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CMS: Citation and reference styles

Different form for citing and referencing

(Cites) Charles Simpson, Compost (Chicago: University Press, 1981), 27.

(References/bibliography) Simpson, Charles. Compost. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1981.

In citing, you use commas, with parenthesis around the publication details. In a bibliography, you use fulls stops, but you separate the two before the publisher with a colon and use a comma before the publication date. If there are editors, put a fullstop after them too. (CMS: 15.74.)

All multi authors should be listed in a bibliography, but in citations use et al for more than three.

To avoid complications in tricky multi-author bibliography listing, use a semicolon, like this:

Brett, P.D.; S.W.Johnson; and C.R.T. Smith.

An essay, chapter, etc., contained in another work

The first one, the smaller, goes in speech marks, and the main one goes in italics.

Skelton, Nicole. "Remembering my Mother Reading Hamlet". In Recollections of Childhood. Chicago: Namsorg Press, 1990.

(In a cite form, you'd use commas between the information.)

Citations Templates

Standard templates

Delete fields you don't want, to save edit clutter. Fields must be lower case, bars must be between each bit.

Doesn't matter what order you put them in they come out right

Wikilinks

Most fields can be wikilinked (ie. title = book title), but should generally only be linked to an existing Wikipedia article. Any wikilinked field must not contain any brackets apart from normal round brackets () — don't use <>[]{}.

Don't wikilink first and last but authorlink, with no brackets. You can deprecate first two fields by doing surname comma first name in one yourself.

{{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)

Here's a basic one.

{{cite book}}: Empty citation (help)

A basic one with url. Note, an example of bulleting. You must put accessdate: Full date when item was accessed, in ISO 8601 YYYY-MM-DD format, eg. 2006-02-17. Required when url field is used. Must not be wikilinked.

Bloggs, Joe (1974). Book of Bloggs. Retrieved 2006-02-17.

Roberts, C.B. (1950). Cornwall. Dent. IBSN 6543678-98.

Jones, Alistair (1905). Poetry of France. Longman. ISBN 36475-343-33. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

In the case below, the author name comes out wikilinked, whatever I've put in the authorlink box.

Chandler, Raymond (1956). Selected Letters. Scribner. ISBN 236474-47456-3443. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)

This one next shows you can just put author= and then do the names backwards yourself, with a comma

Jones, Jenny (1999). Television Shows. Bigfoot. ISBN 35364-3455-5567. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: invalid prefix (help)

Field url= URL of an online book. Cannot be used if you wikilinked title.

Field pages= pages: 5–7: first page and optional last page. This is for listing the pages relevant to the citation, not the total number of pages in the book.

Example:three authors, title with a piped wikilink, edition

Bloggs, Joe (2004). 1000 Acres. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

Harvard

Many times authors use an edition of a book that was published after the original publication. In such cases, many people put the original date of publication in square brackets followed by the date of publication of the edition used by the author who is making the citation. For example, a citation might be

(Marx [1867] 1967)

Note: Harvard referencing is not complete without the full citation at the end of the page (article) in the References section, as described next.

Complete citations in a "References" section

Complete citations, also called "references", are collected at the end of the article under a ==References== heading. Under this heading, list the comprehensive reference information as a bulleted (*) list, one bullet per reference work. Try to make sure that whichever citation system you choose is used consistently throughout the article.

Typical references would be:

McDougall, D. (2003). "Trauma of quake's shattered children". Guardian. Retrieved October 23, 2005.
Smith, J. How to cite your sources, Random House, 2005. ISBN 1-899235-74-4

or using a template:

* {{cite journal | author=L. Hussein ''et al.'' | title=Nutritional quality and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in leaf protein concentrates (LPC) | journal=International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition | year=1999 | volume=50 | issue=5 | pages= 333–343}}

which results in:

L. Hussein; et al. (1999). "Nutritional quality and the presence of anti-nutritional factors in leaf protein concentrates (LPC)". International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 50 (5): 333–343. doi:10.1080/096374899101067. PMID 10719564. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)

Citations for newspaper articles typically include the title of the article in quotes, the byline (author's name), the name of the newspaper in italics, date of publication, and the date you retrieved it if it's online.

