User:States of the World/Draft
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Modern polities
Europe
19th century and prior
More information Name, Head of State ...
Close
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Head of State ...
| Name | Head of State | Head of Government | Period | Location | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Kingdom of Norway |
Harald V | Jonas Gahr Støre | 1905-present | Itself | |
| Svalbard |
Lars Fause | 1920-present | Itself (within Norway) | Unincorporated area of the Kingdom of Norway | |
| Jan Mayen |
Tom Cato Karlsen | 1921-present | |||
| Northern Ireland | Charles III | Michelle O'Neill and Emma Little-Pengelly | Itself (within the United Kingdom) | Province/region/constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |
 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland[b] |
Charles III | Keir Starmer | 1922-present | Itself | Member state of:
|
| Autonomous Monastic State of the Holy Mountain | Giorgos Gerapetritis and Bartholomew I | Alkiviadis Stefanis | 1926-present | Itself (within Greece) | Autonomous administrative division of:
Protectorate of the German Reich/Greater German Reich (1941-1945[c]) |
 Vatican City State |
Leo XIV | Raffaella Petrini | 1929-present | Itself | |
 Free Republic of Saugeais |
Simon Marguet | Simon Marguet | 1947-present | France | |
 Danzig Free State |
Unknown | Unknown | 1947-present | Poland | "Association of Nationals of Danzig Free State". Founded by W. Richter |
 Kingdom of Denmark |
Frederik X | Mette Frederiksen | 1948-present | Itself | Member state of the European Union |
 Faroe Islands |
Aksel V. Johannesen | Itself (within the Kingdom of Denmark) | Constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark | ||
 Ireland |
Catherine Connolly | Micheál Martin | 1949-present | Itself | |
 French Republic |
Emmanuel Macron | Sébastien Lecornu | 1958-present | Member state of:
"French Fifth Republic" | |
 Wales |
Charles III | Eluned Morgan | 1967-present | Itself (within the United Kingdom) | Constituent country of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 Principality of Sealand |
Michael I | Michael I | United Kingdom | On 2 September 1967, HM Fort Roughs was occupied and claimed by Major Paddy Roy Bates, a British citizen and pirate radio broadcaster, who ejected the competing group of pirate broadcasters. In 1968, British workmen entered what Bates claimed to be his territorial waters to service a navigational buoy near the platform. However, a court ruled that the platform (which Bates was now calling the "Principality of Sealand") was outside British territorial limits. Following the 1978 attack, Sealand claims that the visit of a German diplomat constituted de facto recognition of Sealand by Germany. Since 1987, Sealand has been located within British territorial waters. | |
| Free City of Danzig |
Herbet Adler | Herbet Adler | c. 1967-present | Poland | "Exile Government of the Republic of the Free City of Danzig" |
| Free City of Danzig |
Willi Homeier | Willi Homeier | "Representation of the Free City of Danzig" | ||
 Portuguese Republic |
Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa | Luís Montenegro | 1975-present | Itself | Member state of:
"Third Portuguese Republic" |
| Principality of Sealand |
Johannes Seiger | Johannes Seiger | 1978-present | United Kingdom | A government in exile founded by Alexander Achenbach and Gernot Pütz claiming to be the legitimate government of Sealand following Achenbach's failed attempt to seize the platform in August 1978. |
 Kingdom of Spain |
Felipe VI | Pedro Sánchez | 1982-present | Itself | Member state of:
|
| Free State of Danzig |
Ernst F. Kriesner | Ernst F. Kriesner | 1990s-present | Poland | |
| Sámi homeland | Pirita Näkkäläjärvi | Pirita Näkkäläjärvi | 1992-present | Itself (within Finland) | Autonomous administrative division of the Republic of Finland |
 Italian Republic |
Sergio Mattarella | Giorgia Meloni | 1994-present | Itself | Member state of:
"Second Italian Republic" |
| Sorbian settlement area[d][e] | Municipal governments | Municipal governments | Itself (within Germany) | Autonomous administrative division of the Federal Republic of Germany | |
 Grand Duchy of the Lagoan Isles |
Louis Stephens | Louis Stephens | 2005-present | United Kingdom | |
 Sovereign State of Forvik[f] |
Stuart Hill | Stuart Hill | 2008-present | Crown Dependency (self-proclaimed) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (2008-2011) | |
 Empire of Austenasia |
Jonathan I | William Wilson | |||
| Free State of Danzig |
Beowulf von Prince | Beowulf von Prince | c. 2010-present | Poland | "Senate of the Free State of Danzig" |
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Historical polities
Asia
Sovereign State
See also: List of former sovereign states
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Republic of China |
1924-1926 | Part of China | "Second Provisional Government of the Republic of China"
In opposition to: |
 Mongolian People's Republic |
1924-1992 | Part of Mongolia | Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
 Imperial State of Iran[g] |
1925-1979 | Part of Iran | Under the occupation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 1941 to 1946. |
 Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd[h] |
1926-1932 | Part of Saudi Arabia | Fourth iteration of the Third Saudi State |
 Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen |
1926-1970 | Part of Yemen | In 1926, Imam Yahya Muhammad Hamid ed-Din proclaimed the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen, becoming both a temporal king as well as a (Zaydi) spiritual leader.
Constituent of the United Arab States (1958-1961) In opposition to:
|
| Republic of China |
1926-1927 | Part of China | "Provisional Government of the State Council of the Republic of China"
In opposition to: |
 Kingdom of Afghanistan |
1926-1929; 1929-1973 | Part of Afghanistan | In opposition to:
|
 Republic of China |
1927-1948 | Part of China and Taiwan | "Second Republic of China", "Nanjing National Government of the Republic of China" (until 21 September 1927), or "National Government of the Republic of China" (after 21 September 1927)
Declared on 12 April 1927. Unrecognized as the National Government of the Republic of China until 21 September 1927. Unrecognized as China until August 1928.[1] In opposition to:
|
| Republic of China |
1927-1928 | Part of China | "Military Government of the Republic of China" or "National Pacification Military Government"
In opposition to:
Unrecognized after August 1928. |
 Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq |
1932-1958 | Part of Iraq and Kuwait (disputed) | Puppet state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (1941-1947)
Constituent of the Hashemite Arab Federation (1958) |
 Democratic Republic of Vietnam |
1945-1976 | Part of Vietnam | De facto constituent of the Indochinese Federation between 6 March 1946 and 19 December 1946, de jure between 6 March 1946 and 7 December 1947.
