User:SergeantSelfExplanatory/sandbox

Development

The colors and pattern shapes of which date back to 1948 where A. H. Humphreys and John H. Hopkins, among others at the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories (ERDL), created the ERDL camouflage pattern.

1962 Verdant terrain tests

During 1962-65 at Fort Benning, Georgia. Held by the Infantry Board, the Engineer Research and Development Laboratories (ERDL) and the Quartermaster Research and Development Command (QRDC).^[4]

Uniforms tested:

• Uniform #1 British monotone (similar in color to OG-107)
• Uniform #2 - US Army OG-107 uniform without load-carrying equipment
• Uniform #3 - US Army OG-107 uniform with load-carrying equipment
• Uniform #4 - US Army 1948 ERDL pattern
• Uniform #5 - USMC Mitchell pattern
• Uniform #6 - US Army Khaki 1 uniform ('similar in design to uniforms #2 and #4')

Testing was conducted against the same background and from extreme distances. The color of the terrain was affected by hotter than average weather—it seared the grass and discolored it as a result, appeared more tan.^[4]

MASSTER tests

During 1973 to 1975, MASSTER Test Phase I (FY 1973)^{[note 1][4]} at Fort Hood, Texas, and Phase II (1975) respectively were held at Fort Bliss, TX. Assisted by NARADCOM, MERADCOM, and the recently assembled Modern Army Selected Systems Test, Evaluation, and Review (MASSTER) conducted the trials.^[4]

Phase I

Phase II

In January 1974, The Phase I report summarized it as "An evaluation, ... during MASSTER (Phase I) ..., indicated the camouflage posture of participating Army units required considerable improvement."^[4] By 1973, MERDC vehicle camouflage (1975) nor US Woodland (1981) any branch-wide personal camouflage had been adopted. The current Vice Chief of Staff of the Army stated that in such . camouflage of the individual soldier.

Expansion series were the standard 1.0x, 1.3x, 1.6x, and 2.0x.^[4]

Verdant terrains

Where camouflage testing techniques were heavily improved upon

Under development were personal camouflage items such as facepaint, gloves, and boot concealment.^[4]

NARADCOM furnished items as following.

Uniforms tested:

• Uniform #1 Tropical Combat Uniform ('Model A') - Olive Green 107
• Uniform #2 Tropical Combat Uniform ('Model B') - NLABS-1 (Highland ERDL)
• Tested but not furnished, MASSTER I Tropical Combat Uniform - experimental 6-color desert pattern (old dye formulation)
• Uniform #3 EXRDF uniform ('Model C') - experimental 6-color desert pattern (new dye formulation) consisting of ground shade of Light Tan 379 (Khaki), Tan 380 (Mint green), Light Brown 381, Dark Brown 382, Black 383, Khaki 384 (White)
• Uniform #4 EXRDF uniform (all four are 'Model D', 'Model D-I') - Verdant Terrains ERDL (Expansion Series x1.0) consisting of Light Green, Dark Green, Brown, and Black, as well as the following uniforms
• Uniform #5 EXRDF uniform ('Model D-II') - Verdant Terrains ERDL (Expansion Series x1.3)
• Uniform #6 EXRDF uniform ('Model D-III') - Verdant Terrains ERDL (Expansion Series x1.6)
• Uniform #7 EXRDF uniform ('Model D-IV') - Verdant Terrains ERDL (Expansion Series x2.0)
• Uniform #8 EXRDF uniform ('Model E') - Vertical Tiger-overprinted NLABS-1 (Highland ERDL)
• Uniform #9 EXRDF uniform ('Model F') - Tigerstripe pattern consisting of ground shade of Light Olive Green 454, Green 455, Light Brown 456, and Black 457, or later, Black, Dark Green, Red-Brown, and Light Green

Individual textile items tested:

• Standard helmet covers - Mitchell Wineleaf/Clouds reversible (used in lieu of OG-107, Highland ERDL, and 6-color desert helmet covers)
• Standard helmet covers - 1948 ERDL pattern
• Experimental helmet cover - coarse-netted
• Experimental body net - coarse net
• Standard M-69 ballistic vest - Olive Green 106
• Experimental VBA-style vest - standard NLABS-1 (Highland ERDL)
• Experimental VBA-style vest - Verdant Terrains ERDL (Expansion Series x1.6)
• Experimental poncho - Experimental 4-color pattern
• Experimental watch covers - NLABS-1 (Highland ERDL)
• Experimental weapon covers - NLABS-1 (Highland ERDL)
• Standard load-carrying equipment aka ALICE - Olive Green 106 with OD shade #7 belt
• Load-carrying equipment with experimental 4-color pattern
• Experimental pack covers - 4-color pattern
• Experimental pack covers - 6-color desert pattern
• Experimental combat boots - green
• Experimental combat boots - tan
• Experimental face veil
• Experimental leather gloves - standard black
• Experimental leather gloves - tan