Embedded citations

Embedded citations can be placed in an article by enclosing a URL with single square brackets — [http://www.google.com] — which appears like this: A full citation ought then be given in the References section like this:

*[http://google.com Google's website], which appears as:

Google's website

A newspaper article referenced in an article by using an embedded link might be — [http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html] — which looks like this. The embedded link is placed after the period, or when placed within a sentence after a clause, then after the comma.

Then in the References section, a full citation is provided:

*[http://media.guardian.co.uk/site/story/0,14173,1601858,00.html "Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying"] by John Plunkett, ''The Guardian'', [[October 27]], [[2005]], retrieved [[October 27]], [[2005]]

which appears as:

"Sorrell accuses Murdoch of panic buying" by John Plunkett, The Guardian, October 27, 2005, retrieved October 27, 2005

It is particularly important in the case of online newspaper articles to include byline, headline, newspaper, and date of publication, because many newspapers keep stories online only for a certain period before transferring them to the archives. With a full citation, readers will be able to find the article easily even if the link doesn't work.

Here's an example of a reference with external link, used in Martin Luther:

^[1]

The author comes out unlinked, and the title comes out linked. I did it the opposite way round with:

^[2]

The authors needed to come after the title this time.

[1]
Schaff-Herzog, "Luther, Martin," 72.
[2]
Edict of Worms, translated by De Lamar Jensen and Jacquelin Delbrouwire.

Maintaining a separate "References" section in addition to "Notes"

It is helpful when footnotes are used that a References section also be maintained, in which the sources that were used are listed in alphabetical order. With articles that have lots of footnotes, it can become hard to see after a while exactly which sources have been used, particularly when the footnotes also contain explanatory text. A References section, which contains only citations, helps readers to see at a glance the quality of the references used.

Citing a news article

Citing the web

{{cite web}}

{{cite web
 | last = 
 | first = 
 | authorlink = 
 | coauthors = 
 | year = 
 | url = 
 | title = 
 | format = 
 | work = 
 | publisher = 
 | accessdate = 
 | accessyear = 
}}

References

Type the text of the note between the ref tags.

Place the
tag in a "Notes" or "References" section near the end of the article—the list of notes will be generated here.

Heres' my effort on that:

^[1]

Notes and references

[1]
sausages are nice

^[1]

{The only trouble is that the 2 reference is marked below it.}

You may also use a smaller format if desired, like this:

^[2]

Notes and references

Citing a footnote more than once

To give a footnote a unique identifier, use <ref name="name"> ... </ref>. You can then refer to the same footnote again by using a ref tag with the same name. The name cannot be a number, or the extension will return an error.

The text in the first occurrence of a named ref is used, so text in the second and following occurrence will be ignored.. You can either copy the whole footnote, or you can use a terminated empty ref tag that looks like this: <ref name="name"/>.

In the following example, the same source is cited three times.

This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.<ref name="multiple">Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.</ref> Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, if different statements come from the same source.<ref name="multiple">This text is superfluous, and won't show up anywhere. We may as well just use an empty tag.</ref> A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end.<ref name="multiple"/>

== Notes == <references/>

The text above gives the following result in the article (see also Notes section below):

This is an example of multiple references to the same footnote.^[3]

Such references are particularly useful when citing sources, when different statements come from the same source.^[3]

A concise way to make multiple references is to use empty ref tags, which have a slash at the end.^[3]

One should be particularly careful when deleting the first of multiple named references, because the footnote text will be deleted unless it is copied to the second (now first) ref tag.

