Wikipedia:Today's featured article/July 2026
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Eve Cone is a cinder cone in Cassiar Land District of northwestern British Columbia, Canada. It has an elevation of 1,740 metres (5,710 feet) and is one of several volcanic cones in the Desolation Lava Field at the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau. It lies in Mount Edziza Provincial Park and is part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. A roughly 12-kilometre-long (7.5-mile) lava field issued from Eve Cone during the Holocene and travelled down the northern side of the Big Raven Plateau. It branches out into narrower channels, the largest extending to Buckley Lake. The cone contains a circular summit crater 45 m (148 ft) deep, but most of the lava from the volcano appears to have issued from vents around the base of the 350 m (1,150 ft) wide cone. Eve Cone is surrounded by volcanic features including Tsekone Ridge, Pillow Ridge, Sidas Cone and the Triplex Cones. Access is via horse trails from Telegraph Creek and Iskut or float-equipped aircraft. (Full article...)
July 1
July 2
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No. 1 Aircraft Depot (No. 1 AD) was a maintenance unit of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). Formed in July 1921 at RAAF Point Cook, Victoria, it relocated to RAAF Laverton in March 1926. In its early years, the depot serviced aircraft and other equipment, trained maintenance staff, and supported survey flights in Australia and the Pacific region. No. 1 AD's strength increased from 350 staff in the 1930s to more than 2,000 during World War II, when it assembled, tested and repaired aircraft such as Tiger Moth trainers, Spitfire fighters, and B-17 Flying Fortress heavy bombers. After World War II, No. 1 AD introduced the first jets into RAAF service. In 1961, it ceased airframe maintenance but continued to service aero engines. By the 1970s, the depot's focus was ground-based equipment, though it still handled some aircraft components. No. 1 AD was disbanded in December 1994; at the time of its disbandment, it was the oldest RAAF unit in continuous operation. (Full article...)
July 3
Marcus Trescothick (born 1975) played first-class cricket for Somerset County Cricket Club and represented England in Test matches and One Day Internationals (ODIs). A left-handed opening batsman, he made his first-class debut for Somerset in 1993, his ODI debut in July 2000, and his Test debut a month afterwards. He held the record for the most ODI centuries of any English player and for the fastest half-century in English Twenty20 cricket. Trescothick also positioned as slip fielder and a right-handed medium pace bowler; he kept wicket for England in five ODIs and was England captain for two Test matches and ten ODIs. A stress-related illness in 2006 forced him to withdraw from the national squad. He joined Somerset in 2007 and played while working as a commentator and analyst for Sky Sports in the off-season. Trescothick retired in 2019, holding several Somerset batting records. He is currently the lead batting coach for the England Test team. (Full article...)
July 4
The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American independence located in Philadelphia. Originally placed in the steeple of Independence Hall, the Liberty Bell today is located across the street, in the Liberty Bell Center. The bell was commissioned in 1752 by the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly from the London-based firm Lester and Pack, and was cast with the words "Proclaim LIBERTY Throughout all the Land unto all the Inhabitants Thereof". It cracked when rung after its arrival in Philadelphia, and was twice recast by local workmen John Pass and John Stow, whose surnames appear on the bell. It is likely that the Liberty Bell was among the bells in Philadelphia to ring on July 8, 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was first read to the public, although no contemporary account exists. It acquired its distinctive large crack sometime in the first half of the 19th century—a widespread story claims it cracked while ringing after the death of Chief Justice John Marshall in 1835. (Full article...)
July 5
The Lyon class was a set of battleships planned for the French Navy (Marine Nationale) in 1913, with construction scheduled to begin in 1915. The class was to have consisted of four ships, named Lyon, Lille, Duquesne, and Tourville. The first two were named for cities in France, and the latter pair honored the French admirals Abraham Duquesne and Anne Hilarion de Tourville. The Lyon class would have featured superior firepower over the previous Normandie class, utilizing a fourth quadruple-gun turret to mount a total of sixteen 34 cm (13.4 in) guns. The French were aware that the latest British battleships—the Queen Elizabeth class—were to be armed with 38 cm (15 in) guns, but they believed that their 34 cm guns would be effective at the expected battle ranges in the Mediterranean. Construction on the Lyon class was cancelled due to the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, before any of the ships were laid down. (Full article...)
