Darbhanga
City in Bihar, India
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Darbhanga (pronounced [/d̪əɾ.bʱəŋ.ɡɑː/]), is one of the largest city and municipal corporation in the Indian state of Bihar in India, and is considered an important city in North Bihar. It serves as the headquarters of the Darbhanga district and the Darbhanga division. Darbhanga is also referred to as the gateway to Bengal, because it is held that the name Darbhanga has been derived from Dwār Banga or Dari – Banga, meaning the 'door of Bengal'.[7]
Darbhanga
Dorbhanga | |
|---|---|
City | |
| Nicknames: Cultural Capital of Bihar, Heart of Mithila | |
 Interactive map of Darbhanga | |
| Coordinates: 26.17°N 85.9°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State |  Bihar |
| Region | Mithila[1] |
| District | Darbhanga |
| Established | 01 January 1875 |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Darbhanga Municipal Corporation |
| • Mayor | Smt. Anjum Ara |
| • Municipal Commissioner | Shri Kumar Gaurav (IAS) |
| • SP City | Shri Sagar Kumar (IPS) |
| • Member of Parliament | Gopal Jee Thakur (BJP) |
| • MLA | Sanjay Saraogi (BJP) |
| Area | |
• Total | 39.83 km2 (15.38 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 52 m (171 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 296,039 |
| Demonym | Darbhangiya |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Hindi[3] |
| • Additional official | English[4] |
| • Regional | Maithili |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | |
| Telephone code | 06272 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-BR |
| Vehicle registration | BR-07 |
| Sex ratio | 1000:910 ♂/♀ |
| Railway Station | Darbhanga Junction |
| Airport | Darbhanga Airport |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Darbhanga |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Darbhanga, Darbhanga Rural, Bahadurpur, Keoti, Jale, Kusheshwar Asthan, Gaura Bauram, Benipur, Alinagar, Hayaghat |
| Website | darbhanga |
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Darbhanga was the seat of the erstwhile Khandwala zamidaar dynasty under the Mughals and British India. It is considered an important medical centre of North Bihar as it is the location of the Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital, and the second AIIMS of Bihar i.e. AIIMS Darbhanga is to be constructed here.[8][9][10][11] Darbhanga is the second city in the state of Bihar, where Software Technology Park of India (STPI) has been established.[12] Similarly by the end of year 2029, it is expected that the city will be equipped with modern infrastructure of metro railway services called as Darbhanga Metro having 18.8 kilometres long metro line with 18 metro stations on it.[13][14] On 29 October 2025, the union home minister Amit Shah announced to build a grand Mithila Cultural Museum in the city to preserve the cultural heritage of the Mithila region.[15]
Darbhanga is one of the oldest cities in India. Musical, folk art, and literary traditions in Maithili, Sanskrit, Urdu, and Hindi have been passed down through generations in Darbhanga and constitute the city's strong cultural background. It is popularly known as the "Cultural Capital of Bihar" and the "Heart of Mithila", a significant district in the Mithila region of India.[16]
History
The city was the capital of the Darbhanga Raj, an estate established in the 16th century, containing the Anandbagh Palace. It was constituted as a municipality in 1864. Darbhanga is home to the Kameshwara Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University (established 1961), which is located on the grounds of the palace, and the Lalit Narayan Mithila University (established 1972). Darbhanga has a museum housing archaeological materials, as well as historical and handicrafts exhibits.
Darbhanga has been a centre for music since the late 18th century and has produced multiple well-known dhrupad (an ancient form of Indian classical music) musicians. A major rail and road junction, Darbhanga trades in agricultural produce, mangoes, and fish. In addition to food processing, the city has a light manufacturing industry.
Darbhanga is situated on a vast alluvial plain, with low-lying areas containing marshes and lakes. Grains, oilseeds, tobacco, sugarcane, and mangoes are important crops in the region.[17]
Under the British Raj, Darbhanga was a part of Sarkar Tirhut until 1875, when it was constituted into a separate district. Its subdivisions had been constituted earlier – Darbhanga Sadar in 1845, Madhubani in 1866, and Samastipur (then known as Tajpur) in 1867. The city of Darbhanga is said to have been founded by one Darbhangi Khan, about whom practically nothing is known. It is also held that the name Darbhanga is derived from Dwar Banga or Dar-e-Banga, meaning the 'door of Bengal'. This etymology does not appear to be accurate as the division between Bengal and Bihar has always been held to be further to the east. Nonetheless, the region has a linguistic and cultural affinity with Bengal.[18]
Excavation at Balirajgarh revealed brick fortifications dating back to the 2nd century BC.[19]
Geography
Darbhanga is located in the northern part of Bihar. It lies between 25.53 degrees - 26.27 degrees N and 85.45 degrees - 86.25 degrees E at an average elevation of 171 feet (52 m). Darbhanga district covers an area of 2,279 km2. Darbhanga is bounded by Madhubani district in the north, Samastipur district in the south, Saharsa district in the east, Sitamarhi district, Muzaffarpur district in the west and Khagaria district in south-east. Being located in Mithilanchal, Darbhanga district has a vast fertile alluvial plain devoid of any hills. It has a gentle slope from north to south direction having a depression in the centre. Darbhanga experiences a humid subtropical climate. It experiences three main seasons which are winter, summer, and rainy seasons. May is the hottest month when the temperature reaches up to 43 °C. Darbhanga district receives an average of 1142.3 mm rainfall and almost 92% of the annual rainfall is received during monsoon.
