Wilanów Królwski

The name Wilanów Królewski translates directly from Polish as Royal Wilanów, referring to the Wilanów Palace, a Baroque residence, built in 1696 for John III Sobieski, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania. The name Wilanów itself was coined in the 16th century, as a Polonised borrowing of a Latin name Villa Nova, meaning "new village", which was used to refer to one of the residences in the area.^[1][2][3] Previously, the settlement was known as Milanów and Milanowo, with records of the name dating to the 13th century.^[4]

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The oldest known records of the settlement of Milanów (also known as Milanowo), located in the northern portion of the modern Wilanów district, date back to the 13th century. At the time, the settlement was owned by the Benedictine abbey in Płock, which founded there the Roman Catholic Parish of Saint Nicholas. In the 14th century, it founded a constitution of a wooden temple, named the St. Leonard Church.^[5][4][6] In 1338, the village became the property of duke Trojden I, the ruler of the Duchy of Czersk. In the second half of the 14th century, the village was given to knight Stanisław of Strzelczyków, for his service to the duke. He belonged to the heraldic clan of Jastrzębiec, and adopted the surname Milanowski.^[4][7] In the second half of the 15th century, the parish was named after both Saint Nicolas and Saint Anne, who, according to the Christian tradition, was the mother of Mary of Nazareth, and maternal grandmother of Jesus Christ. By the end of the century, it also included the nearby settlements of Kępa Zawadowska, Okrzeszyn, Narty, Powsinek, and Zawady. In the 16th century, the church was replaced by a new Gothic wooden building, and a bell tower, after the previous burned down.^[4][8] In the 17th century Milanów was sold to nobleman and politician Bogusław Leszczyński.^[4] The settlement was also renamed to Wilanów, after a local residence known as Villa Nova, meaning "new village" in Latin.^[1][2] After the death of Leszczyński, Wilanów changed its ownership numerous times.^[4]

In 1677, John III Sobieski, the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania, decided to turn Wilanów into his residence. However, as per law, the ruling monarch was not allow to purchase land, he acquired it via his friend, politician Marek Matczyński.^[4][3] Between 1681 and 1696, the Wilanów Palace was constructed as a royal residence, in place of a former manor house. It was designed by Augustyn Wincenty Locci in the Baroque style, and featured a large garden complex, now known as the Wilanów Garden. During this time, the church was moved from the garden grounds to a new wooden building at the foregrounds of the palace.^[3] Following Sobieski's death, the estate were inherited by his sons, Aleksander Benedykt Sobieski and Konstanty Władysław Sobieski, and sold in 1720 to noblewoman and landowner Elżbieta Helena Sieniawska.^[9][10] The palace was expanded with west and east wings between 1723 and 1729, with a project designed by Giovanni Spazzio.^[3][11] In 1729, it was inherited by Maria Zofia Czartoryska, who leased it to king Augustus II the Strong.^[12][13] In 1782, the estate was inherited by Elżbieta Izabela Lubomirska, who added new structures to the palace yard, and expanded its collection of art. Adter her death, the ownership passed down to Stanisław Kostka Potocki.^[3] In 1892, the estate was inherited by Ksawery Branicki, and remained in the possesion of his family until 1945, when the palace complex, and surrounding it landed estate were nationalised by the Polish government. Its last owner was Adam Branicki.^[3][14]

Between 1772 and 1775, the wooden church next to the palace was replaced by a new brick building, known as the St. Anne Church. It was designed by Jan Kotelnicki, and funded by August Aleksander Czartoryski, a nobleman, politician, military officer and owner of the estate.^[15] A cemetery was also developed next to the it.^[16]

In the 17th century, most likely in 1681, the Sadurka stream was redirected to the area of Wilanów, ending in the Wilanów Lake. Its path was designed by Augustyn Wincenty Locci, to feed the water network of the palace complex and surrounding it ponds. Currently, the Służewiec Stream flows in its place. In the late 17th- or the early 18th century, the Sobieski Canal was dug out, connecting the Wilanów Lake with Wilanówka river.^[17]

