Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨𝼆⟩ or ⟨ʎ̝̊⟩ in IPA
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A voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal lateral fricative and an affricate; Hadza has a series of palatal lateral affricates. In Bura, it is the realization of palatalized /ɬʲ/ and contrasts with [ʎ].
𝼆L_0| Voiceless palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| ʎ̥ | |
| IPA number | 157 402A |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | L_0 |
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| ɬ̠ʲ |
| Voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral approximant | |
|---|---|
| l̠̊ʲ |
The extensions to the IPA transcribes this sound with the letter ⟨𝼆⟩ (⟨ʎ⟩ with a belt, analogous to ⟨ɬ⟩ for the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative), which was added to Unicode in 2021. Some scholars also posit a voiceless palatal lateral approximant distinct from the fricative. The approximant may be represented in the IPA as ⟨ʎ̥⟩.
If distinction is necessary, a voiceless alveolo-palatal lateral fricative may be transcribed as ⟨ɬ̠ʲ⟩ (retracted and palatalized ⟨ɬ⟩) or as advanced ⟨𝼆̟⟩; these are essentially equivalent. The approximant also occurs and can be represented as ⟨l̠̊ʲ⟩ or ⟨ʎ̥˖⟩.
Features
Features of the voiceless palatal lateral fricative:
- Its manner of articulation is fricative, which means it is produced by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, causing turbulence.
- Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
- Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords.
- It is an oral consonant, which means that air is not allowed to escape through the nose.
- It is a lateral consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream over the sides of the tongue, rather than down the middle.
- Its airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air only with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most speech sounds.
Occurrence
Palatal
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bura[citation needed] | [example needed] | Contrasts with /l, ʎ, ɬ, ɮ, ʎ̝̊/. | |||
| Dahalo[citation needed] | [𝼆aːbu] | 'leaf' | Contrasts with [ɬ] and [ɬʷ] | ||
| Faroese[1] | kjálki | [ˈt͡ʃʰaʎ̥t͡ʃɪ] | 'jaw' | Allophone of /l/.[1] See Faroese phonology | |
| Inupiaq[2] | sikł̣aq | [sik𝼆̟ɑq] | 'pickaxe' | Alveolo-palatal;[2] also described as an approximant.[3] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| nuiŋił̣ł̣uni | [nuiŋi𝼆̟ːuni] | 'because it did not appear' | |||
| Kumeyaay[4] | kałyəxwiiw | [kɑ𝼆əxʷeːw] | 'skunk' | Rare in word-initial position.[4] Contrasts with voiceless /ɬ/ and voiced /ʎ/ and /l/. | |
| Norwegian | Trondheim subdialect of Trøndersk[5] | alt | [ɑʎ̥c] | 'everything, all' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /c/.[5] See Norwegian phonology |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[5] | tatle | [tɑʎ̥] | 'acting silly' | According to some scholars,[6][7] it is a phoneme that contrasts with /ʎ/ (as in /tɑʎ/ 'softwood'.)[5] See Norwegian phonology | |
| Scottish Gaelic[8] | coilltean | [ˈkʰɤiʎ̥tʲən] | 'woods' | Allophone of /ʎ/ before /tʲʰ/.[8] | |
| Turkish[9] | dil | [ˈd̟iʎ̟̊] | 'tongue' | Devoiced allophone of alveolo-palatal /l/, frequent finally and before voiceless consonants.[9] See Turkish phonology | |
| Xumi | Lower[10] | [ʎ̥˖o˦] | 'spirit' | Described as an approximant. Alveolo-palatal; contrasts with the voiced /ʎ/.[10][11] | |
| Upper[11] | [ʎ̥˖ɛ˦] | 'flavorless' | |||
Post-palatal
| Voiceless post-palatal or pre-velar lateral fricative | |
|---|---|
| 𝼆̠ | |
| 𝼄̟ |
Archi, a Northeast Caucasian language of Dagestan, has four voiceless palatal lateral fricatives: plain [𝼆], labialized [𝼆ʷ], fortis [𝼆ː], and labialized fortis [𝼆ːʷ]. Although clearly fricatives, these are further back than palatals in most languages, but further forward than velars in most languages, and might better be called post-palatal or pre-velar. Archi also has a voiced fricative, as well as a voiceless and several ejective lateral velar affricates, but no alveolar lateral fricatives or affricates.[12]