Cite:php style: Multiple insertion of the same reference

On the Edit page, this is placed at the first insertion point of citation:

<ref name=Perry>Perry's Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Co., 1984.</ref>

This is placed at the second insertion point of citation:

<ref name=Perry/>

This is placed at the third insertion point of citation:

<ref name=Perry/> ..... and so forth for further insertion points

Single insertion of a reference

For the single insertion of a reference, the "name" parameter is not needed. On the Edit page, this is placed at the insertion point of citation:

<ref>Excel For Dummies, First Edition, Hungry Minds, Inc., 3.</ref>

What is produced at the points of insertion

These are what is produced and note that the reference numbers in blue are automatically generated. Clicking on any one of the reference numbers causes the screen display to scroll down to that reference number in the Reference List section:

First^[4] text word referenced to Perry's Handbook

Second^[4] text word referenced to Perry's Handbook

Third^[4] text word referenced to Perry's Handbook

The only^[5] text word referenced to the Excel book.

Producing the reference or footnote list

On the Edit page, this is placed in the References or the Footnotes section:

<references/>

This is what it produces and note that the list numbers are automatically generated:

[1]
sausages are nice
[2]
sausages are nice
[3]
Remember that when you refer to the same footnote multiple times, the text from the first reference is used.
[4]
Perry's Handbook, Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Co., 1984.
[5]
Excel For Dummies, First Edition, Hungry Minds, Inc., 1980.

Notes on the Cite.php method

Clicking on the blue superscript a causes the screen display to scroll back up to the point where the first reference to Perry's Handbook was inserted. Clicking on the blue superscript b causes the screen display to scroll back up to the point where the second reference to Perry's Handbook was inserted. Clicking on the blue superscript c causes the screen display to scroll back up to the point where the third reference to Perry's Handbook was inserted ... and so forth.

Clicking on any caret (^) that has no associated superscripts cause the screen display to scroll back up to the point where that single-use references was inserted.

Manually coded footnotes

Example page: Attalus I

An excellent example of how an article can have fact information. The ability to hide footnotes, for those that complain about the flow of reading etc., should be coded in so all parties are happy.

Manually coded footnotes (2)

Example page: An actual example involving an article.

References combined with numbered footnotes

See for example Gymnopédie, an article using numbered footnotes (using the wikipedia:footnote3 system) combined with book and journal references, as mentioned higher on this page. Other source citation techniques used on that same page: in-line external links, and, of course, wiki-links. Examples can be found at {{Ref/examples}}.

Citation and reference styles: dates

Guardian

January 1 2000 (no commas)

It is occasionally alleged that putting month before date in this way is an "Americanisation"; in which case it should be pointed out that this has been our style since the first issue of the Manchester Guardian on May 5 1821.

Chicago MOS

10 May 1992 or May 10,1992

In the date style preferred by the Chicago University Press, no commas are used to mark off the year:

On 6 October 1924 Longo arrived in Bologna.

( The "the" and "th" are understood, and so the usage hasn't the abruptness it appears to have.)

The meetings were held in April 1967

In the alternative style, however, commas must be used before and after the year:

On October 6, 1924, Longo arrived in Bologna.

The press will accept this style if it is used consistently:

The events of April 18, 1775, have long been celebrated.

When a period of time is identified by the month and year, no internal punctuation is appropriate or necessary.

The events of August 1945 were decisive to the outcome of the war.

13 May 1965–9 June 1966

BUT

from 1968 to 1962 (never from 1968–72)

between 1968 and 1979 (never between 1968–70)

fiscal year 1991–1992

Garner

One may unimpeachably write either May 26, 1994 or 26 May 1994. The latter—the primarily BRE method— is often better in prose, for it takes no commas.

Starting with month then day then year is not inherently logical.

Burchfield

OUP house style requires

25 June 1990

No comma between month and year. Many newspapers and Americans prefer it the other way round, even without a comma.

