Viliam Žingor
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Milan Rastislav Stefanik Order, 3rd class (1991, in memoriam)
Viliam Žingor | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | 30 July 1912 |
| Died | 18 December 1950 (aged 38) |
| Known for | Commander of the 2nd Czechoslovak brigade during the Slovak National Uprising, victim of purges after the Communist takeover of Czehoslovakia |
| Awards | Order of the Slovak National Uprising, 1st class (1946) Milan Rastislav Stefanik Order, 3rd class (1991, in memoriam) |
Viliam Žingor (30 July 1912 – 18 December 1950) was a Slovak partisan, one of the leaders of the Slovak National Uprising.
Viliam Žingor was born on 30 July 1912 in the village of Bystrička, Turóc County, Austria-Hungary to a Lutheran family. He started his education at the local school and in 1930 he graduated from a Gymnasium in the town of Martin.[1]
Žingor studied for two years, but did not graduate, at the Mendel University in Brno. Instead of finishing his studies, he married young, had four children and helped at the family farm. Later on, he held several clerical and sales jobs. In his early adulthood, Žingor received basic military training during his military military service with the artillery regiment in Žilina.[2] At this time, he supported the Slovak National Party and advocated for autonomy of Slovakia within Czechoslovakia, but not its independence.[3]
When Slovakia declared independence as a satellite of Nazi Germany, Žingor joined the fascist militia Hlinka Guard. He later explained this association as a part of the effort of the antifascists in his village to sabotage the organization from within. He briefly studied at the officer school in Bratislava and reached the rank of lieutenant.[2] Afterwards, Žingor worked as a manager of a bookstore confiscated by the writer Ľudo Ondrejov from the Steiners, a Jewish family.[1]
Partisan activities
Žingor fought with the Slovak army in the short Slovak–Hungarian War in 1939 and in 1941 on the Eastern Front near the Ukrainian city of Lypovets as an artillery commander. According to his later testimony, Žingor fought the Hungarians in 1939 but avoided direct combat against Soviet troops and used his time in the Soviet Union to learn about the insurgency against Nazi troops. After several months at the front, he returned to Slovakia.[4]
On 4 July 1943, Žingor received an order to return to the front as a part of a Slovak forces detachment set to reinforce the Axis troops at the Eastern Front. This time, Žingor ignored the order and instead hid in the mountains close to his home village. Over the course of the spring of 1944, he organized fellow deserters into a partisan group. During the following the summer, the newly formed group trained new recruits and gathered weapons and supplies. In August 1944, Žingor's group made contact with another partisan group established in the vicinity of a nearby village of Sklabiňa by the Soviet officer Pyotr Alexievich Velichko.[5]
Velichko was dispatched to Slovakia by the command of the Soviet Army to organize resistance in Slovakia. Žingor was tasked by the resistance command to support Velichko. As a result of these developments, Žingor was given command of the Slovak unit within the 1st Czechoslovak Brigade. Nonetheless, relations between the two commanders quickly deteriorated. The cooling of relations was largely caused by the incident when partisans under the command of Velichko raided Sklabiňa and massacred over 140 locals suspected of being of German nationality of otherwise supporting the regime.[6]
The partisan group under Žingor's command continued growing in size. At its peak it counted about 1,500 men.[3] Among the new fighters was number of French captives who formed a unit under the Brigade under the command of captain Georges Barazer de Lannurien. As the time passed Žingor formed a close bond with de Lannurien. At the same time, Žingor's relationship with Velichko reached a critical point, in particular due to the Soviet commander's brutal methods and tolerance for looting. To ease the tensions, the resistance command ordered the creation of a separate 2nd Czechoslovak Brigade under Žingor's command.[citation needed]
After the outbreak of the Slovak National Uprising, the Brigade was in charge of the defense of the Rajec basin. The Brigade fought valiantly, being the only partisan grouping capable of holding ground against German forces without the assistance from insurgent units from the regular army. Nonetheless, the Brigade suffered massive casualties, which included Žingor's brother Bohuš. Following the defeat of the Uprising, the remains of the brigade, consisting of about 300 men, retreated to the mountains and limited its activities to defensive operations due to the critical shortage of equipment. The survivors eventually joined the advancing Soviet forces.[2]
