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Discovery and description of new Stylidium species has been occurring since the late 18th century, the first of which was discovered in Botany Bay in 1770 and described by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander.[1] In the early 19th century, the French botanist Charles Morren described triggerplant anatomy, also providing illustrations with the descriptions. As of 2002, only 221 Stylidium species were known.[2] There are now over 300 species, many of which are awaiting formal description.

This article is a list of the triggerplants, the species of the genus Stylidium. For general information on triggerplants, please see the main article on Stylidium.


Subgenus Andersonia

Subgenus Andersonia (R. Br.) Mildbr. (syn. section Nitrangium Endl. 1836; series Tenellae Benth 1869; series Corymbulosae Benth 1869)[3] is characterized by a linear hypanthium, recurved mature capsule walls, an erect and persistent septum, and many seeds. This subgenus occurs in areas of tropical northern Australia and into south-east Asia.[4] Mildbraed had established the subgenus Alsinoides (syn. Alsinoida) for species similar to S. alsinoides. In 2000, A.R. Bean published a taxonomic revision of subgenus Andersonia and reduced subgenus Alsinoides (Bean's Alsinoida) to sectional rank. Bean also established sections Biloba, Tenella, and Uniflora based on cladistic analysis. By adding sectional ranks to subgenus Andersonia, Bean also established the autonym section Andersonia. The type species for this subgenus is S. tenellum.[5]

Section Alsinoida

This is the rank which Mildbraed had placed at the rank of subgenus. In 2000, A.R. Bean reduced the subgenus to a section under subgenus Andersonia and reported the name as Alsinoida (Mildbraed's Alsinoides). (Mildbr.) A.R.Bean 2000; 5 species.[5]

Section Andersonia

R.Br. ex G.Don - 13 species

Section Biloba

A.R.Bean 2000; type: S. rotundifolium; 3 species; northern Australia

Section Tenella

(Benth.) A.R.Bean; 11 species

Section Uniflora

A.R.Bean - 5 species; tropical Australia and Aru Islands

Subgenus Centridium

Subgenus Centridium Lindl. (syn. series Androsaceae Benth 1869)[3] is characterized by a globose hypanthium, a stipitate brush-like stigma, and gynostemium mobility not produced by a sensitive hinged torosus but by the movement of a cunabulum. All species with the possible and doubtful exception of S. weeliwolli are annuals.[9]

Subgenus Forsteropsis Sond.

This subgenus (syn. series Imbricatae Benth 1869)[3] represents five species of triggerplant from south-western Australia characterized by their tightly appressed leaves arranged in a spiral around the stem. Common names for this subgenus include lizard triggerplant (for S. preissii) and tile-leaved triggerplant (for S. imbricatum).[10]

Subgenus Nitrangium Endl.

Section Appressae Mildbr.

This section is based on the original morphological descriptions by J. Mildbraed in 1908 and modified by Rica Erickson in 1958. Allen Lowrie and his colleagues then revised the section again in 1999, bringing the total number of species in this taxon to 23 in 1999: 22 from south-western Australia and one from Kangaroo Island, South Australia. Another revision in 2006 moved some species back to subgenus Tolypangium section Repentes. Called the "creeping triggerplants" because of their growth habit, these species possess leafy stems with appressed leafy terminal rosettes. They generally form spreading and tangled mats on aerial roots. The type species is Stylidium adpressum.[11][12]

  • Stylidium adpressum Benth. 1868[8]
  • Stylidium breviscapum R. Br. 1810
  • Stylidium cilium Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium choreanthum R. Erickson & J.H. Willis 1956[8]
  • Stylidium cygnorum W. Fitzg. 1902
  • Stylidium dielsianum E. Pritz. 1905
  • Stylidium megacarpum Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium septentrionale (Mildbr.) Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium stowardii M. Scott 1915
  • Stylidium tepperianum (F. Muell.) Mildbr. 1908
  • Stylidium warriedarense Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999

Section Rhynchangium

Section Sonderella

  • Stylidium corymbosum R. Br. 1810, reported as S. corymbulosum[3]
  • Stylidium divaricatum Lehm. 1845[3][13][14]
  • Stylidium kalbarriense Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[8]
  • Stylidium lepidum F. Muell. ex Benth. 1869[3]
  • Stylidium rigidulum Sond. 1845 (Mildbr. placed in subg. Tolypangium sect. Saxifragoidea[3] - syn. Stylidium macrocarpum (Benth.) Erickson & Willis[8], listed as a synonym of S. rigidulum on FloraBase)[15] and in Wege 2006. Sonder originally placed S. rigidulum in subg. Nitrangium sect. Rhynchangium due to morphological similarities.[16]
  • Stylidium pubigerum Sond. 1845[3]
  • Stylidium pulviniforme Lowrie & Kenneally 1994
  • Stylidium ricae Carlquist[8]
  • Stylidium tenuicarpum Carlquist 1969[8]
  • Stylidium torticarpum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[8]