Dashes

From: Wikipedia:Manual of Style (dashes)

Hyphen

Traditionally, this was used only for hyphenating words, creating line breaks, or as the minus sign.

En dashes

It may indicate duration, such as when you could substitute the word "to" (as in a range of dates). An en dash placed between numbers or in compounds does not have spaces around it: for example, Paris–Brussels timetable, in the age range 17–20. Some writers, however, prefer to place a space on either side in complex ranges: 1 January 2003 – 31 December 2004. The en dash can be used as a hyphen in compound adjectives in which one part consists of two words or a hyphenated word: for example, pre–World War II period, post–Anglo-Saxon times; and it is used in compound adjectives referring to multiple people, so as to clarify that for example the name of the Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem refers to three people while the Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture refers to two (one of them called Swinnerton-Dyer). The Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) recommends that the word "to" be used instead of an en dash when a number range might be misconstrued as subtraction, such as a range of units. In the house styles of many publishers (two examples: Penguin and Routledge), spaced en dashes are also used instead of em dashes. This is acceptable in Wikipedia; consistency within an article is the most important consideration.

(Garner:In circumstances involving a disjunction, the en-dash is usually preferable to the virgule—e.g.: "If we manage to get that far, the absurdity of attempting to preserve the 19th century-century possessive–genitive dichotomy [not possessive/genitive dichotomy] will have become apparent. "the novel–novella distinction".)

Em dashes

An em dash can have spaces on either side or not, depending on the writer's preference or in-house style rules. Many writers prefer to use the en dash (spaced) for this parenthetical use, with many of those also preferring a spaced en dash as a colon substitute.

Simply click the dash buttons below the edit window, or insert the dash with any software supporting these punctuations. If possible, avoid typing their related codes (e.g., – for en dash) to display dashes, as this clutters the text when editing and may not be understood by new editors.

As with any guideline that permits multiple styles, editors are encouraged not to convert others' dash styles without good reason. However, a significant number of editors feel that to maintain a respectable feel, Wikipedia should use only traditional dash styles; many advocate changing hyphen-based dash styles (a legacy of the days of typewriters and early computers, when true dashes were hard to produce) to more traditional styles based on en and em dashes. Others, however, dispute this, either because they prefer the look of hyphens, think traditional dashes are too ugly or confusing in the edit box, or fear that conflict will arise if editors change each other's styles. A moderate approach is only to change the style of dashes where this is required for consistency within an article.

Harvard referencing

If you reference without quoting, include the bracket reference after the writer's name, if you use it:

Smith (2000) says that Lawrence died calling for blue gentians.

If you do the same without mentioning the author's name in the text, do it like this, before the full stop:

Lawrence died calling for blue gentians (Smith 2004).

A quote within the text, this time with page number included (which may be a good thing for particular rather than general references); the bracket reference goes straight after the quote but before the full stop (or before any continuation of the sentence):

According to one account, "Lawrence died calling for blue gentians" (Smith 2004:213).

If the quote is indented/block quoted, the reference goes after the last full stop, before the blockquote template. You don't use quotation marks for block quotes:

Bla bla bla...and Lawrence died calling for blue gentians.(Smith 2004)

The full reference is given at the bottom of the article in the references section. The order is: author's surname, initials, book title in italics, city, publisher, IBSN number. City, publisher, and IBSN are optional, but the more the better. The IBSN number is helpful in nailing the actual edition. The whole idea is that the readers should be able to find the source of the reference if they want to.

Quoting Wikipedia edit pages in Talk

The one below does that without generating a number for the little book icon. It also shows how to make a text flow along smoothly while using such a link.

From the above work, I learn that . . .

Let me try one myself:

I have just looked at these edits to find out the truth.

How pleasing!