In opposition to:
|
 Syrian Republic |
1945/1946-1950 | Part of Syria, Israel (disputed), Lebanon (disputed), and Türkiye (disputed) | De jure independent after 24 October 1945, de facto after 17 April 1946. |
 Republic of the Philippines |
1946-1965 | Part of Philippines | "Third Philippine Republic" |
 Pakistan[i] |
1947-1956 | Part of Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India[j] | Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 India[i] |
1947-1950 | Part of India and Bangladesh[j] | |
 Union of Burma |
1948-1962 | Part of Myanmar | |
 Federation of Malaya |
1948-1963 | Part of Malaysia | Protectorate of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland until 31 August 1957 |
 Ceylon |
1948-1972 | Part of Sri Lanka | Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| Republic of China |
1948-1991 | Part of China and Taiwan | "Third Republic of China" or "Constitutional Government of the Republic of China"
Formed on 20 May 1948 with the establishment of the Government of the Republic of China. Forced to flee to Taiwan on 7 December 1949. Lost its last major holding outside Taiwan on 1 May 1950, however fighting went on into the 50s and early 60s in Southwestern China and the China–Burma border. Unrecognized after 25 October 1971. In opposition to:
|
 Republic of Korea |
1948-1960 | Part of South Korea and North Korea | "First Republic of Korea"
In opposition to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea |
 United States of Indonesia |
1949-1950 | Part of Indonesia | |
| Syrian Republic[k] |
1950-1963 | Part of Syria, Israel (disputed), Lebanon (disputed), and Türkiye (disputed) | Constituent of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) |
 Kingdom of Laos |
1953-1975 | Part of Laos | |
 Kingdom of Cambodia |
1953-1970 | Part of Cambodia | |
 Republic of Vietnam |
1955-1963 | Part of Vietnam | "First Republic of Vietnam"
In opposition to the Democratic Republic of Vietnam |
 Hashemite Arab Federation |
1958 | Part of Iraq, Jordan, Palestine, Israel (disputed), and Kuwait (disputed) | |
 Republic of Iraq |
1958-1963 | Part of Iraq and Kuwait (disputed) | "Qasimist Iraq"
In opposition to Ba'athist Iraq after 8 February 1963 |
 Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma[l] |
1962-1988 | Part of Myanmar | |
 Yemen Arab Republic |
1962-1990 | Part of Yemen | In opposition to the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen until 1 December 1970 |
 Republic of Iraq |
1963 | Part of Iraq and Kuwait (disputed) | "Ba'athist Iraq"
In opposition to:
|
 Syrian Arab Republic |
1963-2024 | Part of Syria, Israel (disputed), Lebanon (disputed), and Türkiye (disputed) | "Ba'athist Syria" |
| Republic of Vietnam |
1963-1975 | Part of Vietnam | "Second Republic of Vietnam"
In opposition to:
|
| Republic of Iraq |
1963-1968 | Part of Iraq and Kuwait (disputed) | "Nasserist Iraq"
In opposition to Ba'athist Iraq until 18 November 1963 |
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Unrecognized State
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Revolutionary Provisional Government of Mongolia |
1921 | Part of Mongolia | Satellite state of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic |
 Autonomous Government of Khorasan |
Part of Iran | ||
 Great Mongolian State |
1921-1924 | Part of Mongolia | Satellite state of:
|
 Provisional Priamurye Government[m][n] |
1921-1922/1923 | Part of Russia | De jure and largely de facto dissolved following the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Vladivostok on 25 October 1922. Fully de facto dissolved after the capture of the Ayano-Maysky District, which had been taken by Anatoly Pepelyayev during Yakut revolt. |
 Tuvan People's Republic[o] |
1921-1944 | Satellite state of:
| |
 Kingdom of Kurdistan |
1921-1924 | Part of Iraq | |
 Sultanate of Nejd |
1921-1926 | Part of Saudi Arabia | Third iteration of the Third Saudi State |
| Provisional Yakut Regional People's Government |
1922 | Part of Russia | Declared in March 1922 in Churapcha by Cornet Mikhail Korobeinikov's Yakut People's Army. In summer 1922, the Yakuts were ousted from Yakutsk and withdrew to the Pacific coast, where they sent the Provisional Priamurye Government the request for support. On 30 August, the Pacific Ocean Fleet, crewed by about 750 volunteers under Lieutenant General Anatoly Pepelyayev left Vladivostok. Three days later, this force disembarked in Ayan. |
 Korean Unification Government[p] |
1922-1924 | Part of China | |
| Korean Righteous Army Command |
1923-1924 | ||
| United Forces Office | |||
| General Staff Headquarters in Manchuria of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea |
1924-1929 | ||
 Provisional Tungus Central National Government |
1924-1925 | Part of Russia | |
| Kingdom of Kurdistan |
Part of Iraq | Remnants of the Kingdom of Kurdistan after the defeat of the 1922 Kurdish revolt by the British in July 1924. | |
| Righteous Government |
1924-1929 | Part of China | |
| New People's Government |
|||
 Republic of Ararat |
1927-1931 | Part of Türkiye | |
 Emirate of Afghanistan |
1928-1929 | Part of Afghanistan | Declared on 14 December 1928 and captured Kabul on 17 January 1929. Dissolved on 13 October 1929 after the fall of Kalakāni. |
| National People's Prefecture |
1929-1934 | Part of China | |
| Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria |
1929 | The anti-Japanese sentiment of the new administration in Manchuria opened up space for the Korean anarchist movement to restart its activities, now safe from political repression. This process culminated, on July 21 1929, with the establishment of the Korean Anarchist Federation in Manchuria (KAFM). | |
| Korean People's Association in Manchuria |
1929-1931 | In August 1929, the New People's Government and the KAFM were integrated into the Korean People's Association in Manchuria with Kim Chwa-chin being elected as its chairperson. | |
 Emirate of Afghanistan |
1929-1931 | Part of Afghanistan | Saqqawist remnants following the end of the Afghan Civil War. They were based out of Herat, their last stronghold. An uprising was attempted in Kuhistan in 1930, however it lasted only 1 week before being put down. |
 Kumul Khanate |
1931-1934 | Part of China | Attempted restoration of the Kumul Khanate by Uyghurs led by Yulbars Khan during the Kumul Rebellion |
 Chinese Soviet Republic[q][r][s] |
1931-1937 | After moving to the Shaanxi-Gansu Border Revolutionary Base Area, the term "Chinese Soviet People's Republic" gradually became the main name for the country. | |
 Northeastern Supreme Administrative Council |
1932 | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan | |
 State of Manchuria |
1932-1934 | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan; between 1 March 1932 and 1 March 1934, Manchuria existed as a republic under Puyi (in a strictly civilian role) as Chief Executive. | |
 Khotan Islamic Government[t] |
1933-1934 | ||
 East Chahar Special Autonomous Region |
1933-1936 | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan | |
 Turkic Islamic Republic of East Turkestan |
1933-1934 | ||
| Islamic Kingdom of Khotan |
1934 | ||
| Empire of Great Manchuria |
1934-1945 | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan; on 1 March 1934, the House of Aisin-Gioro was restored to power and the Manchukuo republic was dissolved. The monarchy would survive until 18 August 1945, which would mark the final dissolution of the Qing dynasty. | |
| Korean Revolutionary Army Government |
1934-1937 | ||
| Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic |
1935; 1935-1936 | Originally formed in Mao County on 30 May 1935, the 4th Frontal Division under Zhang Guotao would travel to Barkam by 5 October. On 18 November, they would reestablish the "Northwest Federal Government" in Jinchuan County, before travelling to their final capital in Garzê County on 5 May 1936. After the Central Red Army established and consolidated its position in Yan'an, Zhang would be ordered to terminate his "Second Central Committee" On 1 July, the "Northwest Federal Government" and its subordinates were dissolved, after Zhang's forces successfully marched northward. | |
 East Hebei Autonomous Government[u] |
1935-1938 | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan | |
 Mongol Military Government |
1936-1937 | ||
 South Chahar Autonomous Government |
1937-1939 | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan (1937; 1939)
Constituent of the Mengjiang Joint Committee (1937-1939) | |
 North Shanxi Autonomous Government | |||
| Mongol United Autonomous Government | |||
| Mengjiang Joint Committee | 1937-1939 | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan | |
 Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai |
1937-1938 | ||
 Hatay State |
1938-1939 | Part of Türkiye | Puppet state of the Republic of Turkey |
 Mengjiang United Autonomous Government[v] |
1939-1945 | Part of China | Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan until 24 March 1940
Autonomous administrative division of the Republic of China after 24 March 1940 |
| Fuzhou Vigilante Committee |
1941 | Puppet government of the Empire of Great Japan | |
