Haplogroupes Y-ADN par pays
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Dans l'étude de l'évolution moléculaire, un haplogroupe est un grand groupe d'haplotypes, qui sont des séries d'allèles situés à des sites spécifiques dans un chromosome.
Pour la génétique humaine, les haplogroupes qu'on étudie généralement sont des haplogroupes du chromosome Y (ADN-Y) et des haplogroupes de l'ADN mitochondrial (ADN mt). On peut employer les deux pour définir les populations génétiques. L'ADN-Y suit seulement la lignée patrilinéaire, alors que l'ADN mt suit seulement la lignée matrilinéaire. Les hommes disposent des deux types de marqueurs génétiques (ADN mitochondrial de la mère et chromosome Y du père) ; les femmes possèdent uniquement un seul type : l'ADN mitochondrial de la mère. La classification des haplogroupes humains basée sur les marqueurs génétiques a rapidement évolué alors qu'on trouve des nouveaux marqueurs régulièrement.
Sont listés ici les principaux haplogroupes de l'ADN du chromosome Y par pays, basé sur des études scientifiques[réf. nécessaire] :
| Pays | I | R1a | R1b | G | J2 | J1 | E | T | Q | N | L | Autres |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | ||||||||||||
| Albanie | 15.5 | 9 | 16 | 1.5 | 19.5 | 2 | 27.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 |
| Autriche | 20 | 26 | 23 | 8 | 12 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Biélorussie | 22 | 49 | 10 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 | 9 | 1.5 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 1 |
| Belgique | 19.5 | 4 | 61 | 4 | 4 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Bosnie-Herzégovine | 53 | 13.5 | 4 | 2 | 6 | 1 | 14.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.5 |
| Bulgarie | 28 | 15 | 9.5 | 4 | 15.5 | 2 | 22 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Croatie | 51 | 29 | 8 | 1 | 3.5 | 0 | 6 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tchéquie | 24 | 34 | 22 | 5 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Chypre | 8 | 3 | 9 | 9 | 37 | 6 | 20 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Danemark | 35.5 | 12 | 44 | 1 | 2.5 | 0 | 2.5 | 0 | 1 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Angleterre | 21 | 4.5 | 67 | 1.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 2 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | -0.5 |
| Estonie | 18.5 | 32 | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 34 | 0 | 0 |
| Finlande | 29 | 7.5 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0.5 | 58.5 | 0 | 0 |
| France | 15.5 | 2.5 | 61 | 5 | 7 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Allemagne | 22 | 16 | 44.5 | 5 | 4.5 | 0 | 5.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Grèce | 14.5 | 11.5 | 15.5 | 6.5 | 23 | 3 | 21 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Crète | 12 | 9 | 15 | 9.5 | 34 | 5 | 11 | 4 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hongrie | 25.5 | 32.5 | 17 | 5 | 7 | 0 | 9.5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Islande | 33 | 23 | 42 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Irlande | 12 | 2.5 | 81 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Italie | 6.5 | 2.5 | 49 | 7 | 18 | 2 | 11 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Italie du Nord | 11 | 3.5 | 55 | 2.5 | 11.5 | 0.5 | 11 | 4.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Italie du Centre | 10 | 3.5 | 43 | 8.5 | 19.5 | 2 | 10 | 3.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Italie du Sud | 7.5 | 2.5 | 29 | 8.5 | 23.5 | 5 | 18 | 5.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Sicile | 5 | 4.5 | 30 | 5.5 | 26.5 | 4 | 17.5 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sardaigne | 37 | 0 | 22 | 15 | 10 | 2.5 | 10 | 1.5 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Lettonie | 8 | 40 | 12 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 38 | 0 | 0 |
| Lituanie | 13 | 38 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 42 | 0 | 0 |
| Macédoine | 28 | 13.5 | 13.5 | 4 | 12 | 0 | 23 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Pays-Bas | 25.5 | 6 | 53.5 | 2.5 | 6 | 0 | 4.5 | 1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Norvège | 35 | 27 | 28 | 0.5 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0.5 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 1 |