Quoting ref noting in Talk (also boxing a quote)

His last sermon was delivered at Eisleben, his place of birth, on February 15, 1546, three days before his death. It was "entirely devoted to the obdurate Jews, whom it was a matter of great urgency to expel from all German territory," according to Léon Poliakov.<ref>Poliakov, Léon. From the Time of Christ to the Court Jews, Vanguard Press, p. 220.</ref> James Mackinnon writes that it concluded with a "fiery summons to drive [the Jews] bag and baggage from their midst, unless they desisted from their calumny and their usury and became Christians."<ref>Mackinnon, James. Luther and the Reformation. Vol. IV, (New York: Russell & Russell, 1962, p. 204.</ref> Luther said, "we want to practise Christian love toward them and pray that they convert," but also that they are "our public enemies ... and if they could kill us all, they would gladly do so. And so often they do."<ref>Luther, Martin. Admonition against the Jews, added to his final sermon, cited in Oberman, Heiko. Luther: Man Between God and the Devil, New York: Image Books, 1989, p. 294.</ref>

You put the nowiki things either side of each ref thing. Never mind about the actual words inside.

Disadvantages and future improvements

In the old Footnote3 system, links and auto-numbered footnotes pulled from the same counter, which made it difficult to keep the endnotes consistent. With the new Cite.php module, a different issue presents itself: a casual reader might not notice or understand the difference between an external link and an auto-numbered footnote and may be confused, thinking that the numbers are not in order. For this reason, some editors argue that auto-numbered external links are better not used on the same page with auto-numbered footnotes, which can be avoided, e.g., by making text links for the external references, like this: Kate's Tool, instead of: Kate's Tool. Other editors argue that both citation styles can be used in the same article, and that the disadvantage of using text links like Kate's Tool is that it does not clearly signal to the reader that they are being directed off Wikipedia.

Strike-through

Looks ~~like this~~ and ends up like this.

Pictures

(For "Wikipedesketch1.png", insert file title from Commons.)

When the picture is among the text, it's called "floating".

Plain: [[Image:Wikipedesketch1.png]]

With placement (left or right): [[Image:Wikipedesketch1.png|right]]

With caption (all captions have frames): [[Image:Wikipedesketch1.png|frame|right|Here is a really cool caption]]

Combining different options: [[Image:Wikipedesketch1.png|thumb|100px|right|The Wikipede]]

Linking to pictures without displaying them: [[:Image:Wikipedesketch1.png|This is the wikipede]]

(Note colon at start; this method takes you to the image page rather than the image, which is smaller and more manageable.)

With caption: [[:Image:Wikipedesketch1.png|This links directly to the Wikipede's image page]]

The following stops pictures overlapping text or gallery below:

<br style="clear:both" />

The image overlap problem is usually solvable by adding a <nowicki>

</nowicki> immediately before the image. The problem is, that may produce a very large amount of white space for some browsers/resolutions.

Unbunching

From:

Shortcut

WP:BUNCHWP:BUNCH

When you have a long strip of right floated images together with a number of sections, it usually causes the section editing for the sections which start after the first image and on the screen start before the last image to bunch up to the left of the last image (see Example 1).

== Clearing the floats ==

This can be done if there is no problem adding extra whitespace before the next section (for instance, because the problem only shows in uncommon font sizes, or if the images are logically attached to sections). It consists of adding an element with the CSS property clear: both or clear: right before the next section. An easy way to do it is to use {{clear}} or {{subst:clear}}.

Using a floated div

This method has the advantage of not visibly changing anything in the article; the resulting appearance is almost identical to the original, with the only differences being that the section edit links flow naturally as expected, instead of ending bunched up to the left of the last image, slightly different spacing between the images, and a slightly different margin size. It also has the advantage of being possible to do mechanically (either with a bot or manually). However, it can only be used when the images have identical width (usually happens when all are either |thumb| or a fixed size in px, and all are more wide than tall; can also happen when thumbnails are not used).

To do this, first remove any |right| from the images, and add a |none| to them (this stops them from floating). Then wrap them in <div style="float: right; clear: right">...</div> (this makes them float together, and also puts them below any other right float instead of to the left of it; it's also what's normally used for the right-floated images). See Example 2 for an example.