| Philippine Executive Commission |
1942-1943 | Part of the Philippines | |
| Free Republic of Nias | 1942 | Part of Indonesia | Upon hearing news about the recent Japanese attacks on Sumatra, the German prisoners on the island of Nias planned a coup against the Dutch colonial authority in the city. The prisoners tried to persuade native police, known as Veldpolities, to revolt. At the time, the city was home to around 60 German prisoners. On 29 March 1942, the native police revolted by shooting Dutch residents and imprisoning Dutch officials, and the city was quickly occupied. Once occupied, the German prisoners established the unrecognized state of the Free Republic of Nias. On 17 April 1942, the Japanese military landed in the city and was welcomed by the German prisoners, who took over the city. By 24 April 1942, all German prisoners had left the island and the administration was handed over to the Japanese until the end of World War II. |
| Burmese Executive Administration |
1942-1943 | Part of Myanmar | The Burmese Executive Administration was established in Rangoon on 1 August 1942 with the aim of creating a civil administration to manage day-to-day administrative activities subordinate to the Japanese military administration. The head of the provisional administration was Dr. Ba Maw, a noted lawyer and political prisoner under the British. |
 State of Burma |
1943-1945 | Japanese puppet state ran by the Burma National Army. After 27 March 1945, multiple key elements of the government, including Aung San and the BNA (renamed to the Patriotic Burmese Forces on 23 June 1945), switched sides and joined the Allies. | |
 Republic of the Philippines |
Part of the Philippines | "Second Philippine Republic" or "Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic" | |
 Provisional Government of Free India |
Part of India | Claimed the territories of the British Raj, but only had control over a very minor amount of territory during its existence. The majority of its territory was in the Andaman Islands. Its capital-in-exile was Japanese-occupied Singapore, with a provisional capital in Port Blair. | |
 East Turkestan Republic |
1944-1946 | Part of China | Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| Fuzhou Municipal Committee |
1944-1945 | Puppet government of the Empire of Great Japan | |
| Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence |
1945 | Part of Indonesia | |
 Việt Nam[w] |
Part of Vietnam | Declared on 9 March 1945, following the Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina, as Japanese puppet states. Very briefly existed as de jure French protectorates until independence was formally declared (11 March, 8 April, and 13 March). Became fully independent for a brief period of time following the surrender of Japan. | |
 Kingdom of Luang Prabang |
Part of Laos | ||
 Kingdom of Kampuchea[x] |
Part of Cambodia | ||
| Okinawa Advisory Council | 1945-1950 | Part of Japan | After the establishment of the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands, the Okinawa Advisory Council was created to administer the Okinawa Islands, as the prefecture office had been eliminated as a result of Battle of Okinawa. |
| Miyako Subprefecture | With the establishment of the Okinawa Advisory Council, the surviving prefecture offices managed to establish their own independent administrations from the government in Naha. | ||
| Yaeyama Subprefecture | |||
 National Liberation Committee |
1945 | Part of Vietnam | Declared after the August Revolution. Lasted until 25 August 1945, with the abdication of Bảo Đại. |
| Republic of Indonesia |
1945-1948 | Part of Indonesia | |
| Democratic Republic of Vietnam |
1945 | Part of Vietnam | "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam" (after 28 August 1945)
De facto constituent (self-proclaimed) of the Indochinese Federation until 2 September 1945 |
 Provisional National Government of Vietnam |
1945-1946 | Government formed by the Vietnam Revolutionary League on 28 August 1945 following the start of the Chinese invasion of northern Indochina. Its president, Nguyễn Hải Thần, was made the Vice President of Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 27 September 1945. It was fully merged with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on 7 May 1946. | |
 Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune |
1945 | ||
| Saigon Commune |
|||
 People's Republic of Korea |
1945-1946 | Part of South Korea and North Korea | |
 Inner Mongolian People's Republic |
1945 | Part of China | During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese established a puppet state in Inner Mongolia called Mengjiang. Mengjiang was disbanded by the invasion of Soviet and Mongolian troops in August 1945. On 9 September 1945, a congress of "People's Representatives" was held in what is now the Sonid Right Banner. The congress was attended by representatives, 80 of them, from the Chahar, Xilingol, and Siziwang areas. The congress proclaimed the Inner Mongolian People's Republic, and a provisional government of 27 members were elected, of whom 11 were in the Standing Committee.
The Chinese Communist Party took notice of the government, fearing separatism. The CCP sent Ulanhu to take control of the situation, and he ordered the Inner Mongolian government to be dissolved. The region was reorganized on 6 November 1945 as the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation. |
 Kingdom of Laos |
1945-1946 | Part of Laos | On 12 October 1945, the newly formed Lao Issara (or Free Laos) overthrew the previously Japanese backed government of Laos. Prime Minister Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, who had been dismissed by King Sisavang Vong two days prior to the Lao Issara coup, was selected as Head of State, while Phaya Khammao was appointed the new Prime Minister. On 24 April 1946, the Lao Issara government was forced into exile in Bangkok following the restoration of the French protectorate over the nation. |
| Inner Mongolia Autonomous Movement Federation |
1945-1947 | Part of China | |
 Azerbaijan People's Government |
1945-1946 | Part of Iran | Soviet puppet states established during the Iran crisis of 1946. |
 Republic of Kurdistan[y] | |||
| Eastern Mongolian People's Autonomous Government |
1946 | Part of China | |
 Provisional People's Committee of North Korea |
1946-1947 | Part of North Korea and South Korea | Provisional government under the authority of the Soviet Civil Administration in Korea |
| People's Committee of North Korea |
1947-1948 | ||
 State of Pasundan |
1947 | Part of Indonesia | Suriakartalegawa established the State of Pasundan as an "Pasundan republic" in the small areas of West Java still controlled by the Dutch. Independence was proclaimed on 4 May 1947 but was dissolved later that year. |
| Three Districts Economic Commission |
1947-1949 | Part of China | Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| Soviet Republic of Indonesia |
1948 | Part of Indonesia | Revolutionary government declared by the People's Democratic Front during the Madiun Affair. |
 All-Palestine Protectorate |
1948-1959 | Part of Palestine | Puppet state of:
|
 Peoples' Democratic Republic of Malaya |
1949-1960 | Part of Malaysia and Singapore | |
 Islamic State of Indonesia |
1949-1962 | Part of Indonesia | |
 Republic of South Maluku |
1950-1963 | ||
| Government of the Okinawa Islands | 1950-1952 | Part of Japan | Native governments established on 4 August 1950 supervised by the: |
| Government of the Miyako Islands | |||
| Government of the Yaeyama Islands | |||
| Government of the Amami Islands | |||
 Government of the Ryukyu Islands |
1952-1972 | Native government supervised by the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands. | |
| Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli | 1954-1961 | Part of India | |
 United Suvadive Republic |
1958-1963 | Part of the Maldives | Founded during the Suvadive Revolt, which began on the final night of 1958.
De facto protected state (self-proclaimed) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland until 3 January 1959 |
 United Republic of Timor |
1961 | Part of Timor-Leste | In early 1961 the Battle Office for the Liberation of Timor (Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor) was formed under the leadership of Maoclao and backed by Indonesia. A republic was proclaimed in the border town of Batugade on 9 April 1961. It was quickly put down by Portuguese troops.[2] |
 Republic of Central Highlands and Champa |
1964-1965 | Part of Vietnam | State declared at the start of the FULRO insurgency. |
Close
Proto-State
See also: Quasi-state § Former 2
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Guominjun |
1924-1930 | Part of China | Warlord clique of the Republic of China. Dissolved after the Central Plains War. |
| League of Five Provinces |
1924-1928 | ||
| Shandong Province |
1925-1928 | Warlord clique dominated by Zhang Zongchang. | |
| Henan Province |
1925-1926 | Warlord clique dominated by Hu Jingyi and later Yue Weijun. | |
| Inspectorate of Western Henan |
1925 | Warlord clique dominated by Liu Zhenhua | |
| Shaanxi Province[z] |