July 6
Destiny's Child was an American girl group formed in Houston, Texas, in 1990. Its final lineup comprised Beyoncé, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. Known for their vocal harmonies, stage performances, and themes of female empowerment, Destiny's Child is regarded as one of the most influential girl groups in popular music. They released five studio albums; their best-sellers include The Writing's on the Wall (1999) and Survivor (2001). In 2001, the group went on hiatus so that each member could work on solo projects, before reuniting to release their final album, Destiny Fulfilled (2005). They garnered the US Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles "Bills, Bills, Bills", "Say My Name", "Independent Women", and "Bootylicious". The group officially disbanded in 2006, but has reunited several times. Destiny's Child is one of the best-selling girl groups, has received many accolades and honors, and has been named one of the greatest musical trios of all time. (Full article...)
July 7
A cardinal-nephew is a cardinal elevated by a pope who is his relative. The practice of creating cardinal-nephews originated in the Middle Ages and reached its apex during the 16th and 17th centuries. It is central to the etymology of the word nepotism, which appeared in the English language circa 1670. A pope without a cardinal-nephew was the exception from the Avignon Papacy until Innocent XII banned the practice with his 1692 anti-nepotism papal bull Romanum decet Pontificem. From 1566 until 1692, a cardinal-nephew held the curial office of Superintendent of the Ecclesiastical State. The curial office as well as the institution of the cardinal-nephew declined as the power of the Cardinal Secretary of State increased and the temporal power of popes decreased in the 17th and 18th centuries. Notable cardinal-nephews include popes such as Julius II, as well as the saints Charles Borromeo and Guarinus of Palestrina. (Full article...)
July 8
Al-Altan (c. 1196 – 1246) was the youngest child and favourite daughter of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, and Börte, his primary wife. Around 1211, she was betrothed to Barchuq Art Tegin, the ruler of the wealthy Uyghur people. After Genghis died in 1227 and Al-Altan's brother Ögedei Khan ascended the throne, it is likely that the Mongol government began to appropriate Uyghur assets for themselves. Al-Altan was present when Ögedei died after an extended drinking binge in 1241; she was rumoured to have poisoned Ögedei in revenge for the appropriation, and she remained under suspicion until the accession of her nephew Güyük Khan five years later. Shortly afterwards, Al-Altan was put on trial and executed by the general Eljigidei; all records of her were heavily censored. The injustice of her death became a major contention during the Toluid Revolution in 1251, during which Eljigidei was executed by Al-Altan's sympathisers in revenge. (Full article...)
July 9
A virus is a pathogen that replicates inside the cells of an organism. They are found in almost every ecosystem on Earth and infect all life forms. Since the discovery of the tobacco mosaic virus in 1898, more than 16,000 of the millions of virus species have been described. When infected, a host cell is often forced to produce thousands of copies of the virus. Outside an infected cell, viruses exist as virions, which consist of genetic material, the capsid that surrounds and protects the genetic material, and sometimes an outside envelope of lipids. Viruses can spread through disease-bearing organisms, airborne transmission, hand-to-mouth contact, ingesting food or water, and other means. Viral infections in animals provoke an immune response that usually eliminates the virus; viruses that evade immune responses result in chronic infections. Immune responses can be produced by vaccines, while antiviral drugs can be used to treat infections. (Full article...)
July 10
Gu Yanwu (1613–1682) was a Chinese historian, philologist, and poet. Born in Qiandun, he pursued advancement in the imperial examination system but failed to achieve the rank of juren. He was a Ming loyalist after the Qing conquest and declined political positions to travel across China. His work Rizhilu is an edited collection of his notes on various topics, mainly statecraft and historiography. He was critical of Neo-Confucianism, Buddhism, Daoism, and the political centralization and reliance on law codes. He advocated for historical study centered on primary sources. Rizhilu and his phonology treatise Yinxue wushu were published during his lifetime; his other surviving works were published by Pan Lei after his death. Gu's thought influenced scholars throughout the Qing period, and 19th-century scholars such as He Shaoji venerated him at a Beijing temple constructed in his honor. Revolutionaries such as Liang Qichao praised his work, stressing his empiricism and resistance to Qing rule. (Full article...)