Measurements

There should be a non-breaking space - between a number and the unit of measurement. For example, instead of 18mm, use 18 mm, which when you are editing the page, should look like: 18 mm.

Keyboard Shortcuts

Ctrl + Alt + the following:

P Preview
V Version changes
S Save
T Talk
+ (mid right end) Start a new discussion
E Edit this page
F Find/search
L List (watchlist)
N Natter (my talk)
J What joins (links) here
H History

Notes combined with refs

Kirill: I see nothing wrong with having notes that combine citations and discursive material; it's a style that's fully endorsed by at least the Chicago Manual of Style (and, indeed, pretty much the only style that makes sense if what's being annotated are the citatins themselves), and it helps avoid what would otherwise be an unreadable forest of little numbers in an article that's both heavily cited and heavily annotated

Vandals

If you see a vandal at work, slap {{test}} on to the culprit's Talk page as the first action. Simply realising that they are being watched may be enough to put them off.

Vandal templates

Warn Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute to Wikipedia, at least one of your recent edits did not appear to be constructive and has been reverted or removed. Please use the sandbox for any test edits you would like to make, and read the welcome page to learn more about contributing constructively to this encyclopedia. Thank you. Hello, I'm Scrawlspacer. An edit that you recently made seemed to be a test and has been removed. If you want more practice editing, please use the sandbox. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page. Thanks! Please refrain from making test edits in Wikipedia pages, even if you intend to fix them later. Your edits have been reverted. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. Thank you. Please stop making test edits to Wikipedia. It is considered vandalism, which, under Wikipedia policy, can lead to being blocked from editing. If you would like to experiment again, please use the sandbox. You may be blocked from editing without further warning the next time you vandalize Wikipedia. This is the only warning you will receive regarding your disruptive edits. If you vandalize Wikipedia again, you may be blocked from editing without further notice. Hello, I'm Scrawlspacer. I wanted to let you know that one or more external links you added have been removed because they seemed to be inappropriate for an encyclopedia. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on my talk page, or take a look at our guidelines about links. Thank you.

Welcome

Welcome!

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I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes ~~~~, which will automatically produce your name and the date.

If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or click here to ask a question on your talk page. Again, welcome!

~~~~

Welcome

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You are welcome to continue editing articles without logging in, but you may wish to create an account. Doing so is free, requires no personal information, and provides several benefits. If you edit without a username, your IP address (Scrawlspacer) is used to identify you instead.

In any case, I hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your comments on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your IP address (or username if you're logged in) and the date. If you need help, check out Wikipedia:Questions, ask me on my talk page, or ask your question and then place {{helpme}} before the question on this page. Again, welcome!

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Barnstar template

I award this Barnstar to WikiPerson for their great efforts designing articles.

This fist of respect goes to

Different form for citing and referencing

An essay, chapter, etc., contained in another work

Standard templates

Maintaining a separate "References" section in addition to "Notes"

References

Notes and references

Notes and references

Citing a footnote more than once

Cite:php style: Multiple insertion of the same reference

Single insertion of a reference

What is produced at the points of insertion

Producing the reference or footnote list

Notes on the Cite.php method

Manually coded footnotes

Manually coded footnotes (2)

References combined with numbered footnotes

Citation and reference styles: dates

Guardian

Chicago MOS

Garner

Burchfield

Dashes

Hyphen

En dashes

Em dashes

Harvard referencing

Quoting Wikipedia edit pages in Talk

Quoting ref noting in Talk (also boxing a quote)

Disadvantages and future improvements

Strike-through

Links

Blending/deblending links

Links to parts of page

Pictures

Unbunching

Using a floated div

Measurements

Keyboard Shortcuts

Notes combined with refs

TOC

Vandals

Vandal templates

Welcome

Barnstar template

See also

Related Articles