1926-1935 | Warlord clique dominated by Yang Hucheng | |
 Soviet Zone[aa] |
1927-1949 | ||
| Shandong–Zhili Army |
1928 | Warlord clique dominated by Zhang Zongchang formed following his refusal to accept the end of the Northern Expedition after the Huanggutun incident and fall of Jingdu (Beijing) in early June. | |
| Northeastern Border Defense Headquarters |
1928-1935 | The Northeastern Army and other remains of the Fengtian clique following the Northeast Flag Replacement. In the second half of 1933, the majority of the Northeastern Army was transferred to Shaanxi and took up headquarters at Xi'an. The 30,000 troops of the Fifty-First Army remained in Hebei until the Japanese demanded their withdrawal in the He–Umezu Agreement. Even after moving to Shaanxi, Chang Hsueh-liang continued to be referred to as the Warlord of Manchuria until 26 December 1936. | |
| Shandong–Zhili Army |
1929 | Warlord alliance led by Zhang Zongchang during the Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong. Briefly attempted to seize Beiping during a staged revolt. | |
| Red Spear Society | 1929 | Proto-state created by the Red Spear Society during the Red Spears' uprising in Shandong. By summer 1929, the Red Spear Society largely controlled Dengzhou county and had a presence in several other counties on the Shandong Peninsula. | |
| Shandong Province |
1930-1938 | Warlord clique of the Republic of China | |
| 21st Division |
1930-1932 | Having eastern Shandong as his defense area, Liu became known as the "King of East Shandong" and was unpopular for levying heavy taxes. In autumn 1932, he was forced out of Shandong in the Han–Liu War because he had refused to obey Governor Han Fuju's orders. | |
| Suiyuan Province |
1931 | A short-lived dependency (August to December 1931) of the Shanxi clique during Fu Zuoyi's colonization efforts of the Suiyuan region in Yan Xishan's name. | |
| Guangdong Province |
1932-1936 | Chen Jitang's clique in Guangdong after his rival government merged back with the Nanjing government. | |
| 41st Army |
1933-1934 | Sun Dianying's clique formed in July 1933 during the Inner Mongolia campaign. It lasted until April 1934, when it was destroyed and absorbed into the Shanxi clique after the Ningxia War. | |
| Kumul Uyghur Regiment |
1934-1937 | Warlord clique of the Republic of China | |
| New 36th Division[ab] |
Warlord clique of the Republic of China. Founded in 1932 as a cavalry (later light infantry) division of the New Army of the National Revolutionary Army. In 1934, the division seized much of Southern Xinjiang during the Soviet invasion of Xinjiang. The territory was commonly referred to as Tunganistan (or Dunganistan), which was first coined by Walther Heissig, but notably used in M. C. Jillet's 1937 interview with Ma Hushan, who had been commander of the division since the disappearance of Ma Zhongying in 1934. | ||
| Xikang Province[ac] |
1934-1949 | Warlord clique of the Republic of China | |
| Northwest Bandit Suppression Headquarters |
1935-1937 | In October 1935, the Northeastern Border Defense Forces merged with the 17th Route Army, creating the Northwest Bandit Suppression Force. Their main operations were hunting down members of the CCP in Shaanxi following the Long March. | |
 Arab Higher Committee |
1936-1937 | Part of Israel and Palestine | The "First Arab Higher Committee" was formed on 25 April 1936, following the outbreak of the Great Arab revolt, and national committees were formed in all of the towns and some of the larger villages, during that month. |
| Central Committee of National Jihad in Palestine | 1937-1939 | Palestinian rebel organ during the second half of the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. | |
| Provisional Command Committee of the Liberation Zone |
1945 | Part of Vietnam | Formed by the Viet Minh on 4 June 1945 in preparation for the August Revolution. Its capital was Tân Trào. It was replaced by the National Liberation Committee on 16 August 1945. |
| People's Committee of Korea[ad] |
1945-1946 | Part of South Korea and North Korea | Collection of local Korean governments that were formed immediately following the conclusion of the Second World War. These committees existed in their original form from August 1945 to early 1946. From 6 September 1945 to 8 February 1946, they were centralized under the authority of the People's Republic of Korea. |
| Arab Higher Committee |
1945-1946 | Part of Israel and Palestine | In November 1945, on the urging of Egypt, its leading member, the then seven members of the Arab League (Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and Yemen) reconstituted the Arab Higher Committee comprising twelve members as the supreme executive body of Palestinian Arabs in the territory of the British Mandate of Palestine. The committee was dominated by the Palestine Arab Party, controlled by the Husayni family, and was immediately recognised by Arab League countries. The Mandate government recognised the new committee two months later. In February 1946, Jamal al-Husayni returned from exile to Palestine and immediately set about reorganising and enlarging the committee, becoming its acting president. |
| Arab Higher Front | 1946 | Formed by the Independence Party and other nationalist groups in objection to the newly reconstructed Arab Higher Committee. In May 1946, the Arab League forced the AHC and AHF to unite into the Arab Higher Executive. | |
| Arab Higher Committee[ae] |
1946-1948 | In May 1946, the Arab League ordered the dissolution of the "Second Arab Higher Committee" and Arab Higher Front and formed a five-member Arab Higher Executive, under Amin al-Husayni's chairmanship, and based in Cairo. In January 1947, the AHE was renamed the "Arab Higher Committee", with Amin al-Husayni as its chairman and Jamal al-Husayni as vice-chairman, and expanded to include the four remaining core members plus Hasan Abu Sa'ud, Izhak Darwish al-Husayni, Izzat Darwaza, Rafiq al-Tamimi and Mu'in al-Madi. This restructuring of the AHC to include additional supporters of Amin al-Husayni was seen as a bid to increase his political power. On 22 September 1948, it was replaced by the All-Palestine Government. |
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Rival Government
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Republic of China |
1921-1922 | Part of China | 2nd Government of Guangdong |
| Republic of China |
1922 | Rival government founded by Xu Shuzheng on 2 October 1922 in Yanping. On 17 October, Xu Shuzheng seized Fuzhou. The government was dissolved on 2 November. | |
| Republic of China |
1923-1925 | 3rd Government of Guangdong | |
| Republic of China |
1924 | Wu Peifu's Constitution-Protecting Military Government, which existed only on 17 November 1924. | |
| Republic of China |
1925-1926 | 4th Government of Guangdong | |
| Republic of China |
1926-1927 | "Second Republic of China", "National Government of the Republic of China" (until 12 April 1927), or "Wuhan National Government of the Republic of China" (after 12 April 1927)
The original nationalist government dominated by the left-wing of the Kuomintang that was based in Wuhan from 5 December 1926 to 21 September 1927, led first by Eugene Chen, and later by Wang Jingwei. | |
 Kingdom of Afghanistan |
1929; 1929 | Part of Afghanistan | Anti-Saqqawist regimes formed during the Afghan Civil War (1928–1929). |
 Kingdom of Afghanistan |
1929 | ||
| Republic of China |
1930 | Part of China | Rival nationalist government declared in the 2nd phase of the Central Plains War. |
| Republic of China |
1931-1932 | 5th Government of Guangdong; Rival nationalist government established in Guangdong in 1931 by Chen Jitang. The capital was in Guangzhou. Anti-Chiang Kai-shek factions of the KMT joined this group, but they lost their independence and power due to reconciliation caused by the Mukden incident. On 1 January 1932, the majority of the government had merged back with the Nanjing government, but Chen Jitang continued to rule Guangdong until 1936. | |
 Republic of China |
1933-1934 | "People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China" | |
 Tibet |
1933-1943 | While more akin to a self-proclaimed monarch of a micronation, Abbot Chao Kung (born Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln) proclaimed himself as the 14th Dalai Lama after the death of the 13th Dalai Lama. Despite receiving support from the Japanese government and chief of the Gestapo in the Far East, Standartenführer Josef Albert Meisinger, Chao failed to gain support from the Tibetans. He died in 1943 in Shanghai. | |
| Republic of China |
1937-1940 | "Third Provisional Government of the Republic of China"
Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan | |
| Republic of China |
1938-1940 | "Reformed Government of the Republic of China"
Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan | |
| Republic of China |
1940-1945 | "Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China"
Puppet state of the Empire of Great Japan | |
| Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq |
1941 | Part of Iraq | Abd al-Ilah loyalists in British-controlled territory during the Anglo-Iraqi War.