Individual recoloring/dyeing items tested:

• Experimental overcoloring compound, removeable
• Experimental overcoloring compound, durable
• Experimental face paints - desert colors consisting of loam and sand (officially "#23-6667-Loam" and "#21-6667-Sand")
• Experimental face paints - verdant color consisting of green (officially "#46-6667 - Green (Chlorophyll Type)")
• Experimental dye packets for for field dyeing of personal items (handker chiefs, underwear, etc) - Olive Green 109

Non-individual items tested:

• Experimentally patterned General Purpose Small Tent - Nature pattern
• Experimentally patterned General Purpose Small Tent - MERDC pattern (Winter Verdant colorway, except Dark Green instead of Forest Green)
• Experimentally patterned General Purpose Medium Tent - Nature pattern
• Experimentally patterned General Purpose Medium Tent - MERDC pattern (Winter Verdant colorway, except Dark Green instead of Forest Green)
• Experimental recoloring compound for tentage
• Experimentally camouflaged packaging materials - colorant finishes (fiberboard cartons, wooden crates, polyethylene film for food packaging, and tin cans)
• Experimentally camouflaged Mobile Field Kitchen

Experimental Dual-Tex

Initially tested prior to April 1977, Dual-Texture Gradient (DTG) camouflage, or Dual-Tex for short, was originally intended as a possible vehicle camouflage replacement for MERDC aka NATO camouflage, it saw use in color slide series trials. MERDC camo was developed by a patent technique for making camo based on photographs of terrain. The test was conducted from August 1976 - February 1977 at West Point, New York, by selected members of the Psychology and Leadership Committees, Office of Military Leadership, United States Military Academy.^[5]

Photographs of Stewart Army Subpost forest and plains during the summer were utilized.

During ~1979 to 81, , was tested on uniforms at Ft Benning, Georgia ..?.

However, from 1978 into the early to mid-1980s, pixelated design elements could be seen through their use in painted camouflage schemes on the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment's M1 Abrams tanks and M113 APCs.

Early-1970s Desert Camouflage Experiments

In 1972, the Natick RD&E Center

1974 Desert Camouflage Test

In 1974, the Natick RD&E Center

uniforms:

• Six-Color Desert
• Desert Tan
  

1980 Saudi Arabian National Guard Tests

In 1980, a Belvoir RD&E Center team^[6]

Outcome

Six-color bad

1980s US Army Desert Camo Test

Sometime in the early to mid-1980s,

Outcome

Six-color bad

1980s US Marine Corps Desert Camo Test

Sometime in the early to mid-1980s,

Outcome

Six-color bad

1986-87 Middle East Southwest Desert Daytime Camouflage Trials

In 1985, Training and Army Doctrine Command (TRADOC) informed Army Materiel Command (AMC) to raise a development effort for an improved desert pattern. AMC tasked Belvior RD&E Center, Fort Belvoir, VA, with leading the effort.^[7]

Initial use

In use since 1970?, Solid White was the standard snow camouflage, the Overwhites. on the M1950 parka and overtrousers. (History of environment blending capability) Going back to the revolutionary war in which soldiers wore white tailcoats (or something, def cap but still).

First notable (relevant application) makeshift appearance

1940 10th Mountain Division

Around mid-2004 at the conclusion of the UCFW trials, the Marine Corps Systems Command would begin development in conjunction with Guy Cramer of Hyperstealth ADS to develop a new MARPAT Snow pattern for Marines to use in arctic terrain.

ARCTIC WARRIOR 91

In 1991, Arctic Warrior '91 saw field testing of three new camouflage patterns, those being Snow Woodlands (1990), 3-Color Snow (1990), and 2-Color Snow (1990), tested in the forms of semi-reversible overwhite parkas and trousers, semi-reversible helmet covers, and semi-reversible pack covers.

Goretex Snow Woodlands (1991) by US soldiers of the 5th Special Forces. Declined for adoption and then sold commercially.