Climate
Darbhanga has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cwa).
| Climate data for Darbhanga (1991–2020, extremes 1901–2020) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) |
34.1 (93.4) |
40.6 (105.1) |
43.9 (111.0) |
44.1 (111.4) |
43.6 (110.5) |
39.3 (102.7) |
38.6 (101.5) |
38.6 (101.5) |
39.4 (102.9) |
34.6 (94.3) |
31.1 (88.0) |
44.1 (111.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23.5 (74.3) |
26.4 (79.5) |
30.7 (87.3) |
36.3 (97.3) |
37.6 (99.7) |
35.7 (96.3) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
33.1 (91.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
30.3 (86.5) |
26.1 (79.0) |
31.7 (89.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.4 (56.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.3 (68.5) |
22.7 (72.9) |
23.5 (74.3) |
22.8 (73.0) |
21.3 (70.3) |
18.9 (66.0) |
13.1 (55.6) |
8.2 (46.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
9.4 (48.9) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.0 (51.8) |
13.5 (56.3) |
14.0 (57.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
7.2 (45.0) |
2.6 (36.7) |
0.0 (32.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 12.0 (0.47) |
12.5 (0.49) |
10.2 (0.40) |
25.2 (0.99) |
45.2 (1.78) |
164.6 (6.48) |
280.7 (11.05) |
247.5 (9.74) |
197.4 (7.77) |
25.4 (1.00) |
2.5 (0.10) |
3.3 (0.13) |
1,026.5 (40.41) |
| Average rainy days | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 6.8 | 11.0 | 10.4 | 8.7 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 45.3 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 63 | 49 | 56 | 60 | 70 | 78 | 79 | 79 | 73 | 66 | 67 | 67 |
| Source 1: India Meteorological Department[20][21] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (humidity 1971–1990)[22] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
The 2011 Census of India recorded Darbhanga as an Urban agglomeration with a population of 296,039 while the surrounding district has 3 million people.[24] It is the 5th largest city in Bihar in terms of the urban population.[25] The city has 196,573 males (52.6%) and 183,552 females (47.4%). Darbhanga has an average literacy rate of 79.40%, with male literacy at 85.08% and female literacy at 73.08%.[26] However, as per the document published on 6 March 2021 by the office of District Magistrate Darbhanga, the urban population of Darbhanga stands 380,125.[25]
Languages
Economy and agriculture
The economy of Darbhanga is primarily agrarian, supported by trade in local produce and an expanding food processing sector.[28] The district serves as a major hub for the cultivation of Makhana (fox nut), mangoes, and fish, which are traditionally referred to as the three core cultural identities of the Mithila region ("Paan, Maachh, aa Makhaan").[29][30]
Agriculture and local produce
- Makhana (Fox nut): Darbhanga is a premier global production center for Euryale ferox (Makhana). Under the central government's PMFME scheme, Makhana has been designated as the district's One District One Product (ODOP).[31] The wetland region of Mithila contributes up to 80–90% of global fox nut supplies.[32] In 2022, the local variety harvested across the district, "Mithila Makhana," was awarded a Geographical Indication (GI) tag by the Government of India.[33] The city also houses the ICAR-National Research Centre for Makhana, dedicated to the crop's ecological research and conservation.[34]
- Mango: The district is historically recognized for its vast mango orchards, particularly varieties like the Dudhiya Malda, praised for its distinct sweetness, minimal fiber, and thin skin.[28] Groves of fruit-bearing trees, including jackfruit and tamarind, are common adjacent to rural settlements.[28]
- Fish: Commercial and captive fisheries form a crucial pillar of the regional economy, utilizing the district's abundant perennial water bodies, including ponds (pokhairs) and low-lying marshy depressions (chaurs).[34] Cultural and dietary reliance on fish farming has prompted expanded cultivation of local sweet-water species like Rohu, Katla, and Naini, alongside government deployment of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY) to increase aquaculture productivity.
