User:Monster Iestyn/Insect systematics

I haven't found a source explaining what's going on here yet, but there seems to be two different definitions for this group:

• Palaeoptera + Polyneoptera + Paraneoptera, i.e. all winged insects where wings develop outside the body (sources include ). This was also the original definition used by Sharp, 1898, except Sharp placed Mallophaga and Anoplura (chewing and sucking lice respectively) instead in "Anapterygota" (secondarily wingless insects), which also included Siphonaptera (fleas).
• Polyneoptera + Paraneoptera, i.e. A division of Neoptera where wings develop outside the body.

To put it in other words, sometimes Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) and Ephemeroptera (mayflies) are included in Exopterygota, and sometimes they are not...

One of the major groups of Neoptera.

Also known as 'lower Neoptera'

has incomplete metamorphosis (Polyneoptera was formerly part of Exopterygota)

evidence according to Kjer et al. (2016): tegmina, enlarged anal field (vannus) of hind wing [see Insect wing#Fields], euplantulae

'Kristensen's comb' refers to the polytomy of Kristensen (1981), in which a polytomy is given for the "lower Neoptera" (= most of Polyneoptera, with Zoraptera placed in Paraneoptera)

Proposed clades in Polyneoptera:

• Dictyoptera (= Blattodea [including Isoptera] + Mantodea] [supported in consensus according to Kjer et al. (2016)]
• Eukinolabia (= Embioptera + Phasmatodea)
• Haplocercata (= Dermaptera + Zoraptera)
• Mystroptera (= Embioptera  +  Zoraptera) [rejected by Letsch & Simon (2013)]
• Paurometabola (= Polyneoptera excluding Plecoptera) [strongly rejected according to Kjer et al. (2016)]
• Orthopterida (= Orthoptera  +  Phasmatodea) [rejected by Letsch & Simon (2013)]
• Xenonomia (= Grylloblattodea + Mantophasmatodea) [= Notoptera] [supported in consensus according to Kjer et al. (2016)]

Full phylogeny (Figure 5):^[1]

Hexapods only (with experimental coloring):

Extinct group of insects from the Palaeozoic. Historically their position and composition was controversial, but recent studies have resolved it as the sister group to Dictyoptera.^[1][2][3]

Alternatively it has been placed in its own superorder Paoliidea in infraclass Gryllones (= Polyneoptera).^[4] (I'm assuming this isn't widely accepted, given the use of a different (Russian?) insect classification and nomenclature based on Rasnitsyn & Quicke (2002)'s History of Insects, where e.g. Scarabaeona = Pterygota, Scarabaeones = all winged insects except Gryllones (= Neoptera + Palaeoptera).)

Full phylogeny (Figure 11):^[1]

Phylogeny based on Boudinot et al. (2022) (Figure 8?):^[1] and Goczał & Beutel (2023) ^[2]

(See also Figure 2 in https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12623 )

From Haddad et al. (2018) (nuclear genome):^[1]

From Nie et al. (2020) (mitochondrial genome):^[2]

After figures and supplementary material of ^[1]

Notes from Appendix S1:

• Tenuivenaptera Béthoux, Cui & Wipfler, 2024 = All species in Dataset S1 + Blattogryllopterida
• Blattogryllopterida Cui, 2012 = Blattogryllidae sensu Storozhenko & Aristov (2014) (not monophyletic according to main article!!) + Icaroptera
• Icaroptera Béthoux, Cui & Wipfler, 2024 = extant Grylloblattidae

Figure 2F, Figure S3:

(Note: is Aristovia being called Burmablattogryllus in Figure S3??)

(Excluding Mantophasmatodea)

(Including Mantophasmatodea, possible placements)

Odonata according to Bechly:^[1]

After Wiegmann et al. (2011):^[1]