July 11
Meurig ab Arthfael was a king in south-east Wales in the Early Middle Ages. In the ninth century, the Kingdom of Gwent was divided between Glywysing, which had a higher status, and a smaller Gwent, covering the area which is now Monmouthshire. Historians disagree whether Meurig was king of Glywysing, with authority across south-east Wales, or only of Gwent. The twelfth-century Book of Llandaff records charters in which Meurig granted land to bishops or guaranteed grants by others. Two charters state that he freed all churches from obligations to laymen; in the view of the historian Wendy Davies, he was one of the few kings recorded in the charters who attempted to guarantee ecclesiastical immunity from widespread lawlessness and arbitrary use of power. Historians disagree on when he died. Deaths of kings called Meurig are recorded in 849 and 874; some historians date Meurig ab Arthfael's death definitely to 874, but others think that it is possible that he was the Meurig who died in 849. (Full article...)
July 12
Since 1985, Liverpool Football Club has seen the appointment of Kenny Dalglish as manager, the Hillsborough disaster, and the club's return to European competition. Liverpool won a Premier League and FA Cup double in Dalglish's first season, and won further league titles in 1987–88 and 1989–90. A crush of people at Hillsborough Stadium in April 1989 resulted in 97 deaths (memorial pictured) and led to the end of standing terraces. In 2001, Liverpool won a unique treble of trophies, and a year later finished second to Arsenal, their highest league finish in 11 years. Liverpool won the UEFA Champions League for the fifth time in Rafael Benítez's debut season in 2005, and he guided the club to another FA Cup victory in 2006. Since 2015, Jürgen Klopp has led Liverpool to consecutive Champions League finals; the 2019 win sealed a sixth Champions League title and ended a seven-year trophy drought, followed by a win in the 2019 UEFA Super Cup. (This article is part of a featured topic: Liverpool F.C.)
July 13
The Manufacturers Trust Company Building is a commercial building in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. Opened in 1954, it was the first bank building in the United States to be built in the International Style. It was commissioned by the Manufacturers Trust Company and designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). The façade is made largely of glass panes and aluminum mullions, while the first story includes a bank vault door visible from the street. After its opening, it became one of Manufacturers Trust's busiest branches and a tourist attraction. Manufacturers Trust's successor, Chase Bank, sold the building in 2000 but remained there until 2010. SOM renovated the building in 2012, converting it into a commercial structure, and Reuben Brothers acquired the property in 2023. The building was praised for its exterior design, ceilings, and visible vault door. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission has designated the exterior and interior as official landmarks. (Full article...)
July 14
Maraba coffee is grown in Maraba, an area of southern Rwanda. Maraba's coffee plants are the Bourbon variety of Coffea arabica (plant pictured), grown on volcanic soils on high-altitude hills. About 500,000 smallholder farmers grow the coffee plants under the cooperative Abahuzamugambi, founded in 1999; the cooperative has been supported by the National University of Rwanda and the Partnership for Enhancing Agriculture in Rwanda through Linkages. The fruit is handpicked, mostly during the rainy season between March and May, and brought to a washing station in Maraba, where the coffee beans are extracted and dried. At several stages, the beans are sorted according to quality. The beans are sold to various roasting companies, including Union Coffee Roasters of the United Kingdom, who produce a Fairtrade-certified brand, and Community Coffee of the United States. Rwanda Smallholder Specialty Coffee Company buys from Maraba and sells to the domestic market. Maraba coffee is also brewed into a beer. (Full article...)
July 15
Cognition encompasses mental processes that acquire, store, retrieve, transform, or apply information. It is a pervasive part of mental life, helping individuals understand and interact with the world. Cognition includes perception, which organizes and interprets sensory input; memory, which stores and retrieves information; and thinking, which considers and manipulates ideas. Cognitive processes can be conscious or unconscious, and controlled or automatic. Classical computationalism conceives cognition as symbol-based rule processing, similar to how computers execute algorithms. Connectionism models the mind as a complex network of nodes where information flows as they communicate with each other. Many disciplines examine cognition, including psychology, neuroscience, and cognitive science. Its study originated in antiquity and has gained interdisciplinary prominence during the cognitive revolution in the 1950s. (Full article...)
