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In World Energy Outlook 2023 the IEA notes that We are on track to see all fossil fuels peak before 2030.^[1]: 18

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The IEA presents three scenarios.^[1]: 17

The "Stated Policies Scenario (STEPS)" provides an outlook based on the latest policy settings. The share of fossil fuel in global energy supply – stuck for decades around 80% – starts to edge downwards and reaches 73% by 2030.^[1]: 18 This undercuts the rationale for any increase in fossil fuel investment.^[1]: 19 Renewables are set to contribute 80% of new power capacity to 2030, with solar PV alone accounting for more than half.^[1]: 20 The STEPS sees a peak in energy-related CO2 emissions in the mid-2020s but emissions remain high enough to push up global average temperatures to around 2.4 °C in 2100.^[1]: 22 Total energy demand continues to increase through to 2050.^[1]: 23 Total energy investment remains at about USD 3 trillion per year.^[1]: 49

The "Announced Pledges Scenario (APS)" assumes all national energy and climate targets made by governments are met in full and on time. The APS is associated with a temperature rise of 1.7 °C in 2100 (with a 50% probability).^[1]: 92 Total energy investment rises to about USD 4 trillion per year after 2030.^[1]: 49

The "Net Zero Emissions by 2050 (NZE)" Scenario limits global warming to 1.5 °C.^[1]: 17 The share of fossil fuel reaches 62% in 2030.^[1]: 101 Methane emissions from fossil fuel supply cuts by 75% in 2030.^[1]: 45 Total energy investment rises to almost USD 5 trillion per year after 2030.^[1]: 49 Clean energy investment needs to rise everywhere, but the steepest increases are needed in emerging market and developing economies other than China, requiring enhanced international support.^[1]: 46 The share of nuclear power remains broadly stable over time in all scenarios, about 9%.^[1]: 106

In Dirac representation, the four contravariant gamma matrices are

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\gamma ^{0}&={\begin{pmatrix}1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\\0&0&-1&0\\0&0&0&-1\end{pmatrix}},&\gamma ^{1}&={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0&1\\0&0&1&0\\0&-1&0&0\\-1&0&0&0\end{pmatrix}},\\\\\gamma ^{2}&={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&0&-i\\0&0&i&0\\0&i&0&0\\-i&0&0&0\end{pmatrix}},&\gamma ^{3}&={\begin{pmatrix}0&0&1&0\\0&0&0&-1\\-1&0&0&0\\0&1&0&0\end{pmatrix}}.\end{aligned}}}$