Puppet state of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| Kingdom of Afghanistan | 1944-1946 | Part of Afghanistan | Rival monarchy declared by Salemai of the Safi in the Eastern Province during the Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947. |
| Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen |
1948 | Part of Yemen | Rival government established by the al-Waziris during the Yemeni Constitutional Revolution. They were led by Abdullah bin Ahmad al-Wazir, who was their King and Imam. It lasted only a few weeks in February and March 1948 before being put down by the forces of Ahmad bin Yahya. |
| Republic of Indonesia |
1958-1961 | Part of Indonesia | "Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia" |
| Syrian Arab Republic |
1962 | Part of Syria, Israel (disputed), Lebanon (disputed), and Türkiye (disputed) | De jure socialist military junta declared in Damascus during the 1962 Syrian coup d'état attempt on 28 March. Was defeated on 2 April. |
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Government in Exile
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Court of the Imperial Clan |
1924-1932 | Part of China | Puyi's exiled court following the Beijing Coup. |
| Arab Higher Committee |
1938-1945 | Part of Israel and Palestine | "Arab Higher Committee in Exile" established in Beirut by Jamal al-Husayni and five former members of the Arab Higher Committee, who had previously been exiled to the Seychelles during the 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine. It worked in collaboration with the Nazi government in Germany during the war, mostly under the direction of Amin al-Husseini, who never returned to Palestine. |
| Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq |
1941 | Part of Iraq and Kuwait (disputed) | Following the 1941 Iraqi coup d'état, Abd al-Ilah fled to Jerusalem and later Amman. |
 Commonwealth of the Philippines |
1942-1945 | Part of the Philippines | |
 Dutch East Indies |
1942/1943-1945 | Part of Indonesia | With the fall of Java, and formal surrender by the Dutch on behalf of the Allied forces on 8 March 1942, many government and military officials from the Dutch East Indies managed to flee to Australia, creating a de facto government-in-exile based near Brisbane. On 23 December 1943, the Dutch government-in-exile decreed the formation of an official government-in-exile, with Hubertus van Mook as Acting Governor General, on Australian soil until Dutch rule could be restored to the Indies. |
 Republic of the Philippines |
1945 | Part of the Philippines | After the Allied forces liberated the Philippines from Japanese occupiers and the reestablishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in the archipelago after a few years in exile in the United States, the Second Philippine Republic became a nominal government-in-exile from 11 June 1945, based out of Nara and Tokyo. The government was later dissolved on 17 August 1945.[4] |
| Kingdom of Laos |
1946-1949 | Part of Laos | Government in exile of the Lao Issara government, originally established on 12 October 1945 but forced into exile on 24 April 1946 following the restoration of French rule. The Lao Issara fled from Laos to Bangkok, Thailand, where, under the leadership of Phetsarath Ratanavongsa, continued to claim their authority over Laos. Due to poor financial management by the Phetsarath government, Prince Souphanouvong, who had been the commander of the Lao Issara defense force, had begun to become increasingly powerful in government. Souphanouvong had made clear his refusal to accept the new political set-up in Vientiane, and was ready to form a formal anti-colonial united front with the Viet Minh against the French. This repelled most of his colleagues, who began to oppose Souphanouvong's leadership in the Lao Issara. On 14 October 1949, due to the lack of cooperation within the movement, the Lao Issara announced its formal dissolution. |
 Riau-Lingga Sultanate |
1946-1950 | Part of Indonesia | In the aftermath of the war and the struggle against Dutch rule, several exile associations collectively known as the Gerakan Kesultanan Riau (Riau Sultanate Movement) emerged in Singapore, planning for a restoration. Some of the groups dated from as early as the dissolution of the sultanate, but started to gain momentum following the post-world war chaos. |
| Republic of Indonesia |
1948-1949 | "Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia" | |
| Xinjiang Province | 1950-1992 | Part of China | "Xinjiang Provincial Government Office" |
| United Republic of Timor |
1963-1975 | Part of Timor-Leste | A government in exile based out of Djakarta led by the Battle Office for the Liberation of Timor (Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor). |
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Constituent Country
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic[af] |
1924-1991 | Part of Uzbekistan and Tajikistan | Union Republic of:
Sovereignty declared on 20 June 1990. Independence declared on 31 August 1991. |
 State of Syria |
1925-1930 | Part of Syria and Israel (disputed) | Constituent of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon |
 Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic[ag] |
1925-1991 | Part of Turkmenistan | Union Republic of:
Sovereignty declared on 22 August 1990. Independence declared on 27 October 1991. |
| Kingdom of Hejaz |
1926-1932 | Part of Saudi Arabia | Constituent country of the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd |
 Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies[ah] | |||
 Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic[ai] |
1929-1991 | Part of Tajikistan | Union Republic of:
Sovereignty declared on 24 August 1990. Independence declared on 9 September 1991. |
| Syrian Republic |
1930-1945/1946 | Part of Syria, Israel (disputed), Lebanon (disputed), and Türkiye (disputed) | Constituent of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
De jure independence was declared on 24 October 1945, but French forces remained until 17 April 1946, granting Syria its de facto independence. |
 Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic[aj] |
1936-1991 | Part of Kazakhstan | Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Sovereignty declared on 25 October 1990. Independence declared on 16 December 1991. |
 Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic[ak] |
Part of Kyrgyzstan | Union Republic of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Sovereignty declared on 30 December 1990. Independence declared on 31 August 1991. | |
 Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina[al] |
1946-1949 | Part of Vietnam | Constituent of the Indochinese Federation |
 State of East Indonesia[am] |
1946-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia from 27 December 1949, with an interruption between 5 to 21 April 1950. |
 State of East Sumatra |
1947-1950 | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949
| |
| State of Madura |
1948-1950 | ||
 State of Pasundan[an] | |||
| Provisional Central Government of Vietnam |
1948-1949 | Part of Vietnam | Constituent of the Indochinese Federation |
 State of South Sumatra |
1948-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949 |
| Government of the National Front of the Region of Madiun |
1948 | Constituent of the Soviet Republic of Indonesia | |
| Wonogiri Regional National Government | |||
| State of East Java |
1948-1950 | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949 | |
| State of Vietnam |
1949-1955 | Part of Vietnam | Constituent country of the Indochinese Federation until 21 July 1954 |
| State of the Republic of Indonesia |
1949-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Constituent country of the United States of Indonesia |
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Dependent Territory
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Commonwealth of the Philippines |
1935-1942; 1945-1946 | Part of the Philippines | Commonwealth of the United States of America |
 Aden Colony |
1937-1963 | Part of Yemen | Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 Chinese Changchun Railway Zone |
1945-1952 | Part of China | From August 1945, the Chinese Eastern Railway came under the joint control of the Soviet Union and Republic of China. After World War II the Soviet government insisted on occupying the Liaodong Peninsula but allowed joint control over the Southern branch with China; all this together received the name of the "Chinese Changchun Railway" (Russian: Кита́йская Чанчу́ньская желе́зная доро́га).
In 1952, the Soviet Union transferred (free of charge) all of its rights to the Chinese Changchun Railway to the People's Republic of China. |
 Malayan Union |
1946-1948 | Part of Malaysia | Union of protectorates of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 Crown Colony of Malacca |
1946-1957 | Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland | |
 Crown Colony of Penang | |||
 Crown Colony of Singapore |
1946-1959 | Part of Singapore, Christmas Island, and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands | Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Cocos (Keeling) Islands were transferred to Australia on 23 November 1955, while Christmas Island was transferred to Australia on 1 October 1958. |
 Crown Colony of Sarawak |
1946-1963 | Part of Malaysia | Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 Crown Colony of North Borneo |
Part of Malaysia and the Philippines | Colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Seven Turtle Islands (including Cagayan de Sulu and the Mangsee Islands) ceded to the Philippines on 16 October 1947. | |
| India |
1946-1947 | Part of India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh | Self-governing imperial political structure of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| Palestine |
1948 | Part of Palestine | On 8 July 1948, the Arab League decided to set up a temporary civil administration in Palestine, to be directly responsible to the Arab League. This plan was strongly opposed by King Abdullah I of Transjordan and received only half-hearted support from the Arab Higher Committee, which had itself been set up in 1945 by the Arab League. The new administration was never properly established. Another order issued on 8 August 1948 vested an Egyptian Administrator-General with the powers of the High Commissioner. On 22 September 1948, it was replaced by the All-Palestine Government.[5] |
 State of Singapore |
1959-1963 | Part of Singapore | Self-governing colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 State of Sarawak |
1963 | Part of Malaysia | |
 State of Sabah | |||
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Federal Territory
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Djakarta Federal District | 1948-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Federal district of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949 |
| Qamdo Region | 1950-1956 | Part of China | Area of the People's Republic of China |
| Tibet Area | 1951-1955 |