Section Thyrsiformes

  • Stylidium bulbiferum Benth. 1837[8] (reported to be in section Appressae by Lowrie et al. in 1999)[11]
  • Stylidium burbidgeanum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[8] (reported to be in section Appressae by Lowrie et al. in 1999)[11]
  • Stylidium confluens Banyard & James[8]
  • Stylidium crassifolium R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium dichotomum DC. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium dispermum F. Muell. 1864[3]
  • Stylidium elongatum Benth. 1869[3]
  • Stylidium eripodum DC. 1839[8] (reported to be in section Appressae by Lowrie et al. in 1999)[11]
  • Stylidium induratum M. Scott 1915[8] (reported to be in section Appressae by Lowrie et al. in 1999)[11]
  • Stylidium lateriticola Kenneally[8]
  • Stylidium leptophyllum DC. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium merrallii F. Muell. 1896 (reported as belonging to Sect. Thyrsiformes)[8]
  • Stylidium neglectum Mildbr. 1908[8] (reported to be in section Appressae by Lowrie et al. in 1999)[11]
  • Stylidium pycnostachyum Lindl. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium turleyae Lowrie & Kenneally 2004 (reported as belonging to Sect. Thyrsiformae)
  • Stylidium uniflorum Sond. 1845[8] (reported to be in section Appressae by Lowrie et al. in 1999)[11]
  • Stylidium validum Wege 2005 (reported as belonging to Sect. Thyrsiformae)
  • Stylidium yilgarnense E. Pritz. 1904[3]

Subgenus Tolypangium

Section Despectae

Section Despectae Mildbr. is characterized by small annual herbaceous habit with rosettes, when present, that have few leaves, and a labellum without appendages.[17]

  • Stylidium beaugleholei Willis 1967[18]
  • Stylidium despectum R. Br.
  • Stylidium emarginatum Sond.[3]
  • Stylidium emarginatum subsp. exapendiculatum Lowrie & Carlquist 1991
  • Stylidium insensitivum Carlquist 1969[18]
  • Stylidium inundatum R. Br.[3] (reported as S. brachyphyllum)
  • Stylidium longitubum Benth.[8]
  • Stylidium obtusatum Sond.[8]
  • Stylidium periscelianthum Erickson & Willis[8]
  • Stylidium petiolare[3]
  • Stylidium pulchellum[3]
  • Stylidium pygmaeum[3]
  • Stylidium rhipidium Erickson & Willis 1956[18]
  • Stylidium roseo-alatum Erickson & Willis[8]
  • Stylidium roseonanum Carlquist 1969[18]
  • Stylidium sidjamesii Lowrie & Kenneally 2000
  • Stylidium tinkeri Lowrie & Kenneally 2000
  • Stylidium udusicola Lowrie & Kenneally 1997 (reported as belonging to "Despecta")
  • Stylidium utriculariodes Benth.[18]
  • Stylidium xanthopis R. Erickson & J.H. Willis

Section Debilia

Syn. sect. Debiles; type S. debile; 10 species

Section Echinospermum

  • Stylidium limbatum F.Muell. 1877[3]

Section Floodia

Milbr. 1908; type: S. floodii; 14 species

  • Stylidium adenophorum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[19]
  • Stylidium centrolepoides A.R.Bean 2010
  • Stylidium clarksonii Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[19]
  • Stylidium costulatum Kenneally & Lowrie 1994[19]
  • Stylidium delicatum A.R.Bean 1999[19]
  • Stylidium desertorum Carlquist 1978[19]
  • Stylidium floodii F.Muell. 1859[3][19]
  • Stylidium foveolatum A.R.Bean 1999[19]
  • Stylidium mucronatum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[19]
  • Stylidium rivulosum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[19]
  • Stylidium rubriscapum W.Fitzg. 1918[6][19]
  • Stylidium symonii Carlquist 1979[19]
  • Stylidium turbinatum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997[19][8]

Section Guttatae

  • Stylidium guttatum R. Br. 1810[3]

Section Junceae

Section Lanata

A.R.Bean 1999; type S. eriorhizum

Section Lineares

Section Repentes

Section Repentes Mildbr. is a group of creeping triggerplants known as the locket triggerplants, related to subgenus Nitrangium section Appressae. They possess adpressed stem leaves bearing a small basal spur and uni-flowered inflorescences. Because section Repentes morphologically resembles the other creeping triggerplants in section Appressae, Lowrie et al. (1999) proposed all species in this section be moved to section Appressae and Repentes be placed into synonymy. Wege (2006), however, argued that these species are morphologically distinct from those in section Appressae, citing trichome and column cunabulum structure as distinctions that separate the sections.[12][11]

