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Citations

Bibliography

• Camp, Roderic Ai (2011). Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-2009 (Fourth ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72634-5.
• Duch Colell, Juan, ed. (1998). Yucatán en el tiempo. Mérida, Yucatán: Inversiones Cares. ISBN 970-9071-00-9.
  • "García Correa, Bartolomé" (in Spanish). 1998. Archived from the original on 8 October 2025.
  • "Gobernantes de Yucatán" (in Spanish). 1998.
• Segovia, Rafael; Lajous, Alejandra (1978). "La consolidación del poder". In Meyer, Lorenzo (ed.). Historia de la Revolución Mexicana, período 1928-1934: los inicios de la institucionalización: la política del maximato. El Colegio de México. pp. 5–84. JSTOR j.ctv233nmh.4.

Sources:

1: https://congresoweb.congresojal.gob.mx/bibliotecavirtual/legislacion/Benemeritos/Efra%C3%ADn%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%20Luna.pdf

Citations

Bibliography

• Camp, Roderic Ai (2011a). Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-2009 (Fourth ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72634-5.
• Fernández Pavón, Marisol (9 April 2014). Illades Rosas, María Perla del C. (ed.). Secretarios de Marina de 1940 a la fecha (PDF) (in Spanish). Unidad de Historia y Cultura Naval. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2014.
• Quijano Torres, Manuel (2012). "Relación de gabinetes, 1821-2012". 200 Años de Administración Pública en México, Tomo III: Los Gabinetes en México, 1824-2012 (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Administración Pública. pp. 98–364. ISBN 978-607-9026-20-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2024.

Other sources:

1: https://2006-2012.semar.gob.mx/unidad-de-historia-y-cultura-naval/articulos-revistas/1802-armas70-454.html

2: https://www.semar.gob.mx/unhicun/publicaciones_historicas/serie_unhicun/historia_infanteria/historia_infanteria3_t2.pdf

Education and career

Humberto Canto Echeverría was born in Mérida^[1] in 1896.^[2] His father was a prominent attorney and a public notary in the city. Canto received his primary education in Mérida. In the United States, Canto studied at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, and Ohio Northern University. In 1919, he became part of the first generation to enroll in an engineering program at the Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán (UADY), where he eventually received a degree.^[1]

Canto managed a sugar plantation in Cuba.^[1] In 1931, he founded the El Diario del Sureste ("The Daily of the Southeast") newspaper.^[2] He was the director of Yucatán's Department of Public Works from 1930 to 1934.^[1] Canto became a professor at UADY's School of Engineering in 1936,^[1] and on 5 January 1937 he became director of the department and a professor of surveying.^[3]

1937 gubernatorial campaign

Canto was the candidate of the Party of the Mexican Revolution (Spanish: Partido de la Revolución Mexicana, PRM) for the 1937 Yucatán gubernatorial election.^[2] His campaign had the support of left-wing popular movements in the state. Hernán Laborde, leader of the Mexican Communist Party (PCM), personally traveled to the state to partake in Canto's campaign. Incumbent governor Florencio Palomo Valencia gave the state government's full support to Canto. Communist teachers brought out the vote for Canto in left-wing locales such as Temozón and Kinchil, and Palomo rewarded them with various forms of patronidge.^[4]

Administration

Canto assumed the governorship of Yucatán on 1 February 1938,^[5] succeeding Palomo. He served until 1942.^[6][7][8] During his administration, the first major public work built was the Salvador Alvarado Stadium (Spanish: Estadio Salvador Alvarado) in Mérida, completed in 1939. Canto personally designed it, drawing upon his background as an engineer.^[9] Other works completed by his administration included the Felipe Carrillo Puerto Park (later incorporated into the Park of the Americas) and the Children's Hospital, and the building of the University of Yucatán was restored.^[2]

Yucatán held elections for town councils in the fall of 1938. President Lázaro Cárdenas wished for candidates to be selected by the PRM's state committee, but instead local political bosses and organizations, many connected to Canto such as the Independent Syndical Front (FSI), a rural labor federation, selected candidates.^[10]

On 18 December 1941, Canto decreed a new Civil Code (Spanish: Código Civil) for the state, replacing the previous one from 1918.^[11]

Agrarian policy

The same month he assumed office, Canto announced plans to place control of Yucatán's henequen ejidos under a single, state-run "Great Ejido" (Spanish: Gran Ejido), with the ejiods previously being under the control of the federal Agrarian Bank.^[10][12] Under the new system the FSI took on many of the responsibilities of the Agrarian Bank. Canto also had leftist teachers promote the benefits of the Great Ejido.^[10]