July 16
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The Holden Commodore (VE) is a full-size car that marked the introduction of the fourth generation of the Holden Commodore, a series of automobiles produced by Australian carmaker Holden. Referred to as Holden's "billion dollar baby", the company invested more than AU$1 billion in developing the car before production began on 13 July 2006; it made its public debut three days later. The VE was Holden's first project designed entirely in Australia; previous generations relied on Opel-sourced platforms. The company produced several body styles of the VE: a sedan, a ute, and a station wagon dubbed the Sportwagon. Variants by Holden's performance vehicle partner, Holden Special Vehicles, were released soon after the sedan's debut. Over the VE's production, Holden also introduced a series of changes, identified by the model year. Often ranked as Australia's annual best-selling car during production, the VE was discontinued in May 2013 and succeeded by the VF. (Full article...)
July 17
A black hole is an astronomical body so compact that its gravity prevents anything, including light, from escaping. Black holes typically form when massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycle. In general relativity, crossing a black hole's event horizon traps an object inside but produces no locally detectable change. Objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape were first considered in the 18th century. In 1916, the first solution of general relativity that would characterise a black hole was found. The presence of a black hole can be inferred through its interaction with matter and electromagnetic radiation. The first widely accepted black hole was Cygnus X-1, identified in 1971. Astronomers have since identified numerous stellar black hole candidates in binary systems and established that Sagittarius A*, a compact radio source at the core of the Milky Way galaxy, is a supermassive black hole of about 4.3 million solar masses. (Full article...)
July 18
Hamilcar's defeat of Spendius and Autaritus took place in 240 BC during the Mercenary War. The precise location of the battle in what is now north-west Tunisia is unknown. A Carthaginian army led by Hamilcar Barca defeated a rebel army led by Spendius and Autaritus. Unable to confront the Carthaginian war elephants and cavalry on open terrain, the rebels stayed on higher and rougher ground and harassed the Carthaginian army, trapping it in a mountain valley. The Carthaginian situation was bleak until the rebel commander Naravas defected, bringing 2,000 cavalry with him, allowing Hamilcar to deploy his army. Spendius chose to engage in a battle but was heavily defeated. Spendius perceived Hamilcar's generous treatment of rebel prisoners as the motivation behind Naravas's defection and had 700 Carthaginian prisoners tortured to death to prevent reoccurrence; the Carthaginians, in turn, killed their prisoners. From this point, neither side showed any mercy; the unusual ferocity caused contemporaries to term it the "Truceless War". (This article is part of a featured topic: Mercenary War.)
July 19
The Halo Graphic Novel is a graphic novel anthology published by Marvel Comics in partnership with Bungie, set in the universe of the science fiction franchise Halo. Released on July 19, 2006, it was the series' first entry into the sequential art medium. Cover art was drawn by artist Phil Hale (pictured). The majority of the book is divided into four short stories by different writers and artists from the computer game and comic industries. Each story focuses on different aspects of the Halo universe, revealing stories that are tangential to the main plot of the game. The book also contains an extensive art gallery compiled of contributions from Bungie, Marvel and independent sources. The Halo Graphic Novel was well-received, with reviewers noting the cohesiveness of the work as a whole, as well as the diversity of the individual material. The success of the novel led to Marvel announcing a new limited comic series, Halo: Uprising, and other future Halo comic books. (Full article...)
July 20
The curlew sandpiper is a small wader. It is a long-distance migrant, breeding in the Siberian Arctic from June to August or September before migrating south to winter on the coasts of southern Afro-Eurasia. Adults have two main plumages: the non-breeding plumage shows brown-greyish upperparts and white underparts, while the breeding plumage is much more striking, with the entire front tinted a deep rusty colour, more intensely so in males. The curlew sandpiper's courtship behaviour is complex and involves several distinct displays. The female almost always lays one clutch of eggs, usually around the end of June; the eggs hatch after 20 days, and the chicks, relatively mature and mobile at birth, fully fledge at 14–20 days. The curlew sandpiper's breeding success is linked to lemming populations: in years when lemmings are abundant, predators hunt them instead. It is omnivorous, foraging in wetlands in large flocks for various invertebrates, including crabs and insects. (Full article...)