- Staple Crops: The fertile alluvial terrain also supports large-scale farming of food grains, including paddy (rice), wheat, and maize, along with oilseeds and sugarcane.[30]
Industry and trade
Darbhanga serves as a principal agricultural commercial market in North Bihar.[28] Industrial development is highly tied to the primary sector, focusing on agro-processing mills that handle the popping, sorting, and wholesale packaging of Makhana for both domestic markets and international exports.[34] The livestock sector is structured by the Mithila Milk Producer Cooperative Union Limited, which coordinates local dairy production and supply chains across the division.[30] Other secondary economic sectors include urban retail, public transport infrastructure, and light consumer manufacturing.[28] Madhubani Art also contribute a major part in the economy of Darbhanga and generate huge empowerment. Asha Jha and Uma Chandan has employed more than 300 women artistans in Darbhanga with their organisation Madhubani Paints.[35]
Transport
Railways
Darbhanga Junction lies on the East Central Railway. It is connected directly to all the major cities of India. Laheriasarai Railway Station is the second major station of Darbhanga and works as an important railway station for people living in south Darbhanga.
There are daily and weekly trains available for New Delhi, Patna Junction, Secunderabad, Kolkata, Varanasi, Ahmedabad, Lokmanya Tilak Terminus, Howrah, Amritsar, Pune and other major cities.
Darbhanga Airport
Darbhanga also has its own commercial airport which is connected with all the major cities of India.
Darbhanga Airport (IATA: DBR, ICAO: VE89) is a civil enclave at the Darbhanga Air Force Station of the Indian Air Force, 6 kilometres from Darbhanga City near the 
NH 527B and 
NH 27 East-West Corridor Expressway which passes through Darbhanga. NH 27 provides road connectivity from Darbhanga towards major urban and commercial centres of northern Bihar, including Muzaffarpur, Mehsi, and other parts of the region. The civil enclave is operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). The foundation stone for the project was laid by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar and then Civil Aviation Minister Suresh Prabhu in the presence of state Civil Aviation Minister Jayant Sinha on 24 December 2018. After efforts taken by the MP of Darbhanga, Gopal Jee Thakur,[36][37] and the then Civil Aviation Minister, Hardeep Singh Puri. Commercial flights started on 8 November 2020.[38]
Education
Notable educational institutions include:
Medical colleges
University
Engineering and technology colleges
- Darbhanga College of Engineering
- Women's Institute of Technology
- Government Polytechnic, Darbhanga
- Software Technology Park(STPI), Darbhanga
Colleges
Schools
Tourism
Darbhanga has various tourist attractions and is among the oldest cities of Bihar.
Tourist attractions include:
Notable people
- Imtiaz Ali, Bollywood director
- Kirti Azad, former MP and cricketer
- Ram Gopal Bajaj, Indian actor and academic
- Narayan Das, politician
- Veena Devi, politician and member of the 17th Lok Sabha
- Betty von Fürer-Haimendorf, ethnologist
- Gaṅgeśa (Gangesha Upadhyaya), mathematician and philosopher
- Dharmshila Gupta, Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha
- Binodanand Jha, former MP
- Gonu Jha Pratyutpannamati
- Dr. Murari Mohan Jha, MLA from Keoti Vidhan Sabha Assembly Constituency
- Parmanand Jha, first vice president of Nepal
- Prabhat Jha, politician
- Bhawana Kanth, first female fighter pilot of India
- Yamuna Karjee, Indian independence activist
- Gul Mohammad Khan, Bangladeshi musician
- Jyoti Kumari, Sirhulli, cyclist and Bal Puraskar recipient 2021[39]
- Ram Chatur Mallick, musician
- Sultan Ahmed Mirza former MLA
- Ramnandan Mishra, Indian nationalist who fought for India's freedom from British rule
- Sanjay Mishra, Bollywood actor
- Nagarjun, poet, writer, essayist, and novelist
- Preyansh, karate
- Ishtiaque Ahmad Qasmi Indian Islamic scholar, mufti and writer
- Tochi Raina, singer, composer, and philosopher
- Tariq-ur-Rehman, cricketer
- Ritviz, electronic singer
- Sanjay Saraogi, MLA
- Nigamananda Saraswati, Hindu monk
- Abdul Bari Siddiqui, MLA
- Kameshwar Singh, Maharaja
- Kamasundari Devi, last Maharani of Raj Darbhanga
- Lakshmeshwar Singh Maharaja
- Rameshwar Singh Maharaja
- Badri Narain Sinha, IPS
- Satya Narayan Sinha, politician
- Surendra Jha 'Suman', poet, freedom fighter, politician, essayist, literary critic, journalist, publisher and academician
- Aishwarya Sushmita, model and actress
- Gopal Jee Thakur, BJP leader and Current Member of Parliament from Darbhanga.[40]
- H. C. Verma, physicist
- Manas Bihari Verma, Padam Shri decorated Aeronautical scientist, LCA Tejas[41]
- M J Warsi, linguist
- Ashok Kumar Yadav, MP from Madhubani Lok Sabha constituency
- Hukmdev Narayan Yadav, former MP