  • Stylidium diplectroglossum (R. Erickson & J.H. Willis) Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium flagellum Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium perula Wege 2006
  • Stylidium pingrupense Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium pseudosacculatum Lowrie, Burbidge & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium repens R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium sacculatum R. Erickson & J.H. Willis 1956
  • Stylidium thylax Wege 2006

Section Saxifragoidea

Section Saxifragoidea Mildbr. is a section within the subgenus Tolypangium Endl. The morphological characteristics that set this section apart from others are rosetted linear to obovate-spathulate leaves and simple racemose inflorescences. This section consists of 25 species, some of which belong to the informal Stylidium spathulatum complex.[21][22]

  • Stylidium aeonioides Carlquist 1969[8]
  • Stylidium albolilacinum Lowrie & Carlquist 1991[8]
  • Stylidium amoenum R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium applanatum Wege 2007[23]
  • Stylidium articulatum R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium assimile R. Br. 1816[3]
  • Stylidium barleei F. Muell. 1868[3]
  • Stylidium bellum Wege 2007[23]
  • Stylidium brunonianum Benth. 1837[3]
  • Stylidium carlquistii Lowrie 1991
  • Stylidium carnosum Benth. 1837[3]
  • Stylidium clavatum (Carlquist) Wege 2007[23]
  • Stylidium coatesianum Lowrie & Carlquist 1991
  • Stylidium cymiferum Lowrie & Carlquist 1991
  • Stylidium daphne Lowrie & Kenneally 1998
  • Stylidium diademum Wege 2007[23]
  • Stylidium diuroides Lindl. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium diversifolium R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium glabrifolium Lowrie & Kenneally 1997
  • Stylidium glandulosissimum Wege 2006
  • Stylidium glaucum Labill. 1806[3]
  • Stylidium gloeophyllum Wege 2006
  • Stylidium hortiorum Lowrie & Kenneally 2000
  • Stylidium hymenocraspedum Wege 2006
  • Stylidium inversiflorum Carlquist 1969[18]
  • Stylidium ireneae Lowrie & Kenneally 1998
  • Stylidium keigheryi Lowrie & Carlquist 1991
  • Stylidium lineatum Sond. 1845[3]
  • Stylidium longibracteatum Carlquist 1969[18]
  • Stylidium lowrieanum Carlquist 1989
  • Stylidium luteum R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium maitlandianum E. Pritz. 1904[3]
  • Stylidium planirosulum Wege 2006
  • Stylidium perplexum Wege 2008[24]
  • Stylidium pritzelianum Mildbr. 1908[3]
  • Stylidium pseudocaespitosum Mildbr. 1908[3]
  • Stylidium rosulatum Wege 2007[23]
  • Stylidium rupestre Sond. 1845[3]
  • Stylidium spathulatum R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium squamellosum DC. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium striatum Lindl. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium violaceum R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium zeicolor Erickson & Willis 1956[25]

Section Sparsifoliae

Section Squamosae

The section Squamosae Benth. within subgenus Tolypangium was originally described by George Bentham and later adapted by J. Mildbraed in 1908. Rica Erickson used the same grouping but called them the "scale-leaved triggerplants." The members of this section have graminiform, linear, lanceolate or oblanceolate-linear leaves with shorter, scarious scales. As of 2006, 21 species were assigned to this section, all of which are endemic to southwestern Western Australia. Species in this section belong to two informal groups known as the Stylidium caricifolium complex and the Stylidium leptocalyx complex.[26][27]

  • Stylidium affine Sond. 1845[3]
  • Stylidium albomontis Carlquist 1969[8]
  • Stylidium caricifolium Lindl. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium chiddarcoopingense Lowrie, Coates & Kenneally 1999
  • Stylidium crossocephalum F. Muell. 1868[3]
  • Stylidium diplotrichum Wege 2006
  • Stylidium expeditionis Carlquist 1976
  • Stylidium hirsutum R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium leptocalyx Sond. 1845[3]
  • Stylidium macranthum Carlquist 1969[8]
  • Stylidium maritimum Lowrie, Coates & Kenneally 1998[8]
  • Stylidium nungarinense S. Moore 1920[8]
  • Stylidium paulineae Lowrie & Kenneally 1998
  • Stylidium pilosum Labill.[8]
  • Stylidium plantagineum Sond. 1845[3]
  • Stylidium pseudohirsutum Mildbr. 1908[3]
  • Stylidium reduplicatum R. Br. 1810[3]
  • Stylidium scabridum Lindl. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium schoenoides DC. 1839[3]
  • Stylidium sejunctum Lowrie, Coates & Kenneally 1998
  • Stylidium stenosepalum E. Pritz. 1904
  • Stylidium wilroyense Lowrie, Coates & Kenneally 1998

