Whangārei volcanic field
Volcanic field in New Zealand
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The Whangārei volcanic field (Puhipuhi-Whangarei volcanic field) is an area of intra-plate monogenetic volcanism located near the city of Whangārei, North Island, New Zealand.[1] It was last active between 260,000[2] to 319,000 years ago[3] and continues to be potentially active as a low-velocity seismic zone in the crust exists beneath Whangārei, which is interpreted to be a body of partial melt.[4] This mantle source has been coupled to the lithosphere for about 8 million years.[2] As the field has potentially been active at low frequency for millions of years, with 100,000 years or more between events it might best be regarded as dormant.[1] The recent vents active in the last million years include some dacite in composition. Composition details are freely available for most of the field but many vents do not have ages.[2]
| Whangārei volcanic field | |
|---|---|
| Puhipuhi-Whangarei volcanic field | |
 Legend
| |
| Highest point | |
| Coordinates | 35.66°S 174.28°E |
| Geology | |
| Rock age | late Pliocene to Quaternary[1] |
| Volcanic field | |
| Rock type(s) | basaltic and dacicitic intra-plate monogenetic[1] |
| Last eruption | 260 ka[2] |
Geology
Volcanics
These volcanoes are part of the eastern Northland volcanic belt which includes the monogenetic Kaikohe-Bay of Islands volcanic field and the volcanoes of the Whangārei Heads and the Hen of the Hen and Chickens Islands which are not part of the field. Rather the volcanoes of the Whangārei Heads are usually related to the now extinct predominantly andesitic Taurikura volcanic complex and its caldera, although the close proximity, overlap in time, and dacite eruptive centres possibly reflects a continuum.
Non-volcanics and tectonics
The hilly landscape to the west of Whangārei is from uplifted Waipapa Terrane greywacke deposits from ocean floor sediments first laid down several hundred millions ago off the coast of Gondwanaland. There are some coal measures, sandstone, and limestone from late Eocene and Oligocene (Te Kuiti Group) sediments laid on top of the greywacke basement. On top of these contributing to many hills are often more clay like deposits originally from the floor of the Pacific Ocean of 80-25 million years ago. About 25 million years ago these deep-sea sediments were uplifted as the Northland Allochthon. There are no known active faults in Northland[5] Historic faults are believed, due to volcanic alignment, to have been permissive to the surface volcanism of the last 25 million years, with the Whangārei Harbour fault being a prominent example.
List of volcanoes
| Name | Age (thousand years) | Height | Location (Coordinates) | Geology | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hikurangi | 1.2 ± 0.1 Ma[6][7][8] | 179 m (587 ft)[9] | 35.04170°S 173.45992°E[9] | Dacite[8][10] | |
| Whakapara Hill | 218 m (715 ft)[11] | 35.556895°S 174.270204°E[11] | Basalt[10] | ||
| Apotu | 4.2 ± 1.1 Ma[8] | 218 m (715 ft)[12] | 35.640402°S 174.290493°E[12] | Basalt[8] | |
| Parakiore | 0.8 ± 0.1 Ma [6][7] | 391 m (1,283 ft)[13] | 35.65881°S 174.28141°E[13] | Dacite[10] | |
| Hurupaki (adjacent peaks to the west long named unofficially by local Māori Rawhitiroa and Ngararatunua) | 0.31 Ma[2] | 349 m (1,145 ft)[14] | 35.68293°S 174.28182°E[14] | Basalt[10] | |
| Mount Parihaka (previously also known as Mount Parahaki, but the original Māori spelling of Parihaka was confirmed in 2005.)[15] | 22.6 - 19.57 Ma[6] | 259 m (850 ft)[16] | 35.71252°S 174.33653°E[16] | Dacite,[10] |  |
| Maungakaramea | 225 m (738 ft)[17] | 35.844197°S 174.191321°E[17] | Basalt[10] | ||
| Maungatapere | 0.5 - 0.32 Ma[2] | 359 m (1,178 ft)[18] | 35.777700°S 174.191367°E[18] | Basalt[10] | |
| Onerahi | 4 Ma[8] | 41 m (135 ft) plus[19] | 35.749424°S 174.362867°E[19] | Basalt[8] |  |