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Military Administration
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Urtatagai |
1925-1926 | Part of Afghanistan | Military administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| Balkh |
1929 | ||
| Manchuria |
1931-1932 | Part of China | Military administration of the Empire of Great Japan |
| Indochina |
1940-1945 | Part of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia | |
| Iran |
1941-1946 | Part of Iran | Military administration of the Imperial State of Iran following the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, which began on 25 August 1941. When the deadline for withdrawal arrived on 2 March 1946, six months after the end of the war, the British began to withdraw, but Moscow refused, citing "threats to Soviet security". Soviet troops did not withdraw from Iran proper until May 1946. |
| Iran | |||
| Thailand |
1941-1942 | Part of Thailand | Military administration of the Empire of Great Japan |
| Philippines |
1941-1943 | Part of the Philippines | |
| Malaya |
1941-1945 | Part of Malaysia | |
| North Borneo |
Part of Malaysia, Brunei, and the Philippines | ||
| Dutch East Indies |
Part of Indonesia and East Timor | ||
| Hong Kong |
Part of Hong Kong | ||
| Burma |
1941-1943 | Part of Myanmar | |
| Syonan-to[ao] |
1942-1945 | Part of Singapore | |
| Andaman and Nicobar Islands |
1942-1943 | Part of India | |
| Christmas Island |
1942-1945 | Part of Christmas Island | |
| Netherlands Indies Civil Administration[ap] |
1944-1947 | Part of Indonesia | |
 Nanpō Islands |
1945-1968 | Part of Japan | Military administration of the United States of America |
| Marcus Island | |||
| United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands |
1945-1950 | ||
| Manchuria |
1945-1946 | Part of China | Military administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| Naval Base Area |
1945-1955 | Military administration and de facto foreign concession of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in Dalian (Lüda after 1 December 1950). The Soviet Union occupied the territory and the Soviet Navy made use of the former Ryojun Guard District. In 1950, the Soviet government returned the majority of the territory to the People's Republic of China, only keeping Lüshun Port. The Soviet Union would retain control over Lüshunkou until turning it over to China on May 27 1955. | |
| Soviet Civil Administration in Korea |
1945-1948 | Part of North Korea and South Korea | Military administration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
| Indochina |
1945-1946 | Part of Vietnam and Laos | Military administration of the Republic of China |
| State of Japan[aq][ar][as] |
1945-1952 | Part of Japan | Japan was occupied by the Allied Powers from its surrender at the end of the Second World War on September 2 1945 until the Treaty of San Francisco took effect on April 28 1952. The occupation, led by the American military with support from the British Commonwealth and under the supervision of the Far Eastern Commission, involved a total of nearly one million Allied soldiers. The occupation was overseen by General Douglas MacArthur, who was appointed Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers by President Harry S. Truman; MacArthur was succeeded as supreme commander by General Matthew Ridgway in 1951. Unlike in the Allied occupations of Germany and Austria, the Soviet Union had little to no influence over the occupation of Japan, declining to participate because it did not want to place Soviet troops under MacArthur's direct command. |
| United States Army Military Government in Korea |
1945-1948 | Part of South Korea and North Korea | Military administration of the United States of America |
| British Military Administration of Malaya |
1945-1946 | Part of Malaysia and Singapore | Military administration of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
| British Military Administration of Borneo |
Part of Malaysia and Brunei | ||
| British Commonwealth Occupation Zone |
1946-1952 | Part of Japan | The post-war occupation area in Japan primarily under the control of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force (BCOF). The BCOF occupied the western prefectures of Shimane, Yamaguchi, Tottori, Okayama, Hiroshima, and Shikoku Island, in addition to supervising demilitarization and the disposal of Japan's war industries. |
 West Bank |
1948-1950 | Part of Palestine and Israel (disputed) | Military administration of the Hashemite Kingdom of Trans-Jordan. It included East Jerusalem within its boundaries and was directly annexed on 24 April 1950 as the West Bank Governorate. |
 United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands |
1950-1972 | Part of Japan | Military administration of the United States of America |
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Autonomous Administrative Division
See also: Autonomous administrative division § List of historical autonomous administrative divisions
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
 Tajik Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic |
1924-1929 | Part of Tajikistan | Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic |
| Kara-Kalpak Autonomous Oblast | 1925-1932 | Part of Uzbekistan | Autonomous oblast of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic |
 Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic |
1926-1936 | Part of Kyrgyzstan | Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic |
| Ahsa |
1926-1932 | Part of Saudi Arabia | Dependency of the Kingdom of Nejd; its viceroy was Fahd bin Abdulaziz Al Saud |
| Arar |
Dependency of the Kingdom of Nejd; its viceroy was Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al Saud | ||
 Xinjiang Province |
1933-1944 | Part of China | De facto autonomous administrative division of the Republic of China under Sheng Shicai as Duban.
Puppet state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1934-1942) |
| Baroda and Gujarat States Agency | 1933-1944 | Part of India | Agency of India |
| Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee |
1934-1936 | Part of China | |
| Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha |
1935-1936 | Minority government of the Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic | |
| Hebei–Chahar Political Council |
1935-1937 | In 1935, under Japanese pressure, China signed the He-Umezu Agreement, which forbade the Kuomintang (KMT) from conducting party operations in Hebei and effectively ended Chinese control of that province. In the same year, the Chin-Doihara Agreement was signed and vacated the KMT from Chahar. By the end of 1935, the Chinese central government had virtually vacated from North China. In its place, the Japanese-backed East Hebei Autonomous Council was established on November 24, and Prince Teh, a leader of the Mongols in the provinces of what is now Inner Mongolia, was striving to set up an autonomous Mongolian Government there.
Kenji Doihara then tried to persuade General Song to set up an autonomous government in the Hebei - Chahar region. Resulting protests by Chinese citizens gave Japan the excuse to increase their garrison in the Tianjin area. To prevent the forcible establishment of a Japanese puppet state, Song Zheyuan established the Hebei–Chahar Political Council on 18th December 1935, controlling the remainder of Hebei and Chahar provinces. Although the Hebei–Chahar Political Council rendered lip service to the Japanese effort to secure the secession of the five provinces of North China (Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Chahar, and Suiyuan) it made no vital concessions, the Chinese government still remained in control through the council. It was officially dissolved on 20th August 1937, two weeks after the fall of Beiping. | |
| Suiyuan Mongol Council |
1936 | Based out of Guisui (Hohhot), it was under the control of Fu Zuoyi, and was also advised by Yan Xishan. Refusing to submit to its authority, Demchugdongrub and Yondonwangchug of the Mongol Local Autonomy Political Affairs Committee withdrew to Dehua and established the Mongol Military Government, leaving the Committee defunct. | |
| Chinese Soviet Central Bodpa Autonomous Government |
Minority government of the Northwestern Federation of the Chinese Soviet Republic | ||
| Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Anti-Japanese Base Area |
1937-1950 | Revolutionary base area of:
Border region of the Republic of China (1937-1945) | |
| Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Anti-Japanese Base Area | |||
| Shanxi-Suiyuan Anti-Japanese Base Area | |||
| Hebei-Shandong-Henan Anti-Japanese Base Area | |||
| North China Political Council |
1940-1945 | The Provisional Government of the Republic of China was, along with the Reformed Government of the Republic of China, merged into Wang Jingwei's Nanjing-based reorganized national government on 30 March 1940, but in practical terms actually remained virtually independent under the name of the "North China Political Council" (華北政務委員會) until the end of the war. Many of the same members of the Provisional Government continued to serve the Japanese in north China throughout the 1940s in their original capacities. | |
 Special Region of Surakarta |
1945-1946 | Part of Indonesia | |
 Montagnard country of South Indochina[at] |
1946-1955 | Part of Vietnam | Autonomous territory of:
Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1955) |
| Xinjiang Province | 1946-1947 | Part of China | Coalition Government of Xinjiang Province |
| Ili District Council |
Subordinate to Xinjiang Province
Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | ||
 Great Dayak |
1946-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949 |
| Southeast Borneo Federation | 1947-1950 | ||
| Inner Mongolia Autonomous Government |
1947-1949 | Part of China | |
| East Borneo Region | 1947-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949 |
| West Borneo Special Region | |||
| Bangka Region | |||
| Billiton Region | |||
| Riouw Region | |||
 Federally Administered Tribal Areas |
1947-2018 | Part of Pakistan | Semi-autonomous tribal region of:
|
| Eastern States Union | 1947-1948 | Part of India | Union of princely states of the India |
| Mèo Autonomous Territory | 1947-1954 | Part of Vietnam | Autonomous territory of:
Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1954) |
 Mường Autonomous Territory | |||
 Nùng Autonomous Territory | |||
 Thổ Autonomous Territory | |||
 Bandjar Region |
1948-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949 |
 Tai Federation |
1948-1954 | Part of Vietnam | Autonomous territory of:
Crown domain of the Vietnamese Emperor (1950-1954) |
| Padang and its vicinities | 1948-1950 | Part of Indonesia | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949
Autonomous community of the United States of Indonesia from 27 December 1949 |
| Sabang | |||
| Central Java Region | 1949-1950 | Puppet state of the Kingdom of the Netherlands until 27 December 1949. Recognized by the Dutch authorities of the temporary representative body.
