User:Rod57/sandbox

Applications

(are device specs (below) quoting case temps or junction temps ?)

Automotive

up to 125°C

Military

up to 125°C

Aerospace

Well drilling

Down hole devices may be exposed to 250°C.^[2]

Spacecraft

The hottest environment that has been attempted is the surface of Venus, (mean surface temperature of 735 K (462 °C; 863 °F ), by the Russian landers: The Venera 13 lander functioned for 127 minutes at 457 °C (855 °F). Venera 14 survived 57 minutes at a temperature of 465 °C (869 °F). The coolest place on Venus is the highest point, Maxwell Montes, with a temperature of about 655 K (380 °C).

Low orbits of Mercury are challenging as well eg to MESSENGER. Mercury has a maximum surface temperature of 695 K (420 °C).^[6]

Materials and technology

Wide-bandgap semiconductor materials can operate (electronically) at higher temperatures,^[7]

Gallium nitride transistors can operate effectively up to ~400°C (~400°C^[8])

experiments from 2004 : GaN HFET digital circuit technology - just SSI, eg 217 transistors, 31 stage ring oscillator, gates ~ 3x4 μm, gate delays increase at higher temps.

Maybe up to 1000°C Faster, smaller and more economical gallium nitride transistors says "Gallium nitride transistors, on the other hand, can withstand temperatures of up to 1000°C"

Gallium Arsenide GaAs can operate to ~175°C^[8]

Silicon transistors (~150°C^[8])

See List_of_semiconductor_materials#Table_of_semiconductor_materials

Although diamond can be used to make FETs; in air it starts to convert to graphite at ~700°C

Diamond based electronics (when developed) may be usable above 400°C.^[9]

Non-semiconductor components

Resistors

Capacitors

NPO and COG capacitors to 500°C^[5]

Magnetics

to ~ 400°C^[5]

alnico usable permanent magnets to 538°C (or more : curie point up to 800°C )

Substrates

epoxy laminates ... ceramic?,

Solders

Valves

sensors

digital camera CCD or orthicon tube ?

wiring

Parker Solar Probe used niobium [alloy?] (mp=2480°C) for some HT wiring

flexible insulation

See also

• Operating temperature

References

Further reading

• HIGH TEMPERATURE ELECTRONICS ( > 485 °C) FOR VENUS EXPLORATION. Cilio ran a SiC FET at 500°C, NPO and COG capacitors to 500°C - magnetics to ~ 400°C

• High-Temperature Electronics Pose Design and Reliability Challenges eg for down-hole logging, automotive - over 200°C to about 250°C
• Honeywell HTMOS rated to 225°C - tested at 250°C
• Honeywell HTSOI CMOS Si-on-insulator - graph: 1% failure after a month at 350°C
• Website PDFs/High Temperature Electronics/HiTempElec Tech Articles/HiTEC 300°C sensor module hybrid sensor module 300°C
• Gallium Nitride as an Electromechanical Material. R-Z. IEEE 2014 Table IV (p 5) show T_max°C Si=300, GaAs=300, SiC=600, GaN=700
• NASA Preps Venus ICs Ozark IC to supply 932 degree (F) PDK. 2015 Ozark to develop process design kit for 500 °C microprocessor & memory for NASA Venus landsail
• overseen by NASA’s Planetary Science Division

Approvals and indications

Mechanism of action

Clinical trials

References

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Devaluation[s] of sterling

• 1931
• 1947 loan in $
• 1949
• 1967 Wilson down to 17s6d $2.40, IMF-loan in $?
• 1985 ? before UK/Lawson started to shadow Mark (2.9 DM - 3.0 DM) ?
• 1989 -20%
• joined ERM Oct 1990 at 2.95DM +-6% floor = 2.77 left 16 Sept 1992 after spending £6Bn
• ( Sale of UK gold reserves, 1999–2002 "Brown's bottom" )

For pre 1968 See external link in London Gold Pool :

• HL Deb 21 November 1967 vol 286 cc904-1036, House of Commons Lords Sitting on the devaluation of the Sterling

Comparision with Kepler

( add to Transiting_Exoplanet_Survey_Satellite )

table : Nr of stars to be monitored % of full sky Duration of mission Duration of orbits detectable

Civil engineering project fatalities

• Great Wall of China
  • older, Qin sections, Ming sections ...
• Suez canal "thousands"wp
• Great Bitter lake to Nile canal ~1880 BC "100,000"(Wonders of the World)
• cathederals...
• Taj Mahal wp-
• Panama canal French phase:"over 20,000", US phase:"almost 6000"(Wonders of the World)
• Eiffel Tower 1 (Wonders of the World)
• tunnels
• Brooklyn bridge wp-
• Golden Gate Bridge 11 (19 others saved by netting) (Wonders of the World)
• Hoover Dam 112 +42"pneumonia"/?CO poisoning?
• Itaipu Dam wp-
• Forth rail bridge 73

cf deaths on voyages of discovery

• Cook-1/2/3
• Magellan
• Drake ?

oldest functioning ... : power stations/planes ...

• Hoover Dam 1936
• Super Guppy ~1965
• bridge ? Pont du Gard ~50 AD
• Steam locomotive ?
• artificial satellite

Flyback F-1

1. redirectSpace Shuttle design process

says "The Flyback F-1 (fig. 6-8) is a winged, recoverable derivative of the Saturn V first stage. It was studied extensively in 1971 and Boeing proposed it for use as the first stage of the shuttle. Its development was estimated to cost $5 billion and to require a 7-yr lead time. It would replace the solid motors as the first stage of the HLLV. The propellants are mainly kerosene and oxygen."

To do : Find more RS, then (maybe) convert this to stub with more RS, Mention in target SSDP? Saturn, F-1?

Drug salts

• mesilate = mesylate
• tosylate
• besilate = besylate

References