Canto believed that since land reform was complete in henequen-growing areas, labor syndicates should dissolve and accept the authority of the state. The FSI reiterated its support for Canto as governor, but publicly disagreed with this view, arguing it should exist as long as private property did and that employees of the Great Ejido behaved like pre-ejido large landowners. The PCM held its first Yucatán state convention in late 1939, wherein they also reiterated their support for Canto as part of a "unity at all costs" strategy undertaken by global communist movements in this era while criticizing his activities as undemocratic.^[13] Yucatán's left-wing factions united with labor unions, old landowners, and impoverished ejido workers to oppose Canto. He responded by trying to oust leftists from town halls and ejido directories. There was a shootout in Acanceh in March of 1940 between supporters of Canto and the FSI.^[14]

The deteriorating economic situation of ejido workers led to a wave of protests against Canto and the agrarian bureaucracy. This culminated in both Canto and the leftist opposition appealing to Cárdenas to resolve the dispute. Cárdenas sided with Canto, as he feared that opponents of his land national reform program could exploit the situation. In the 1940 municipal and state elections, Cárdenas allowed Canto to claim an overwhelming majority against the opposition.^[14] Leftists in Yucatán subsequently faced political isolation and sometimes repression from Canto's government, which resulted in the decline of the faction.^[15]

Citations

Bibliography

• Camp, Roderic Ai (2011b). Mexican Political Biographies, 1935-2009 (Fourth ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-0-292-72634-5.
• Duch Colell, Juan, ed. (1998a). "Canto Echeverría, Humberto". Yucatán en el tiempo (in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán: Inversiones Cares. ISBN 970-9071-00-9.
• Duch Colell, Juan, ed. (1998b). "Códigos". Yucatán en el tiempo (in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán: Inversiones Cares. ISBN 970-9071-00-9.
• Duch Colell, Juan, ed. (1998c). "Gobernantes de Yucatán". Yucatán en el tiempo (in Spanish). Mérida, Yucatán: Inversiones Cares. ISBN 970-9071-00-9.
• Fallaw, Ben (Summer 1999). "The Southeast Was Red: Left-State Alliances and Popular Mobilizations in Yucatán, 1930-1940". Social Science History. 23 (2): 241–268. doi:10.1017/S0145553200018071. JSTOR 1171522. ProQuest 213875496.
• Hamilton, Nora (1982). The Limits of State Autonomy: Post-Revolutionary Mexico. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-07641-3. JSTOR j.ctt7ztf35.

To add later

• Anaya Merchant, Luis (April 2024). "Los "Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán". Ensayos reorganizativos 1910-1942". Historia Mexicana (in Spanish). 73 (4): 1711–1758. doi:10.24201/hm.v73i4.4763. JSTOR 27292577. ProQuest 3079945555.
• Fallaw, Ben (2001). Cárdenas Compromised: The Failure of Reform in Postrevolutionary Yucatán. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2758-9. JSTOR j.ctv11smqnh. See chapter five.
• Fallaw, Ben W. (2010). "The Crusade of the Mayab: Cardenista Modernization and Contestation in Yucatan, 1935-1940". In Terry, Edward D.; Fallaw, Ben W.; Joseph, Gilbert M.; Moseley, Edward H. (eds.). Peripheral Visions: Politics, Society, and the Challenges of Modernity in Yucatan. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press. ISBN 978-0-8173-1680-8.
• Ortiz Yam, Inés; Zuleta, María Cecilia (July 2020). "Asuntos de vecinos: langosta, defensa agrícola y la construcción de la sanidad vegetal en México y Centroamérica, siglo XX". Historia Mexicana (in Spanish). 70 (1): 313–374. doi:10.24201/hm.v70i1.4081. JSTOR 27002138. ProQuest 2453500334.
• Sowell, David (2015). Medicine on the Periphery: Public Health in Yucatán, Mexico, 1870-1960. New York City: Lexington Books. ISBN 978-1-4985-1734-8.

Citations

Bibliography

• Galeana, Patricia, ed. (2013). Generales de la revolucón, tomo I: A-L (PDF) (in Spanish). Instituto Nacional de Estudios Históricos de las Revoluciones de México. ISBN 978-607-9276-48-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2025.
• Joseph, Gilbert M. (1980). "The Fragile Revolution: Cacique Politics and Revolutionary Process in Yucatán". Latin American Research Review. 15 (1): 39–64. doi:10.1017/S0023879100032532. JSTOR 2503093.
• Osten, Sarah (2018). The Mexican Revolution's Wake: The Making of a Political System, 1920-1929. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-40128-9.

Citations

Bibliography

Bibliography

• Tofik Karam, John (2021). "The Levant in Latin America". In Bayat, Asef (ed.). Global Middle East: Into the Twenty-First Century. University of California Press. pp. 253–266. ISBN 978-0-520-29533-9. JSTOR j.ctv1h9dk55.23.