User:Perry Middlemiss/Sandbox

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In 1977, New Zealand-born "rising star"^[1] publisher Stephanie Dowrick founded The Women's Press in London with personal support from feminists active in the women's liberation movement (WLM) and with financial support from literary entrepreneur Naim Attallah. He guaranteed the press's launch overdraft on the basis of Dowrick's previous commercial and literary publishing experience.^{[2][3][4][5][6]}

Attallah, via the Namara Group, eventually owned the Literary Review and already owned Quartet Books, which had previously partnered with Virago Press. "Stephanie was [Editorial Manager] with Triad Paperbacks when…Quartet asked her if she would like to do some books for them. She declined but…Attallah, head of the group that includes Quartet Books, suggested that she set up a separate company." ^[7] Dowrick's conviction was that "[t]here was space for a new feminist publishing house that would reflect one of the most exciting political currents in society and make commercial sense."^[8]  As Attallah recalled, "It was set up with a hundred £1 shares, with me holding fifty-three percent and Stephanie the balance of forty-seven per cent [...] to begin with Stephanie was the only full-time employee and the whole operation was started in her living-room in her house in Bow." ^[8] Attallah defended his support of Dowrick's overtly feminist publishing stating that "women's liberation is for everyone” and "no one in their right mind would oppose it". ^[3] The financing had to depend on commercial acumen. "It didn't cost a lot initially because I worked in my home for no wages and then for very low wages."^[9] Dowrick worked as the sole full-timer until 1979. "We...pay ourselves modest wages and are responsible for what and how we publish, and for eventual solvency."^[10]

The logo of The Women's Press was an iron, a play on the symbol of unthanked domestic labour associated with women,^[11] with black and white stripes running down the books' spines to represent an iron's electric cord. The multi-media designing for brand identity was done by Canadian artist/designer Donna Muir. 

Through the close association of Dowrick with therapists and writers from the Women's Therapy Centre, TWP explicitly embraced the slogan "the personal is political", and vice versa.^[12] Dowrick was joined part-time by Sibyl Grundberg,^[13] and in February 1978 The Women's Press issued its first five books, including Lolly Willowes by Sylvia Townsend Warner and a reprint of Jane Austen's Love and Freindship (sic).^[8] Other reprints in the 1978 list included Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh and Other Poems with a "dazzling" introduction by Cora Kaplan^[14] and the first British publication of Kate Chopin's The Awakening.^[15] The Women's Press emphasised contemporary works over classics and understood itself as raising consciousness and making effective contributions to women of all cultures and classes over a range of areas.

By 1979/1980, its publishing programme included non-fiction titles on sexual and race politics, physical and mental health, environmental and peace politics, art history, aesthetics, gender studies and many other disciplines. It operated with minimal staff during its first five years, and a small informal advisory group of feminist academics and media workers.^[16] Suzanne Perkins worked on the covers and although part-time and working from home, became a company director. All the cover artists were women.^[17] The aim was to commission and enable genuinely intersectional writing that could support women of varied cultural backgrounds, and would challenge the status quo wherever it limited women’s sense of agency and possibility, while meeting commercial realities and publishing excellence.^[3][4]

In 1979 the Press moved from Dowrick's home in Bow, East London, to offices in Shoreditch, East London, developing links to similarly innovative feminist publishers in Europe, including Sara (the Netherlands), Frauenoffensive 1974-2016 (Germany), Les Editions des Femmes (France), as well as expanding distribution in Australia and New Zealand.

In 1980, The Women's Press Book Club was established which allowed members to order several books a month.^[18]

At the end of 1981, Dowrick reported that in four years, "…we have achieved more than I thought possible. People no longer question our role, and our books are seriously reviewed." ^[19]

Dowrick remained an active TWP Director 1977-1985, then from 1991- 1999/2000 was Chair of the TWP board.^[20]

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"What we learned and practised [at The Women's Press] was this. One group of human beings cannot determine the value of other human beings' lives without reducing us all. I do not think I fully understood as a younger woman that the power of feminism, race justice, gay, environmental and peace politics calls for a new understanding of what it means to be human. That's what liberation means: liberation from the utterly false proposition that some lives intrinsically matter more than others."^[21]

Its politics were aimed at interrogating the gender, social, racial and economic status quo locally and globally,^[22] especially as these affected women and children. This was explicitly intersectional: “From climate disasters hitting hardest in the poorest communities, to a sharp rise in racism and discrimination, to the spread of online misogyny and anti-rights rhetoric – it's clear that equality is still out of reach for too many. The world can feel overwhelming and stacked with overlapping injustices. So how do we make sense of it all and how do we fight back? Intersectional feminism offers a way in. It helps us understand how different types of inequality – like racism, sexism, ableism, and classism – don’t just exist side by side but often collide and compound."^[23]

In 1977, as it prepared to publish, Dowrick wrote, "The Women's Press reflects one of the most exciting continuing changes in society this [20th] century: the progress of women towards a position of equality. We are not only asking for the same rights as men, we are also actively reassessing the society in which we are to play an equal part. We are examining history to find our place there and, while demanding power, are questioning where the distortions of power lie. The Women's Press is a new voice of this change."^[22]