July 21
Lope Martín (marooned 21 July 1566) was an Afro-Portuguese maritime pilot. Martín was a free mulatto from Lagos, Portugal, who became a licensed pilot in Spain. He was contracted for Miguel López de Legazpi's expedition from Mexico to the Philippines and was the pilot of a patache called the San Lucas. Martín and the San Lucas separated from the rest of the fleet and sailed through the Marshall Islands and the Caroline Islands before arriving at the Philippines. Without the rest of the fleet, Martín then embarked upon the return voyage from Asia to the Americas and arrived in Mexico. The Real Audiencia of Mexico ordered him to return to the Philippines and appear before Legazpi, who was expected to execute him for having deserted the rest of his fleet. Martín's ship, the San Jerónimo, departed Mexico and Martín led mutinies and took command of the ship. He anchored the San Jerónimo at Ujelang Atoll (pictured) in July 1566, where Martín and 26 other men were left behind and never seen again. (Full article...)
July 22
Ludwig Ross (22 July 1806 – 6 August 1859) was a German classical archaeologist. He is chiefly remembered for the rediscovery and reconstruction of the Temple of Athena Nike in 1835–1836, and for his other excavation and conservation work on the Acropolis of Athens. He was also an important figure in the early years of archaeology in the independent Kingdom of Greece, serving as Ephor General of Antiquities between 1834 and 1836. He was appointed as the first professor of archaeology at the University of Athens, where he educated the first generation of natively trained Greek archaeologists, including Panagiotis Efstratiadis. He lost his post as a result of the 3 September 1843 Revolution, which removed most non-Greeks from public service in the country. He spent his final years as a professor in Halle, where he argued unsuccessfully against the reconstruction of the Indo-European language family, believing the Latin language to be a direct descendant of Ancient Greek. (Full article...)
July 23
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The Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE) was a series of uprisings by Jewish diaspora communities across the eastern Roman Empire during the reign of Emperor Trajan. The uprisings erupted nearly simultaneously in Egypt, Cyrenaica, Cyprus, amid tensions following the destruction of the Jerusalem Temple, the imposition of the Fiscus Judaicus tax, messianic expectations, hopes for a return to Judaea and Trajan's engagement with the Parthian campaign in Mesopotamia. Roman forces under generals Marcius Turbo and Lusius Quietus suppressed the revolts. The conflict resulted in the destruction of Jewish communities in multiple regions. Damage to temples, structures and roads is well attested in Cyrene and its surroundings. A festival celebrating victory was still observed eighty years later in Oxyrhynchus. Jewish communities reestablished themselves in the affected provinces in late antiquity, but never regained their former prominence. (Full article...)
July 24
Bleed American is the fourth studio album by Jimmy Eat World (pictured), released on July 24, 2001. The album was re-released as Jimmy Eat World following the September 11 attacks; in 2008 it was re-released as its original title. Following the commercial failure of Clarity, the band was dropped by their label. They raised money for the album by touring and working odd jobs. The musical style was more direct and accessible than its predecessor, with simpler chord structures. The album's lead single, "Bleed American", was released to radio on June 5, 2001. Each of the album's singles entered the top twenty of at least one US chart: the most successful was "The Middle", which reached number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. In August 2002, Bleed American was certified platinum; as of September 2016, the album has sold over 1.6 million copies in the US. Bleed American was well-received by critics and appeared on several publications' best-of-the-year album lists and all-time lists. (Full article...)
July 25
Las Meninas is a 1656 painting by Diego Velázquez. The painting depicts Infanta Margaret Theresa surrounded by her entourage. Behind them, Velázquez portrays himself working at a large canvas and a mirror in the background reflects the upper bodies of the king and queen. The Italian Baroque painter Luca Giordano described Las Meninas as the "theology of painting", and in 1827 Thomas Lawrence called the work "the true philosophy of the art". The painting has since become a focal point for scholarly debates about representation, spectatorship, and the social status of the artist. Michel Foucault opened The Order of Things with an extended analysis of its treatment of classical representation; Svetlana Alpers read it as Velázquez's claim for painting as a liberal art; and Leo Steinberg and Joel Snyder have offered competing accounts of its spatial logic and the function of the mirror on the back wall. (Full article...)
July 26
The Nile is a major river in northeast Africa which empties into the Mediterranean Sea. At 7,088 kilometers (4,404 mi) long, it is the longest river in the world, although the volume of water it carries is much smaller than other major rivers. The Nile has two major tributaries: the White Nile and the Blue Nile. Geologically, the Nile is a young river and has followed its present course for only 15,000 years. The Nile was the foundation of the Ancient Egyptian civilization, which relied on the river for nearly every aspect of life. Many Europeans were fascinated by the Nile, and their explorations around Lake Victoria in the late 19th century located the source of the river. The Nile plays a critical role in the economies of Egypt and Sudan, which rely on it for irrigation. Over a dozen dams have been built in the Nile Basin, altering the river's annual flood cycle and restricting the transport of silt downstream to the Nile Delta. (Full article...)
