Yugoslav counter-offensive in Kosovo (1998)
Yugoslavian military action in 1998
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The Yugoslav Army and Serbian Police launched a major counter-offensive against the Kosovo Liberation Army in mid July, 1998.[17] The offensive was backed by artillery, tanks and air support.[18][17] The offensive had the goal of driving the KLA away from the positions it gained during the summer offensive. The Yugoslav offensive began with an attack on Orahovac and the recapture of the town by Yugoslav forces,[18] which continued until 4 October.[19] Ten days later, on October 14, the American diplomat Richard Holbrooke and Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević signed a ceasefire agreement which resulted in the temporary withdrawal of Yugoslav forces from Kosovo.[20][21]
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 1199[3]
- Ceasefire established in mid-October
- Start of the Kosovo Verification Mission and Operation Eagle Eye
- KLA is almost destroyed
- Most of the KLA is expelled from Kosovo[4]
- Yugoslav forces regain control over several dozen of villages, Drenica, and many key KLA strongholds[5]
- Establishment of Yugoslav control over whole Kosovo[6]
changes Yugoslavia recaptured most of Kosovo[7][5][8]
| Yugoslav offensive in Kosovo | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Kosovo War | |||||||||
Map of Kosovo | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
.svg){kind=small} FR Yugoslavia |
 Kosovo Liberation Army | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Slobodan Milosević Vladimir Lazarević Nebojša Pavković Vlastimir Đorđević Franko Simatović Goran Radosavljević Milorad Ulemek Sreten Lukić Goran Ostojić †[9] |
Fatmir Limaj Gani Krasniqi Hisni Kiljaj[5] Ramush Haradinaj Agim Ramadani Ekrem Rexha Naim Maloku Fehmi Lladrovci † Samidin Xhezairi-Hoxha (WIA) Bekim Berisha † Agim Shala † Ismet Jashari † Selajdin Berisha † Bedri Shala † Elton Zherka † Përmet Vula † Alija Rabić † Abu Ismaili[10] | ||||||||
| Units involved | |||||||||
Yugoslav Army.svg){kind=small} Serbian police.png){kind=small} MUP Special Police Units Special Operations Unit SAJ Special Forces Russian volunteers Air Force of Serbia and Montenegro[11] |
114th Brigade 112th Brigade 125th Brigade 138th Brigade 121st Brigade Mujahideen contingents[12][13][14] | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
|
25,000–40,000 volunteers[7] 15,000 MUP members 12,000 soldiers[7] 52,000–67,000 in total |
25,000 militants[15] 50–210 Mujahideen members[10] | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
|
27 killed[16] |
367–500+ killed Hundreds killed (Per Logos) | ||||||||
|
At least 2,000 total killed 100,000–300,000 Kosovo Albanians displaced | |||||||||
Prelude
In 1996, the Kosovo Liberation Army began attacking the Yugoslav Army and the Serbian Police in Kosovo. Their goal was to either separate the province from the rest of Yugoslavia or to make it part of Albania. In the beginning, the KLA started with hit-and-run attacks.[22] The group quickly gained popularity among young Kosovo Albanians, many of whom favoured a more aggressive approach and rejected the non-violent resistance of Kosovo president Ibrahim Rugova.[23] The organization received a significant boost in 1997, when a civil war in neighbouring Albania led to thousands of weapons being looted from depots of the Albanian Armed Forces. Many of these weapons ended up in the hands of the KLA.[24] The KLA also received substantial funds from its involvement in drug trades.[25][26] After the VJ and MUP attacked the compound of KLA leader Adem Jashari in March 1998, the popularity of KLA skyrocketed. The attack motivated thousands of Kosovo Albanians to join the KLA, starting the Albanian uprising that eventually erupted in the spring of 1998.[27] In the summer of 1998 the KLA launched a large scale offensive against Yugoslav forces with the goal of capturing territories in Kosovo and expanding their control.[28] The KLA managed to capture somewhere around 40% of Kosovo[29][30] which triggered a Yugoslav offensive in mid July.[31] By late summer 1998, the United States had increasingly distanced itself from Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević and signaled political support for the KLA amid growing international concern over the humanitarian situation in Kosovo.[32]
July–August