This is echoed by social historian, Sheila Rowbotham: “We must ask ourselves equality with what? Do men have such idyllic lives that we want the same for ourselves? In a world where people are valued as economic units rather than as people, to be an equal economic unit should not be the height of our ambition." ^[24]

Of The Women's Press and the women's liberation movement more generally: “We understood there'd be no human rights without race and gender justice. We understood that exploiting people or the planet was a violence that we could not tolerate. We were anything but quiet." ^[21]

"You have to act as if it were possible to radically transform the world. And you have to do it all the time." (Angela Davis, The Women’s Press author, 1982)

“Be prepared to be enlightened, enraged, amused, engaged, and above all provoked.” (Beatrix Campbell, The Women’s Press author,1998)

No uniformity of feminist analysis was demanded from writers.^[25] "Feminism isn't sacred. It isn't a religion. (We should be free to question all aspects of it.)" Carmen Calill, founder of Virago, The Guardian (UK), 6 June 1990. Radical feminists, including from the US, were published alongside socialist feminist writers, largely though not exclusively British, European, New Zealanders.^[26] Black feminism was explicitly intersectional, strong from the earliest times and developed through the 1980s and 1990s despite the rise of racism in Britain with the election of Margaret Thatcher, intensifying from 1981.

Gender politics were not minimised.^[25] Across art, literary and cultural history, it published work that challenged assumptions about women's capacities and achievements. "Traditional" caring roles were well understood.^[27] "We live in an intensely sexist society which denigrates women publicly and makes it very difficult for them to be a mother, while at the same time sentimentalising the idea of motherhood. The archetype of the mother is one who makes up for all the cruelty, competitiveness and hostility in the outside world – and remains unaffected by it."^[28]

Through each of three major phases of its history, the emphasis changed with leadership priorities.^[22] "Feminism is not a monolith. Like any large political or social movement, powered by passion and coloured by the real life experiences of multitudes of women, it has its internal schisms, divisions, factions and splits."^[29]

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Under Dowrick's leadership The Women's Press differentiated itself from Virago Press, by emphasising contemporary political concerns, using the slogan "Live Authors, Live Issues".^[30] Also through brand identity, and publishing leading US radical feminist writers as well as those from Britain, Europe, New Zealand and Australia.

Dowrick commissioned a number of prominent British or British-based writers to create original work. They included Gillian Perry, Sally Belfrage, Rozsika Parker, Joanna Ryan and Sue Cartledge, Lucy Goodison and Sheila Ernst, Lindsay River and Sally Gillespie, Leonie Caldecott and Stephanie Leland, Dale Spender, Frankie Armstrong, and Sibyl Grundberg. She also commissioned Helen Taylor's introduction to the first British publication of Kate Chopin's The Awakening, Cora Kaplan's introduction to Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Aurora Leigh, and Michèle Barrett to write Virginia Woolf: Women and Writing which remains in print. Rosalind Delmar wrote the introduction to the first British edition of The Dialectic of Sex. Dowrick edited the first British edition of A Handbook of Non-Sexist Writing by Casey Miller and Kate Swift.

From her native New Zealand, Dowrick published among others Janet Frame, Patricia Grace, and later Sandi Hall. She published many of the leading US feminist writers of the day, including Judith Arcana, Nor Hall, Andrea Dworkin, Phyllis Chesler, Shulamith Firestone, Louise Berkinow, and Susan Griffin. Early fiction and memoir writers included Alice Walker (USA), Toni Cade Bambara (USA), May Sarton (USA), Lisa Alther (USA), Joyce Kornblatt (USA), Marge Piercy (USA), Sylvia Townsend Warner (UK), Colette (France), Joan Barfoot (Canada), Monique Wittig (France), Meridel Le Sueur (USA), Yuan Tsung-Chen (China), Cora Sandel (Norway), Charlotte Perkins Gilman (USA), (USA), Drusilla Modjeska (UK/Australia), and Michèle Roberts (UK).

The Women's Press published some books in collaboration with feminist magazine, Spare Rib, starting with Hard Feelings in 1979 (edited by Alison Fell). It also collaborated with Frauenoffensive, Munich, publishing Verena Stefan, Shedding, and with Sara, Amsterdam by publishing Anja Meulenbelt's The Shame is Over.

In 1982, Ros de Lanerolle became managing director of the company.^[31] In 1983, the Press had commercial success with the British publication of Alice Walker's bestseller The Color Purple, later made into a movie by Steven Spielberg. Two earlier books by Walker, Meridien and You Can't Keep a Good Woman Down, were contracted by Dowrick in 1981, buying British rights from literary agency David Higham & Co. Dowrick had previously published Toni Cade Bambara's earlier novel, The Salt Eaters to be followed by Seabirds are Still Alive (1984).

