent violations of the symmetry between matter and antimatter? See also CP violation.
• What is the nature of dark matter and dark energy?
• Are there extra dimensions,^[5] as predicted by various models inspired by string theory, and can we detect them?

Of the discoveries the LHC might make, the possibility of the discovery of the Higgs particle and supersymmetric partners have been keenly awaited by physicists for over 30 years,^[6] although neither of these can be considered certainties.^[7] Of the Higgs, Stephen Hawking said in a 2008 BBC interview^[8] that "I think it will be much more exciting if we don't find the Higgs. That will show something is wrong, and we need to think again. I have a bet of one hundred dollars that we won't find the Higgs." Of supersymmetry it has been said "If the LHC does find supersymmetry, this would be one of the greatest achievements in the history of theoretical physics"^[9], which Hawking says "would be a key confirmation of string theory" and adds that "Whatever the LHC finds, or fails to find, the results will tell us a lot about the structure of the universe."^[8][10]

The expectation that the Higgs boson will be discovered at the LHC is reinforced by the impressive agreement between the precise measurements of particle processes at the LEP and the Tevatron and the predictions of the Standard Model (formulated under the assumption that the Higgs boson exists).^[7] Moreover, there are strong theoretical reasons leading physicists to expect that the LHC will discover new phenomena beyond those predicted by the Standard Model. Referring to the so-called hierarchy problem, namely the fact that the Higgs boson mass is subject to quantum corrections that — barring extremely precise cancellations — would make it so large as to undermine the internal consistency of the Standard Model, Chris Quigg writes: "Physicists have learned to be suspicious of immensely precise cancellations that are not mandated by deeper principles. Accordingly, in common with many of my colleagues, I think it highly likely that both the Higgs boson and other new phenomena will be found with the LHC."^[7] He then goes on presenting supersymmetry as a leading candidate for physics beyond the Standard Model, together with composite-Higgs models and large extra dimensions.

ν
_e e⁺
q d d u u

More information ...

Fermion Quantum Numbers

			2I3	2I4	2I5
L/R fermions	u1	d1	1	0	0
	u2	d2	-1	1	0
	u3	d3	0	-1	1
	${\displaystyle \nu }$	e-	0	0	-1
2T3L/R	1	-1
2T3R/L	0	0

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Where:

B-L ${\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{3}}(2I_{3}+4I_{4}+6I_{5}),}$

X ${\displaystyle =-4T_{3R}+3(B-L)\,}$

Y ${\displaystyle =2T_{3R}+(B-L)=-2T_{3L}-4I_{2}-{\frac {4}{3}}I_{3}-{\frac {8}{3}}I_{4}\,}$

Q ${\displaystyle ={\frac {B-L}{2}}+T_{3L}+T_{3R}={\frac {Y}{2}}+T_{3L}}$

${\displaystyle I_{2}=-{\frac {1}{2}}(T_{3L}+T_{3R}+I_{3}+2I_{4}+I_{5})}$

${\displaystyle T_{3L}}$ is the 3rd component of weak isospin.

The Cartan group generators are:

SO(10): ${\displaystyle T_{3L},I_{2},I_{3},I_{4},I_{5}\,}$

SU(5): ${\displaystyle T_{3L},I_{2},I_{3},I_{4}\,}$

Pati-Salam: ${\displaystyle T_{3L},T_{3R},I_{3},I_{4},I_{5}\,}$

• The main villainess of the Parasite Eve series is named Mitochondria Eve.
• In the "reimagined" Battlestar Galactica television series, Hera Agathon (the Cylon-human hybrid) is the Mitochondrial Eve as revealed in the series finale.^[11]
• Mitochondrial Eve is a science fiction story by Greg Egan that revolves around the concept of Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam.^[12]

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ArbCom result

As shown by John Savard, using the common official definitions of the mile (1609.344 metres), the yard (0.9144 metres), the foot (0.3048 metres) and the inch (0.0254 metres) the speed of light can be expressed exactly in imperial units as 186,282 miles, 698 yards, 2 feet, and 5+21⁄127 inches per second or 186,282+39937⁄100584 miles per second. To verify the latter, note that 39937⁄100584 miles is 25157+21⁄127 inches.

1972 value: ${\displaystyle 299,792,458\pm 1.1}$ m/s

Black–Scholes

Itō's lemma

Itō calculus

Stochastic differential equation