Section Verticillatae

Unranked

Remaining list to be ranked in their respective sections:

  1. Stylidium acuminatum
  2. Stylidium amabile Wege & Coates 2007[28] (Section Rhynchangium?)
  3. Stylidium bauthas
  4. Stylidium begoniifolium
  5. Stylidium bicolor
  6. Stylidium buxifolium
  7. Stylidium caulescens
  8. Stylidium chinense
  9. Stylidium cicatricosum
  10. Stylidium clavatum
  11. Stylidium compressum
  12. Stylidium coroniforme (Section Rhynchangium? via Wege 2007b[28])
  13. Stylidium cuneiformis
  14. Stylidium dicksonii
  15. Stylidium dilatatum
  16. Stylidium elegans
  17. Stylidium ferricola Wege & G.J.Keighery 2007[29]
  18. Stylidium flumense
  19. Stylidium fruticosum
  20. Stylidium gypsophiloides
  21. Stylidium hebegynum
  22. Stylidium hugelii
  23. Stylidium humphreysii Carlquist 1969 - placed in subg. Stylidium sect. Stylidium by Carlquist.[18]
  24. Stylidium korijekup Wege, B.J.Keighery & G.J.Keighery 2007[29]
  25. Stylidium lachnopodum
  26. Stylidium leptobotrydium
  27. Stylidium leptobotrys
  28. Stylidium leptostachyum
  29. Stylidium lessonii
  30. Stylidium longifolium
  31. Stylidium marginatum
  32. Stylidium minus
  33. Stylidium mitchellii
  34. Stylidium nudum
  35. Stylidium pendulum G.J. Keighery (Sect. Sonderella by James (1979)[20])
  36. Stylidium planifolium
  37. Stylidium productum
  38. Stylidium propinquum
  39. Stylidium pruinosum
  40. Stylidium ramosum
  41. Stylidium robustum
  42. Stylidium scariosum
  43. Stylidium setaceum
  44. Stylidium setigerum
  45. Stylidium suffruticosum
  46. Stylidium sulcatum
  47. Stylidium tenue
  48. Stylidium tenuifolium
  49. Stylidium tetrandra
  50. Stylidium thyrsiforme
  51. Stylidium tylosum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997
  52. Stylidium vitiense
  53. Stylidium wightianum

Synonyms

  1. Stylidium androsaceum (syn. of S. ericksoniae) nom illeg.; Bean 2000
  2. Stylidium armerium nom. illeg. for Stylidium armeria - per Raulings and Ladiges 2001
  3. Stylidium barrettorum Lowrie & Kenneally 1997; syn. of S. leptorrhizum; ref Bean 1999
  4. Stylidium brunonis syn. S. kunthii; Bean 2000
  5. Stylidium bryoides syn. S. pedunculatum; Bean 2000
  6. Stylidium curtum Carlquist 1979[7] - syn. of S. pedunculatum - ref Bean 2000
  7. Stylidium evolutum Carlquist 1978[7]; syn. of S. tenerrimum; ref Bean 2000
  8. Stylidium involucratum F.Muell. 1859 =[S. breviscapum var. involucratum (F.Muell.) Mildbr. - nom. inval.; ref Lowrie, Burbidge, and Kenneally 1999
  9. Stylidium irriguum W.Fitzg. 1918; syn. S. rotundifolium; ref Bean 2000
  10. Stylidium majus (Sm.) Druce syn Stylidium graminifolium; ref Raulings & Ladiges
  11. Stylidium melastachys R.Br. syn Stylidium armeria; ref Raulings & Ladiges
  12. Stylidium mitrasacmoides Carlquist 1979; syn. S. nominatum also S. tenerrimum; nom. illeg.; ref Bean 2000
  13. Stylidium polystachium Rich. ex Pers. nom. illeg. syn. Stylidium armeria; ref Raulings & Ladiges
  14. Stylidium proliferum DC. 1839 - as syn. of S. bulbiferum ref: LBK1999
  15. Stylidium pseudotenellum O.Schwarz 1927; syn. S. fissilobum; ref Bean 2000
  16. Stylidium quadrifurcatum Erickson & Willis 1956; syn. S. capillare; ref Bean 2000
  17. Stylidium reductum Carlquist 1978[7]; syn. S. rotundifolium; ref Bean 2000
  18. Stylidium roseum Kurz. 1877; syn. S. tenellum; ref Bean 2000
  19. Stylidium serrulatum (Labill.) Rich. ex Pers. syn Stylidium armeria; ref Raulings & Ladiges
  20. Stylidium sinicum syn. S. uliginosum; Bean 2000
  21. Stylidium umbellatum (Labill.) Labill. syn Stylidium armeria; ref Raulings & Ladiges

References

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