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The Willans central-valve engine is a vertical high-speed single-acting steam engine designed by the British engineer P. W. Willans, and later patented by him in 1884 and 1885. [1] The engine, which was built in single, double or triple compound versions, was a vertical arrangement of four cylinders, these being (from the top) high-pressure, intermediate-pressure and low-pressure steam, and a further guide cylinder at the base. The diameter of the cylinders increased as the steam pressure decreased. Within these cylinders was a line of four pistons, connected by a hollow piston rod. Steam distribution to the cylinders was controlled by piston valves moving within the piston rod. The piston moving in the guide cylinder had the function of damping the upward motion of the piston assembly by compressing air in the guide cylinder. Two identical connecting rods ran from the guide piston to a crank on the crankshaft. Between them ran a connecting rod for the piston valves. The motion for the piston valves was derived from an eccentric integral with the crank-pin of the piston connecting rods.

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