Autonomous entity of the United States of Indonesia after 27 December 1949 | |
 Mongolian Autonomous Government |
1949 | Part of China | Autonomous administrative division of the Republic of China |
| Western Mongolian Autonomous Government | |||
| Alasha Khoshut Banner People's Government | Autonomous administrative division of the People's Republic of China | ||
 Domain of the Crown |
1950-1955 | Part of Vietnam | Collection of autonomous territories of the State of Vietnam
In the areas of the Domain of the Crown, the Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty". Its capital was Da Lat. |
 Baluchistan States Union |
1952-1955 | Part of Pakistan | Union of princely states of Pakistan |
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First-Level Administrative Division
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
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Micronation
See also: List of micronations § Former
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geum | 1453 | Part of North Korea | Founded by General Yi Jing-ok as an attempted restoration of the Jurchen Jin. |
| Empire of the Philippine Islands | 1823 | Part of the Philippines | Declared by Andrés Novales during a Creole revolt. |
 Kingdom of Sedang |
1888-1890 | Part of Vietnam | |
| Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun | 1903 | Part of China | Formed by members of the Revive China Society in hopes of establishing a Westernized constitutional monarchy with references to the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. |
| Great Ming | 1919-1923 | Founded by "Chu the Ninth" in Anyang County with support from the Yellow Sand Society. | |
| Great Ming | 1924 | Founded by "Wang the Sixth" | |
| Great Ming | 1925 | Founded by Chu Hung-teng with support from the Heavenly Gate Society. | |
| Li dynasty[av] | 1954 | Founded by a man named Li Zhu. | |
| Tu dynasty[av] | 1957 | Founded by ex-soldier Tu Nanting after reading fifteen volumes of moral exhortation, stelae inscriptions, and metaphorical books, including Tui bei tu. | |
| Free Territory of Freedomland | 1959-1974 | Part of the Philippines (disputed) | Established by Filipino lawyer and businessman Tomás Cloma on 31 May 1956. In August 1974, Tomás Cloma Sr. and the Supreme Council of Freedomland drafted a new Constitution, declaring the country to be a Principality and encouraging its colonization. New citizens were naturalised, and some of them elected to the Supreme Council, John de Mariveles among them. In August, Cloma changed the name of the country from Freedomland to Colonia and retired as titular head of state in favor of John de Mariveles with the title of Prince.
Link to file of flag |
| Nine Palaces Way | 1961 | Part of China | Founded by Song Yiufang and his followers after they broke into the Forbidden City. |
| Principality of Freedomland | 1974 | Part of the Philippines (disputed) | Existed briefly in August 1974 between the elevation of the Free Territory of Freedomland into a principality and and its own elevation into the Kingdom of Colonia St. John.
Link to file of flag |
 Principality of Freedomland and Republic of Koneuwe |
Part of the Philippines and Taiwan (disputed) | In August 1974 French police arrested swindler Othmar di Schmieder Rocca-Forozata, who went by the title Count and styled himself as the Grand Duke of the Principality of Freedomland. It would seem as though this Freedomland was not the same territory as Tomás Cloma's Freedomland; contradictorily also called the Republic of Koneuwe, it was described as consisting of 74 islands 2,000 miles from Borneo. | |
| Yang dynasty[av] | 1974 | Part of China | Founded by Yang Zhaogong in Anyang. Yang claimed to have the backing of alleged CCCPC members while establishing his new dynasty. |
| Heavenly Palace Sect | 1976 | Founded by Yang Xuehua, who was arrested and executed shortly after for allegedly planning a rebellion. | |
| Zishen Nation | 1981-1986 | A small territory led by Li Guangchang that had achieved de facto independence in Cangnan County. | |
| Great Sage Dynasty | 1988 | Founded by Chao Yuhua in a factory. | |
| Heavenly Kingdom of Everlasting Satisfaction | 1990-1992 | Founded in Song County, Henan, headed by Li Chengfu, who had the intent of taking over the world. | |
| Elijah Ten Commandments Stone Kingdom | 1993-1999 | Founded by the World Elijah Evangelical Mission, with founder Park Myung Hoo as its God Emperor. | |
 Sunda Empire |
2017-2020 | Part of Indonesia | |
 Keraton Agung Sejagat |
2018-2020 |
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Europe
Sovereign State
20th and 21st centuries
More information Name, Period ...
| Name | Period | Today | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Portuguese Republic |
1910-1926 | Part of Portugal | "First Portuguese Republic" |
| Russian Empire |
1917 | Post-Soviet states | Russian Provisional Government |
| Russian Republic | |||
| Russian Republic[aw] |
1917-1918 | ||
| White movement |
1917-1923/1990s | Loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik governments and organizations during the Russian Civil War. After the war, the White movement lived on through the White émigrés, who worked for various foreign governments, notably during the Xinjiang Wars and World War II. Minor groups endured until the fall of the Soviet Union. | |
 Republic of Estonia |
1918-1940 | Part of Estonia | "First Republic of Estonia"
Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 6 August 1940. |
 Democratic Republic of Georgia |
1918-1921 | Part of Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russia, and Türkiye | Declared on 26 May 1918, and became a German protectorate on 28 May with the Treaty of Poti until the withdrawal of German soldiers at the end of World War I. |
 Republic of Armenia |
1918-1920 | Part of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Türkiye | |
 Azerbaijan Democratic Republic |
Part of Azerbaijan, Armenia, and Georgia | Puppet state of the Sublime Ottoman State (1918) | |
 Republic of Lithuania |
1918-1940 | Part of Lithuania | "First Republic of Lithuania"
Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 16 June 1940, officially transformed into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 3 August 1940. |
 Republic of Poland |
1918-1939 | Part of Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania | "Second Polish Republic"
The transition from the Kingdom of Poland into the Polish Republic lasted from 7 October 1918 to 22 November 1918, with the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918. |
 Republic of Latvia |
1918-1940 | Part of Latvia | "First Republic of Latvia"
Occupied by the Soviet Union and turned into a puppet state on 17 June 1940, officially transformed into the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic on 21 July 1940, and fully annexed into the Soviet Union on 5 August 1940. |
 Free State of Fiume |
1920-1924 | Part of Croatia | |
| Irish Free State |
1922-1937 | Part of Ireland | Dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland/United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
1922-1991 | Post-Soviet states | The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic seceded on 12 December 1991. The final Union Republic, the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, seceded on 16 December 1991. Several Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics remained within the Union until it was officially dissolved on 26 December 1991. |
| Portuguese Republic |
1926-1933 | Part of Portugal | The Ditadura Nacional (National Dictatorship) of the "Second Portuguese Republic" |
 Spanish Republic |
1931-1939 | Part of Spain | "Second Spanish Republic" |
| Portuguese Republic |
1933-1974 | Part of Portugal | The Estado Novo (New State) of the "Second Portuguese Republic" |
 German Reich[ax] |
1933-1945 | Part of Germany, Austria, Czechia, Poland, Russia, Lithuania, Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Slovenia. | |
 Federal State of Austria |
1934-1938 | Part of Austria | Puppet state of the German Reich after 11 March 1938 |
 Spanish State |
1936-1975 | Part of Spain | |
| Éire |
1937-1949 | Part of Ireland | De jure dominion of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |
 Czecho-Slovak Republic[ay] |
1938-1939 | Part of Czechia, Slovakia, and Ukraine | "Second Czechoslovak Republic"
De facto puppet state of the German Reich |
| French State[az] |
1940-1944 | Part of France and Algeria | De jure continuation of the Third Republic following the Armistice of 22 June 1940 and installation of a fascist regime. Officially independent, but with half of its territory occupied under the harsh terms of the armistice with Nazi Germany, it adopted a policy of collaboration. Transformed into a traditional puppet state after Case Anton in November 1942. |
 Democratic Federal Yugoslavia[ba] |
1943-1945 | Part of Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo | |
| French Republic |
1944-1946 | Part of France and Algeria | The provisional government of Free France between 3 June 1944 and 27 October 1946, shortly before the liberation of continental France after Operations Overlord and Dragoon. The position of Chairmen of the Provisional Government remained in place until 22 January 1947. |
 Albania |
Part of Albania | Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | |
| Czechoslovak Republic |
1945-1948 | Part of Czechia and Slovakia | "Third Czechoslovak Republic" |
| Republic of Poland |
1945-1947 | Part of Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania | "Provisional Government of National Unity"
Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics |
 Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia[bb] |
1945-1992 | Part of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Kosovo | Satellite state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics until 1948 |
| French Republic |
1946-1958 | Part of France and Algeria | |
| French Union |
Former French colonies | The political entity created by the French Fourth Republic to replace the old French colonial empire system. It was the formal end of the "indigenous" (indigène) status of French subjects in colonial areas. | |
 French Community |
1958-1995 | Former French colonies | The constitutional organization set up in 1958 between France and its remaining African colonies, then in the process of decolonization. It replaced the French Union, which had reorganized the colonial empire in 1946. While the Community remained formally in existence until 1995, when the French Parliament officially abolished it, it had effectively ceased to exist and function by the end of 1960, by which time all the African members had declared their independence and left it. |
Close
See also
References
- Kingdom of Denmark (c. 936 – 1 April 1948)
- Denmark (1 April 1948 – Present)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (6 December 1922 – 12 April 1927)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (12 April 1927 – Present)
- Under the personal protection of Adolf Hitler.