The Kosovo Liberation Army mounted a full scale assault on the town of Orahovac and the surrounding villages on 17 July, which resulted in the KLA capturing the town.[33][34] Around the same time, 1,000 KLA soldiers attempted to cross the border, but were ambushed.[35][36] The fighting ended with 22 casualties on the KLA side, 18 of them being mujahideen, and only 200 militants were able to cross the border, with several others retreating to Albania.[36] After 3 days of intense fighting, Orahovac was retaken by the Yugoslav forces.[37][38] Around 25 KLA militants were killed during the battle per KLA sources.[39]
On 25 July, Yugoslav forces launched an offensive to retake the village of Lapušnik, and to open up the Priština-Peć motorway.[40] By 27 July, Lapušnik was under Yugoslav control, opening up the Priština-Peć motorway.[40][41] Around the same time, seven or eight KLA militants were killed while attempting to leave Junik and cross the border.[42][43] Later on, Yugoslav authorities launched a six-day military offensive on July 28. The offensive had the goal of capturing key portions of Kosovo from the KLA.[44][45] On 28 July, Yugoslav forces surrounded the town of Junik, trapping 1,000[46] to 1,500[47] militants within the town. Goran Ostojić, the chief of staff of the 63rd Parachute Brigade was killed in the operation.[48] 28-29 July, Yugoslav forces under the command of Slobodan Milošević launched an offensive with the goal of retaking the town of Mališevo, which was an important KLA stronghold at the time.[33][49][50][51] The KLA suffered 110 casualties[52][53] and 10,000 Kosovo Albanians fled the town.[54]
On 10 August, Yugoslav forces began an operation to retake the village of Lođa in western Kosovo, near Peć. On 16 August, the last KLA stronghold, the town of Junik was captured by Yugoslav forces, forcing the remaining KLA soldiers to withdraw towards surrounding hills and forests.[55] The next day, 17 August, the village of Lođa was captured by Yugoslav forces, bulldozing all of the 284 houses and the mosque.[56][57] Yugoslav policemen and soldiers were killed while the KLA suffered 13 losses including several commanders like Bekim Berisha.[58][59] 12,000 Albanian civilians were displaced and 28 were killed.[60]
September–October
On 1 September, Yugoslav forces launched an offensive against KLA strongholds in Prizren. After several days of fighting, they managed to successfully capture several places and KLA strongholds in Prizren.[61][62] The offensive resulted in a total of 35 casualties on the KLA side.[63] After the offensive in Prizren, Yugoslav forces disarmed Albanian villagers.[64] On 9 September, Yugoslav forces mounted an offensive and captured Prilep, Reznić, Dashinoc, Gložana and Lake Radonjić.[65][66] On 22 September, Yugoslav forces launched offensive in Central Drenica that lasted until 26 September. Yugoslav forces managed to capture Gladno Selo, Gornje and Donje Obrinje and other places.[67][68][69]
Aftermath
The Yugoslav offensive was considered a success.[1][2] It resulted in the recapture of most of the territory in Kosovo, which was previously held by the KLA, including Drenica, and other important KLA strongholds in Mališevo, Junik, Prizren, Orahovac, Suva Reka, etc.[61][7][5][8] The KLA was forced to withdraw from one-third of Kosovo's territory.[18][17] According to a Human Rights Watch report, over 200 Kosovar villages were destroyed in the conflict.[70] Due to the ceasefire in October, the Yugoslav forces withdrew from most of the areas they recaptured from the KLA allowing the KLA to re-establish control in the Albanian-populated areas that didn't have any Yugoslav military presence.[71] Although yugoslav forces and police managed to regain control over Kosovo and largely defeat the KLA by May 1999.[72][73]
The KLA suffered hundreds of deaths during the offensive, according to Serbian historian Aleksandar Logos.[5] An official list published by the Humanitarian Law Center recorded the deaths of 367 KLA militants, and 8 others were declared missing between 22 July and 4 October.[16] The German historian Jens Reuter wrote that the KLA had "lost more than 500 soldiers and key strategic positions as well" during the offensive.[15] The offensive caused the near destruction of the KLA.[61][74] Logos did not estimate the Yugoslav casualties. Another report from the Humanitarian Law Center recorded the deaths of 24 Yugoslav soldiers and policemen during 22 July and 4 October.[16] In an interview for the New York Times, Naim Maloku, a senior KLA officer and former Yugoslav Army officer, said that the Yugoslav forces encountered strong resistance from the KLA in the Likovac–Gornje Obrinje area. He stated that "we took weapons from 47 Serbs".[70][75]
As of September 1998, there were 2,000 recorded deaths during the conflict, including civilians.[70][17] The estimates for displaced Kosovo Albanians varied widely, ranging from 100,000[5] to 150,000,[76] 200,000[77] and even up to 300,000.[70][78]