| Pologne | 16 | 55 | 16 | 2 | 2.5 | 1 | 5 | 0.5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Portugal | 6.5 | 1.5 | 56 | 6.5 | 9.5 | 3 | 14 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Roumanie | 30 | 18 | 16 | 6.5 | 13 | 1.5 | 9 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Russie | 15.5 | 46 | 6 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 23 | 0 | 0 |
| Écosse | 14 | 8.5 | 72.5 | 0.5 | 2 | 0 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Serbie | 41.5 | 15 | 7 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 20.5 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1.5 |
| Slovaquie | 17 | 42 | 23 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 9 | 1 | 2.5 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 |
| Slovénie | 33.5 | 34.5 | 23.5 | 1.5 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Espagne | 7 | 2 | 69 | 3 | 8 | 1.5 | 7 | 2.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Suède | 41 | 19 | 22 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 0 |
| Suisse | 18 | 8 | 48 | 8 | 6 | 1 | 9 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Turquie/Anatolie | 5.5 | 7.5 | 16 | 11 | 24 | 9 | 11 | 2.5 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 7.5 |
| Ukraine | 25 | 43 | 4 | 2.5 | 6.5 | 0.5 | 7 | 2 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 0.5 |
| Pays-de-Galles | 9.5 | 1 | 83.5 | 2.5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Caucase | ||||||||||||
| Arménie | 4.5 | 5 | 30 | 11.5 | 22 | 10.5 | 6 | 4 | 1 | 0.5 | 3 | 2 |
| Azerbaïdjan | 3 | 7 | 11 | 18 | 30.5 | 11 | 5.5 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 |
| Tchétchénie | 0.5 | 4 | 2 | 5.5 | 56.5 | 21 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 |
| Daghestan | 0.5 | 8.5 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 84 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Géorgie | 2 | 9 | 10 | 30 | 27 | 16 | 2 | 1.5 | 1 | 0 | 1.5 | 0 |
| Moyen-Orient | ||||||||||||
| Iran | 3 | 16.5 | 6.5 | 10 | 12 | 10 | 4.5 | 3 | 4 | 2.5 | 4 | 27 |
| Irak | 4 | 5.5 | 9.5 | 2.5 | 19.5 | 43 | 9.5 | 3.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 |
| Jordanie | 3.5 | 1.5 | 18 | 4 | 13 | 31 | 26 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2.5 |
| Kurdistan/Turquie | 20 | 16 | 6 | 2.5 | 10.5 | 9.5 | 11.5 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 4.5 | 9 |
| Liban | 5 | 2.5 | 8 | 6.5 | 26 | 45 | 17.5 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 5 | 2.5 |
| Palestine | 0 | 1.5 | 8.5 | 3 | 17 | 38.5 | 19.5 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 |
| Syrie | 5 | 10 | 13.5 | 3 | 17 | 30 | 11.5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 2 |
| Afrique du Nord | ||||||||||||
| Algérie | 0 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 5 | 89 | 0 | 0.5 | 0 | 0 | 1.5 |
| Égypte | 0.5 | 2 | 6 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 35 | 46 | 6 | 0.5 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Maroc | 0 | 0 | 4.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 6.5 | 83 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 4 |
| Tunisie | 0.2 | 0.5 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 3 | 16.6 | 73 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.2 |
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Voir aussi
Liens externes
- (en) World Haplogroups Maps
- (en) Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup I Reveals Distinct Domains of Prehistoric Gene Flow in Europe
- (en) Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out Of Africa
- (en) Conversion Table for Y-Chromosome Haplogroups
- (en) Y-chromosome haplogroup N dispersals from south Siberia to Europe
- (en) A Synthesis of Haplogroup R2
- (en) High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe (SEE) Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations
- (en) A prehistory of Indian Y chromosomes: Evaluating demic diffusion scenarios
- (en) Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists
- (en) Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus
- (en) YunusbaevBB
- (en) Map and tree based upon the current YCC 2003 tree
- (en)
- (en) Frequencies of Haplogroup I and its Subhaplogroups