- Settlement area of the Sorbs/Wends (7 July 1994 – 1 April 1999)
- Sorbian settlement area (1 April 1999 – Present)
- Official name remains the "settlement area of the Sorbs/Wends" in the State of Brandenburg.
- Crown Dependency of Forvik (21 June 2008 – 23 February 2011)
- Sovereign State of Forvik (23 February 2011 – Present)
- Known by the exonym "Imperial State of Persia" until 21 March 1935.
- Kingdom of Hejaz and Sultanate of Nejd (8 January 1926 – 29 January 1927)
- Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (29 January 1927 – 23 September 1932)
- Indian Independence Act 1947, Section1.-(i) As from the fifteenth day of August, nineteen hundred and forty-seven, two independent Dominions shall be set up in India, to be known respectively as India and Pakistan.
- See territorial exchanges between India and Bangladesh (India–Bangladesh enclaves).
- Syrian Republic (5 September 1950 – 22 February 1958)
- Northern Region (Syria) (22 February 1958 – 30 September 1961)
- Syrian Arab Republic (30 September 1961 – 8 March 1963)
- Union of Burma (2 March 1962 – 3 January 1974)
- Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma (3 January 1974 – 18 September 1988)
- Provisional Priamurye Government (27 May 1921 – July 1922)
- Priamursky Zemsky Krai (July – 25 October 1922)
- Pepelyayevshchina (25 October 1922 – 16 June 1923)
- No contemporary and official name or term existed for this polity after 25 October 1922.
- Tannu Tuva People's Republic (14 August 1921 – 1926)
- Tuvan People's Republic (1926 – 11 October 1944)
- Unification Military Government (3 June – August 1922)
- Korean Unification Government (August 1922 – November 1924)
- Chinese Soviet Republic (7 November 1931 – October 1935)
- Chinese Soviet People's Republic (October 1935 – 22 September 1937)
- Known co-officially as the "Chinese Soviet People's Republic" within the Central Revolutionary Base Area until 16 October 1934.
- Known externally as the "Northwest Office of the Central Government of the Chinese Soviet People's Republic" between 3 November 1935 and 6 September 1937.
- Khotan Provisional Government (20 February – 25 August 1933)
- Khotan Islamic Government (25 August 1933 – 4 February 1934)
- East Hebei Autonomous Committee (25 November – 25 December 1935)
- East Hebei Autonomous Government (25 December 1935 – 1 February 1938)
- Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1 September 1939 – 4 August 1941)
- Mongolian Autonomous Union (4 August 1941 – 19 August 1945)
- Đại Việt Nam (9 March – 4 May 1945)
- Việt Nam (4 May – 25 August 1945)
- Kingdom of Cambodia (9 March – 13 March 1945)
- Kingdom of Kampuchea (13 March – 16 October 1945)
- Kurdish People's Government (15 December 1945 – 22 January 1946)
- Republic of Kurdistan (22 January 1946 – 15 December 1946)
- No singular name (1 August 1927 – 28 December 1929)
- Soviet Zone (28 December 1929 – 6 September 1937)
- Anti-Japanese Base Areas (6 September 1937 – 10 January 1946)
- Liberated Zone (10 January 1946 – 1 October 1949)
- Known by the exonym "Tunganistan".
- Chuanbian Special Administrative Region (29 December 1934 – 22 July 1935)
- Xikang Administrative Inspectorate District (22 July 1935 – 1 January 1939)
- Xikang Province (1 January 1939 – 9 December 1949)
- No singular name (15 August – September 1945)
- People's Political Committee of Korea (September – October 1945)
- People's Committee of Korea (October 1945 – 8 February 1946)
- Interim People's Committee of Korea (8 February – 5 March 1946)
- Arab Higher Executive (May 1946 – January 1947)
- Arab Higher Committee (January 1947 – 22 September 1948)
- Uzbek Socialist Soviet Republic (27 October 1924 – 5 December 1936)
- Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (5 December 1936 – 31 August 1991)
- Turkmen Socialist Soviet Republic (13 May 1925 – 5 December 1936)
- Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (5 December 1936 – 27 October 1991)
- Sultanate of Nejd (8 January 1926 – 29 January 1927)
- Kingdom of Nejd and its Dependencies (29 January 1927 – 23 September 1932)
- Tajik Socialist Soviet Republic (5 December 1929 – 5 December 1936)
- Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (5 December 1936 – 31 August 1991)
- Republic of Tajikistan (31 August 1991 – 9 September 1991)
- Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (5 December 1936 – 10 December 1991)
- Republic of Kazakhstan (10 December – 16 December 1991)
- Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (5 December 1936 – 30 October 1990)
- Socialist Republic of Kyrgyzstan (30 October – 15 December 1990)
- Republic of Kyrgyzstan (15 December 1990 – 31 August 1991)
- Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina (1 June 1946 – October 1947)
- Provisional Government of Southern Vietnam (October 1947 – 4 June 1949)
- State of the Great East (24 December – 27 December 1946)
- State of East Indonesia (27 December 1946 – 17 August 1950)
- State of West Java (26 February – 24 April 1948)
- State of Pasundan (24 April 1948 – 11 March 1950)
- Singapore (15 February – March 1942)
- Syonan-to (March 1942 – 12 September 1945)
- Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (3 April 1944 – January 1946)
- Allied Military Administration–Civil Affairs Branch (January – June 1946)
- Temporary Administrative Service (June 1946 – 1947)
- Empire of Great Japan (2 September 1945 – 3 May 1947)
- State of Japan (3 May 1947 – 28 April 1952)
- Known externally in English as "Japan" after 3 May 1947.
- Montagnard country of South Indochina (27 May 1946 – 15 April 1950)
- Crown Domain of the Southern Higlander Country (15 April 1950 – 11 March 1955)
- Sind Province (1 April 1936 – 14 August 1947)
- Province of Sindh (14 August 1947 – 14 October 1955)
- No contemporary and official name or term existed for this polity.
- Russian Republic (14 September 1917 – 18 January 1918)
- Russian Democratic Federative Republic (18 January – 19 January 1918)
- German Reich (23 March 1933 – 26 June 1943)
- Greater German Reich (26 June 1943 – 5 June 1945)
- Czechoslovak Republic (30 September – 23 November 1938)
- Czecho-Slovak Republic (23 November 1938 – 15 March 1939)
- French Republic (22 June – 10 July 1940)
- French State (10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944)
- Democratic Federal Yugoslavia (29 November 1943 – 17 February 1944)
- Democratic Federative Yugoslavia (17 February 1944 – 29 November 1945)
- Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (29 November 1945 – 7 April 1963)
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (7 April 1963 – 27 April 1992)
- Chang, Vincent K.L. (26 November 2019). Forgotten Diplomacy: The Modern Remaking of Dutch-Chinese Relations, 1927–1950. Brill. p. 34. ISBN 978-90-04-41092-3. Retrieved 20 February 2026.
- Kuipers, Ludo. "'Republic of Timor', 1961 – Flag – Timor-Leste". Archived from the original on 2015-04-18. Retrieved 2015-04-17.
- Theobald, Ulrich. "Republican Period Provincial Governors (www.chinaknowledge.de)". www.chinaknowledge.de.
- Ooi, Keat Gin (2004). Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 776. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
- Palestine Yearbook of International Law 1987-1988, Vol. 4, by Anis F. Kassim, Kluwer Law International (1 June 1988), ISBN 90-411-0341-4, p. 294
- Shillony, Ben-Ami (2013). Ben-Ami Shillony – Collected Writings. Routledge. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-1342-5230-5.