July 27
Carlisle & Finch is a manufacturer of nautical equipment in Cincinnati, United States. For most of its history, the company has focused on searchlights, especially for marine applications; variants of this design have also been used for navigation beacons by airports and lighthouses. The company is considered the first in the US to produce electric toy trains (example pictured), introducing innovations such as using the rails to conduct electrical power to the cars. They were the first to manufacture and market trains in volume, which they did for about the first 20 years of operation. Other early products included electric generators; the earliest small models were intended to power train sets, but they later produced larger units. Gasoline engines for marine use were made under the Clifton Motor Works brand. They also produced electric-powered appliances such as clothes dryers. Since the start of World War I, Carlisle & Finch has concentrated on high-power lighting. (Full article...)
July 28
The Silent Parade was a protest march in New York City on July 28, 1917. The goal was to draw attention to the racial violence and entrenched systemic discrimination endured by African Americans. The march was precipitated by racially motivated attacks in 1916 and 1917, including the East St. Louis massacre and lynchings in Waco and Memphis. The parade was organized by a coalition of African American groups, led by the recently formed NAACP. Starting at 57th Street, the parade route proceeded down Fifth Avenue, ending at Madison Square. It was a silent procession, with an estimated 8,000 to 15,000 African American participants marching in protest, accompanied by a muffled drumbeat. Organizers hoped the parade would prompt the federal government to enact anti-lynching legislation, but President Woodrow Wilson did not act on their demands. Lynchings persisted in the United States into the 1960s. (Full article...)
July 29
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is a large cat and a member of the genus Panthera native to Asia. It is recognisable by its black, vertical stripes on orange fur. It is traditionally classified into nine subspecies, though some recognise only two subspecies. Tigers currently inhabit the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and the Russian Far East/Northeast China. They mainly live in forested habitats, where they led a mostly solitary life. They are apex predators and prey mainly on hooved mammals. A male tiger mates with the multiple females within his home range. Females give birth to usually two or three cubs that stay with their mother for about two years. Tigers are considered to be endangered with their main threats being habitat destruction and poaching for fur and body parts. They are legally protected in all range countries. The tiger is among the most popular of the world's charismatic megafauna and is featured in the ancient cultures of Asia and modern culture worldwide. (Full article...)
July 30
Sam & Max: Freelance Police was a graphic adventure video game developed by LucasArts from 2002 until its cancellation in 2004. Freelance Police was intended for release for Windows in early 2004 as a sequel to Sam & Max Hit the Road. The game was based on the characters Sam & Max: an anthropomorphic dog and hyperkinetic rabbit who debuted in a 1987 comic book series. It was designed as a point and click adventure game and used a 3D game engine. The game's development was led by Michael Stemmle (pictured) while Steve Purcell assisted in developing its plot and providing artistic direction. LucasArts canceled production in March 2004, citing economic and market conditions; its cancellation was received poorly by fans of the series and the video game industry media. Journalists viewed this move as a culmination of the decline of the adventure game genre. LucasArts later terminated its adventure game development, and many of the Freelance Police design team left to create Telltale Games. (Full article...)
July 31
William Hardham (31 July 1876 – 13 April 1928) was a New Zealand soldier. Born in Wellington, Hardham volunteered to serve with the New Zealand Military Forces in the Second Boer War. Posted to the 4th Contingent in 1900, he served in South Africa and was awarded the Victoria Cross for the rescue of a wounded soldier while under fire. When the First World War began, he joined the New Zealand Expeditionary Force (NZEF) and was posted to the Wellington Mounted Rifles (WMR) to serve overseas as a captain. Wounded during the Gallipoli campaign, he was repatriated to New Zealand. On recovery he was made commandant of Queen Mary Hospital in Hanmer Springs. He rejoined the WMR, then in Palestine, in late 1917 and reached the rank of major by the end of the war in 1918. Returning to civilian life after his discharge from the NZEF, he worked for a newspaper and later the Public Works Department as well as being involved in veterans' affairs. He died in 1928 at the age of 51. (Full article...)