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Stephen Hawking's discovery of Hawking radiation created a new the field of black hole thermodynamics. According to black hole thermodynamics, all black holes have a nonzero entropy and radiate as blackbodies. However, unlike nongravitational systems, whose entropy scales with their volume, black hole entropy is holographic: it scales with the black hole's surface area. Hawking radiation also imposes the black hole information paradox, in which either the equivalence principle, the principle of unitarity, or the nonexistence of high-entropy black hole remnants is seemingly violated. Despite this, Hawking radiation and Bekenstein-Hawking entropy have been found in many different models of quantum gravity and experimentally in black hole analogues, affirming that they likely do exist.[1][2]

  1. Carlip, S. (2014). "Black hole thermodynamics". International Journal of Modern Physics D. 23 (11). arXiv:1410.1486. doi:10.1142/S0218271814300237.
  2. Witten, Edward (2025). "Introduction to black hole thermodynamics". The European Physical Journal Plus. 140 (5) 430. doi:10.1140/epjp/s13360-025-06288-y.

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