In 1983 Stephanie Dowrick left London to live in Australia while remaining an active Director of The Women's Press until 1985. She became Chair of The Womens Press Ltd in 1991.^[25]

From 1982-1985, Dowrick as Director and founder was in regular contact with de Lanerolle on a variety of TWP management/editorial issues, as well as The Women's Press Bookclub.^[32] Between December 1981 and October 1982 writers contracted by de Lanerolle: Barbara Wilson (USA), Sheila Ortiz Taylor(Mexican/American), Jill Miller (UK), Sheelagh Kanelli (Uk/Greece), Dorothy Bryant (USA), Moira Duff (Scotland/Canada). During the mid-1980s, de Lanerolle contracted authors including Stevie Davies (Wales), Angela Davis (USA), Ellen Kuzwayo (South Africa), Fettouma Touati (Algeria), Joan Riley (Jamaica/UK), Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions (1988), Shizuko Gō (Japan), Anna Swir(Poland), Rosie Scott (New Zealand), Sue Woolfe (Australia), and Pauline Melville. De Lanerolle published Tsitsi Dangarembga's Nervous Conditions (1988) and Pauline Melville's Shape-Shifter (1990).

In addition, through the 1980s and 1990s, under the publishing leadership of Kathy Gale, the Press published a crime list including Mary Wings, Marcia Muller and introducing "Queen of Crime" Val McDermid. From 1985 to 1991 the Press also had a feminist science fiction list, edited by critic Sarah LeFanu.^[33]

By the early 1990s a publishing recession left The Women's Press making losses between £105,000 and £300,000, the exact figures are disputed.^[2] According to an article in The Guardian by David Pallister, de Lanerolle argued that the cause was a general recession and that the company was recovering, but that Attallah believed the growing focus on Third World women writers was financially risky.[^[34] This narrative is disputed.^[35] The most reliable profit/loss figures come from a report prepared by Quartet Books for The Women's Press at June 1992 for the year ending June 1991: TWP loss (£96,873); TWP Bookclub profit £3205; interest costs, £41,584.^[32] Despite the "general recession" in Britain^[36], in November 1990 de Lanerolle sought advice from business consultant Robert Oakeshott on a detailed proposal for a feminist publishing venture, Miriam Books,^[32][37][38] named for Miriam Tlali, the first black woman to publish a novel in South Africa.^[39] In the proposal sent to Oakshott de Lanerolle wrote, "It is to be marketed as much on its European identity as its women's identity".^[32]

Of her reasons for proposing a new company, de Lanerolle wrote, "The Women's Press faces decline if not demise (sic), owing to problems developing out of its company structure, and, in addition, will be further weakened by the attracting of some of its key staff to Miriam Books."^[32] It is not known who those "key staff" were. TWP would continue to publish successfully until 2002.

In late 1990, with financial losses accumulating, Attallah appointed TWP Sales Director, Mary Hemming, as deputy managing director. In March 1991 media reported that Attallah had rejected an attempted buyout offer of £500,000 by de Lanerolle. No evidence is forthcoming. No books were published under the Miriam Books imprint. De Lanerolle rejected an offer from Attallah to stay on as Chief Editor in return for relinquishing the post of Managing Director. De Lanerolle accepted a redundancy payout and five other staff resigned in solidarity with her.^[2] Attallah appointed himself the firm's interim managing director and recalled Dowrick from Australia^[40] before they together appointed Kathy Gale first as publishing director, soon after as joint managing director with Mary Hemming.^[15]

Twenty-three Women's Press authors, including Merle Collins, Michèle Roberts, Gillian Slovo and Sheila Jeffreys, wrote to The Guardian to distance themselves from Attallah's perceived actions.^[41] In the period that followed her resignation, de Lanerolle moved on to a new company, Open Letters, the press release announcing it was "aiming at originality and diversity"^[32] with Alison Hennegan and Gillian Hanscombe as co-directors. ^[42][43][44] The launch was to be in June 1992. A catalogue was prepared to announce "Europe's newest independent women's publisher'".^[45] The directors were unable to raise funds to publish.

The clash of idealism with commercial realities led to the demise of Open Letters by 10 November 1992, when a letter to shareholders revealed, "Despite our best efforts during the summer and autumn to secure the company's finances we have reached a position where the burden of debt carried by the company can no longer be sustained…We have decided we must cease trading, with immediate effect."^[32]

A period of recovery followed that gave TWP a further 13 years of largely successful publishing.

In 1991 Kathy Gale, who had been an Editorial Director at Pan Macmillan, and later worked at Hodder & Stoughton, was appointed as publishing director and brought the Press back into financial balance within six months ^{[citation needed]}. Jennifer Bradshaw and Nina Kidron (co-founder of Pluto Press) were appointed to the Board.^[2] The 1990s list included work the work of Stevie Davies, Angela Davis, plus new work from Patricia Grace, Marie Cardinal, Val McDermid, Joan Barfoot and Stephanie Dowrick, bel hooks, Beatrix Campbell, Sue Woolfe, Caeia Marsh, Dionne Brand, a biography of singer Cecilia Bartoli, and May Sarton.