At the beginning of the 19th century a park complex, known as Morysin, was developed in the nothern half of the Island Woods, a small riparian forest, surrounded by the Wilanów Lake, Sobieski Canal, and Wilanówka River. It was founded by landowner Aleksandra Potocka, and named after her grandson, Maurycy Eustachy Potocki, known diminutively as Moryś. Previously, until the 18th century, the forest was used as the royal hunting grounds.^[18][19] The park complex included a neoclassical palace residence, designed by Chrystian Piotr Aigner, and built in 1811, which ruins survive to the present day. In 1846, a brick Gothic Revival gate and tower was built, at the end of a road leading from Morysin to the Wilanów Palace.^[20][21]

In 1805, Stanisław Kostka Potocki founded a museum, hosted in a portion of the Wilanów Palace, now known as the King John III Museum in Wilanów. It was dedicated to the collection of European and Middle Eastern art displayed at the palace, as well as the biography of king John III Sobieski, and the history of the Polish nation. It was the second public museum opened in Poland.^[22] In 1836, a Gothic Revival mausoleum was also built next to the palace, as a symbolic grave of Stanisław Kostka Potocki and Aleksandra Potocka. It was designed by Enrico Marconi.^[23]

In 1816, a new commentary was founded to the northwest of the St. Anne Church, at the current intersection of Przyczółkowska Street and Wilanowska Avenue. A mausoleum chapel, designed by Chrystian Piotr Aigner, was built in its centre between 1823 and 1826.^[24][25] The cemetery was later expanded in around 1860, 1888, and at the turn of the 21st century.^[25] It was used as a burial ground for Polish soldiers fallen in the January Uprising between 1863 and 1864, the invasion of Poland in 1939, and the Warsaw Uprising in 1944.^[26]

Following the abolition of serfdom in 1864, Wilanów became seat of the the eponymous municipality, which also included the surrounding settlements.^[27]

The St. Anne Church was rebuilt and expanded between 1857 and 1870 in the Renaissance Revival style. The new building was designed by Enrico Marconi, in cooperation with Leonard Marconi and Jan Huss, and commissioned by Aleksandra Potocka and August Potocki, the owners of the Wilanów Estate.^[28][29]

In 1892, the Warszawa Wilanów railway station (originally simply known as Wilanów), was opened at 31 Potockiego Street, as part of the Wilanów Railway, with narrow-gauge tracks.^[30] Originally using horse-drawn cars, it switched to steam locomotives in 1986. Both the station and the railway line were closed down in 1971.^[31] From 1979 to 2016, its former building was used as a post office.^[31][32]

In October 1941, while the area was under the German occupation during the Second World War, a labour camp was opened near Morysin, for the Soviet prisoners of war, captured during the Operation Barbarossa. It operated as a branch of the camp in Beniaminów. Upon its opening, it had around 450 inmates, of which, by the time of its liberation in December 1944, only around 60 survived.^[33]

On 15 May 1951, Wilanów, together with its eponymous municipality, was incorporated into the city of Warsaw.^[34][35]

Following the nationalisation of the palace complex by the government, it was renovated between 1954 and 1962. Upon its completion, it was opened as the King John III Museum in Wilanów (until 2013 known as the Wilanów Palace Museum). It originally operated as a branch of the Warsaw National Museum, and became an independent institution in 1995.^[36] In 1968, the Poster Museum was opened at 10 and 16 Potockiego Street, as a branch of the Warsaw National Museum. It became the first museum in the world, dedicated to the history of the poster design. Its building incorporated the frontal façade of the former riding hall of the palace complex, originally designed by Francesco Maria Lanci, and built in 1848.^[37][38]

In 1957, a tram line was built connecting Wilanów and Mokotów, and crossing through Powsińska and Wiertnicza Steet.^[39] It was deconstructed in 1973, due to the development of the Vistula Way, a major arterial road of the city, on its north-south axis, which was opened in 1974.^[40][41][42]

In 1994, the Wilanów Palace and Morysin received the status of a historic monument of Poland.^[43] In 1996, Morysin was also granted the status of a nature reserve.^[44] In 2012, the Wilanów Palace and Morysin were included in the Wilanów Culture Park, a historic preservation area within the districts of Wilanów and Ursynów.^[45]

In 1998, the St. Anne Church was elevated to the status to the collegiate church, as the seat of the chapter of the deanery of Wilanów, known as the Divine Providence Chapter.^[8][16][46] In 2018, its seat was moved to the nearby Temple of Divine Providence in Wilanów Town.^[47]

On 26 September 2006, the Wilanów district was subdivided into eight City Information System areas, with Wilanów Królewski becoming one of them.^[48]