Turned g

In 1844, Bartłomiej Beniowski [pl] created his Anti-Absurd or Phrenotypic Alphabet, featuring turned g for the diphthong [aʊ].^[1]

In 1880, John Wesley Powell created a phonetic transcription for transcribing Native American languages in publications of the Smithsonian Institution. In the transcriptions, turned letters were used as supplementary characters.^[2]

In 1900, turned g was used as a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Association's Exposé des principes to represent a voiceless laminal closed postalveolar sibilant, as found in Adyghe and other Northwest Caucasian languages.^[3]

Franz Boas used turned g to represent the voiced velar fricative [ɣ] in his transcription of the Kwakʼwala language, published in American Anthropologist in 1900.^[4]

In 1921, Ivar Adolf Lyttkens [sv] and Fredrik Amadeus Wulff [sv] used turned g in their phonetic transcription, notably in Metodiska ljudöfningar published in 1892^[5] or the dictionary Svensk ordlista published in 1921.^[6]

In 1929, Tadeusz Jan Kowalski used the turned g and turned k in Karaim language texts to represent an alveolar plosive pronounced as a velar plosive before the vowel [i]. Omeljan Pritsak reused this in a 1959 Karaim work.^[7]

Turned g represents a [ɢ] in the transcription of the Tabasaran language by Alexander Amarovich Magometov [ru] in his book Табасаранский язык: Исследование и тексты (Tabasaranskij jazyk: Issledovanie i teksty, “The Tabasaran language: analysis and texts”) published in 1965.^[8]

A rotated capital G has sometimes been used as a substitute for the similar-looking eng [ŋ]. The capital has not been encoded in Unicode, but the character Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 may look similar to it in sans serif fonts (when it is turned, not reversed^[9]).

ᵷ was added to Unicode 4.1 in 2005, as U+1D77. Fonts that can display the character include Code2000, Doulos SIL and Charis SIL. Lowercase "b with hook" (ɓ), an IPA letter that resembles a turned one-story g, is more widely available as a substitute, at U+0253. The Turned sans serif capital G (⅁) U+2141 is not its uppercase, as it is intended to only be a mathematical sans serif symbol (like ∃ or ∀) for the game quantifier used by some authors.