1994 Benning baseline urban evaluations

During May 1994, a total of seven camouflage uniforms were tested at the McKinna MOUT site at Ft Benning, Georgia.^[8]

7 total uniforms tested:

• Standard US Woodlands
• Standard Tricolor Desert
• Solid Urban gray
• Black Nomex flightsuit
• Unknown Urban 2-color
• 2-tone Urban
• T-Block

Operation URBAN WARRIOR

Experimental reversible uniforms

In 1998, the capability to print both sides of a uniform was developed by Natick Soldier Center.^[9]

PROS This is cool because it makes logistics ez. Shipping

PROBLEMS Too heavy

Everywhere printer

Rapid Deployable Camouflage, NSC prototype to print new camo for new environment covered by frontline soldier.^[10]

and was shifted toward the backburner of research projects to look into how to remediate logistical concerns.

spectral terrain data was collected from an urban location at the Military Operations in Urban Terrain (MOUT) site in Camp Pendleton, California.^[10]

PROS On-demand camo

PROBLEMS Logistical complexity. Poor Colorfastness. Expensive/Slightly wasteful of synthetic fabrics

Fancy Shmancy Benchtop Testing

On cardboard squares or cork pinboards, swatches were studied in the Camouflage Evaluation Facility (CEF). tested the 6 patterns

Simulated Day

Simulated Night

1 Moonless Overcast

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9 Near Twilight

Seven initial designs in color printouts were reduced to three after benchtop testing in the Camouflage Evaluation Facility at Natick.^[17][18][19]

Six patterns were originally developed in early 2002 and reviewed for effectiveness, with three of the six designs being rejected due to limited effectiveness.^[1]

The final three patterns, All-Over Brush, Shadowline, and Track were evaluated at the Natick Soldier Center, and four color schemes were created for each pattern.^[1]

All-Over Brush^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert
• 
  Urban
• 
  Desert-Urban

Shadowline^[2][3]

(No Officially Released Swatches)^[2][3]

Track^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert
• 
  Urban
• 
  Desert-Urban

(INKJET PRINT PROCESS & PRODUCED BDUS ILLUSTRATIONS GALLERY)

Where vat-dyed screen printed minimum yardages would be $5,000 at the lowest, inkjet could produce as many inches as the user so desired.^[15]

Most Inkjet's reactive and acid dyes are Expensiveeee.^[24] Stork Textile Printer Amber.

Trained soldiers rated the patterns based on blending, brightness, contrast and detection.

color, pattern shape, brightness, contrast, and reflectance (at night) in a manner which reduces the amount of perceivable separation from the background

Phase one consisted of only side-by-side daytime testing at distances up to 180 meters (590 ft) with patterns printed by an inkjet printer.

Eleven candidates were selected and production printed for phase two of testing, which contained both day and nighttime evaluations at distances no greater than 120 meters (390 ft).

All non-combat, chillax treeline, sand dune horizon, or building window searching

Woodland test at Fort Benning, Georgia^[25] in August 2002.^{[17][11][2][3]}

Urban test at Fort Benning, Georgia^[25] in August 2002.^[17][11][2]

Desert test at Fort Irwin NTC, California^[25] in October 2002.^[17][11][2]

(DAY ALL-ENVIRONMENT PICTURE GALLERY)

Eliminations

All-Over Brush^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert

Track^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert
• 
  Urban
• 
  Desert-Urban

Scorpion W0 (Contractor-Developed)^[2][3]

(IMPROVISED SWATCH RENDER)

Patterns were tested separately in phase two.

Surprising amounts of vat-dyed surplus bolts surfacing following the trials themselves lend itself to excess yardage that is generated as minimum print length requirements.

March 2003^[17] Desert test at Fort Irwin NTC, CA^[25]

April 2003^[17] Woodland test at Fort Polk, LA^[25]

April 2003^[17] Urban test at Fort Polk, LA^[25]

• 
  Desert Brush individual blending Urban Daytime test in February 2003

(DAY ALL-ENVIRONMENT PICTURE GALLERY)

(NIGHT ALL-ENVIRONMENT PICTURE GALLERY)

(DATA CHART GALLERY)

Eliminations

All-Over Brush^[2][3]

• 
  Desert Mod

Track^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland Mod
• 
  Light Urban Mod
• 
  Dark Urban Mod

Scorpion W1 (Contractor-Developed Mod)^[2][3]

(IMPROVISED SWATCH RENDER)

The modified Desert Brush, modified Woodland Track, split-modified Light and Dark Urban Track, and modified Scorpion were evaluated in phase three.

The final phase of which plain BDU prototype cuts were made.

vvv ...Period example of uncertainty in going from environment-specific camouflage to universal camouflage .. .. ..

(summarize and remove quote-->) "Woodland camouflage is still based on the European threat of the Cold War" said Anabela Dugas, textile technologist at the Soldier Systems Center. "...Until we do an evaluation, we don't know if there's a better alternative."

October 2003 Woodland test^[2] at Fort Lewis, WA^{[note 3]}

October 2003 Urban test^[2] at Fort Lewis, WA^{[note 4]}

November 2003 Desert test^[2] at Yakima Training Center, WA^{[note 5]}

Desert Daytime Test 1 or 2 at Ft Lewis and Yakima Training Center (YTC) in March 2003

(DAY ALL-ENVIRONMENT PICTURE GALLERY)

(NIGHT ALL-ENVIRONMENT PICTURE GALLERY)

Eliminations

All-Over Brush^[2][3]

• 
  Desert

Track^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland Mod
• 
  Urban

Scorpion W1 (Contractor-Developed Mod)^[2][3]

(IMPROVISED SWATCH RENDER)

Desert Brush, Woodland Track Mod, Urban Track and Contractor-Developed Mod aka Scorpion Mod (actual Scorpion) were evaluated in phase four.

Modifications to Desert Brush and Urban Track were reverted back to their original Phase II initial production-printed colors. (How many tests in each environment-->) During phase four of testing, the selected patterns were printed on Future Force Warrior ensembles and evaluated from four different angles against Woodland, Desert and Urban backgrounds. Forced choice, side-by-side comparison. ^[1][2][3]

March 2004 Woodland test 1 of 2 at Fort Polk, LA^[2][3]

March 2004 Urban test 1 of 2 at Fort Polk, LA^[2]

March 2004 Desert test 1 of 2 at Fort Polk, LA^[2]

March 2004 Desert test 2 of 2 at Fort Irwin, CA^[17][2][3]

• 
  Desert Brush
• 
  Scorpion W1 (Contractor-Developed Mod)
• 
  Woodland Track Mod
• 
  Urban Track

April 2004 Woodland test 2 of 2 at Fort Benning, GA^[2]

April 2004 Urban test 2 of 2 at Fort Benning, GA^[2]

The final Urban test returned to the McKenna MOUT site^[17] at Ft Benning, Georgia.

(DAY ALL-ENVIRONMENT PICTURE GALLERIES)

90 meter forced comparison test

• 
  Unscientific close-up of the Phase IV Woodland Daytime test in March 2004 at Ft Polk, LA
• 
  Unscientific close-up of the Phase IV Urban Daytime test in April 2004 at Ft Benning, GA

(NIGHT ALL-ENVIRONMENT PICTURE GALLERIES)

(DATA CHART GALLERY)

Results

During Wednesday, 15 December 2004, the Universal Camouflage For The Future Warrior PowerPoint was presented in the afternoon on Day 3 of the 5-day long International Soldier Systems Center Conference (ISSC)^[2][3] in one of 45 meeting rooms at Marriott Copley Place in Boston, MA. Those in the audience would've been foreign leaders and high ranking army officials.^[26]

could cite while quoting info

All-Over Brush^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert
• 
  Urban
• 
  Desert-Urban

Track^[2][3]

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert
• 
  Urban
• 
  Desert-Urban

Shadowline

(No Officially Released Swatches)^[2][3]

All-Over Brush

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert

Track

• 
  Woodland
• 
  Desert
• 
  Urban
• 
  Desert-Urban

All-Over Brush

• 
  Desert (Mod)

Track

• 
  Woodland Mod
• 
  Light Urban Mod
• 
  Dark Urban Mod

All-Over Brush

• 
  Desert

Track

• 
  Woodland Mod
• 
  Urban

CCU

During 2003-04, the Close Combat Uniform (CCU) is expected to have been used in the following patterns:

• Urban Track II
• Scorpion W1 (finalized variant)

Experimentally:

• Desert Track II (on PEO Soldier display)

CU

Between 2004-05, the Combat Uniform (CU) is confirmed to have seen usage in the below pattern:

• Urban Track II

Experimentally:

• Lunar Trackless

• 
  CU-H in Desert Track in 2003